Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II Ex 5.2 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II Ex 5.2

Question 1.
Find the equation of the parabola in each of the cases given below:
(i) focus (4, 0) and directrix x = -4.
(ii) passes through (2, – 3) and symmetric about y axis.
(iii) vertex (1,-2) and focus (4, – 2).
(iv) end points of latus rectum (4, -8) and (4, 8).
Solution:
(i) focus (4, 0) and directrix x = -4
Parabola is open rightwards vertex (0, 0)

a = 4
(Distance AS = 4 unit)
f² = 4(4) x
Equation of parabola
y² = 16x.

(ii) passes through (2, – 3) and symmetric about y-axis

x² = 4ay
It passes through (2, -3)
⇒ 2² = 4a(-3)
4 = -12a ⇒ a = \(-\frac{1}{3}\) ⇒ 4a = \(-\frac{4}{3}\)
∴ Equation of parabola is x² = \(-\frac{4}{3}\) y
3x²= – 4y.

(iii) vertex (1,-2) and focus (4, – 2)

In given data the parabola is open rightwards and symmetric about the line parallel to x-axis.
Equation of parabola
(y – k)² = 4a(x – h)
Vertex (h, k) = (1, -2)
(y + 2)² = 4a(x – 1)
a = AS = 3
Equation of parabola
(y + 2)² = 4(3)(x – 1)
(y + 2)² = 12(x – 1)

(iv) end points of latus rectum (4, -8) and (4, 8)

Focus = (4, 0)
Equation of the parabola will be of the form y² = 4ax
Here a = 4
⇒ y² = 16x

Question 2.
Find the equation of the ellipse in each of the cases given below:
(i) foci (± 3, 0), e = \(\frac {1}{2}\)
(ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major axis are (0, ±5).
(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity = \(\frac {3}{5}\) and major axis on x-axis.
(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance between foci and major axis as y axis.
Solution:
(i) foci (± 3, 0), e = \(\frac {1}{2}\)
foci (± c, 0) = (± 3, 0)

e = \(\frac {1}{2}\)
c = ae = 3
a(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) = 3
a = 6 ⇒ a² = 36
b² = a² – c²
b² = 36 – 9 = 27
b² = 27
Equation of the ellipse be \(\frac {x^2}{a^2}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{b^2}\) = 1
\(\frac {x^2}{36}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{27}\) = 1

(ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major axis are (0, ±5)

foci (0, ±c) = (0, +4)
vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±5)
∴ c = 4, a = 5
ae = 4
5e = 4
e = \(\frac {4}{5}\)
b² = a² – c²
= 25 – 16
b² = 9
Equation of the ellipse be \(\frac {x^2}{b^2}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{a^2}\) = 1
\(\frac {x^2}{9}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{25}\) = 1

(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity = \(\frac {3}{5}\) and major axis on x-axis.
e = \(\frac {3}{5}\)
Latus rectum \(\frac {2b^2}{a}\) = 8

(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance between foci 4√2 and major axis as y-axis

Given \(\frac{2 b^{2}}{a}\) = 4 and 2ae = \(4 \sqrt{2}\)
Now \(\frac{2 b^{2}}{a}\) = 4 2b² = 4a
⇒ b² = 2a
2ae = \(4 \sqrt{2}\) ae = \(2 \sqrt{2}\)
So a²e² = 4(2) = 8
We know b² = a²(1 – e²) = a² – a²e²
⇒ 2a = a² – 8 ⇒ a² – 2a -8 = 0
⇒ (a – 4) (a +2) = 0 ⇒a = 4 or -2
As a cannot be negative
a = 4 So a² = 16 and b² = 2(4) = 8
Also major axis is along j-axis
So equation of ellipse is \(\frac{x^{2}}{8}+\frac{y^{2}}{16}\) = 1

Question 3.
Find the equation of the hyperbola in each of the cases given below:
(i) foci (± 2, 0), eccentricity = \(\frac {3}{2}\)
(ii) centre (2, 1) one of the foci (8, 1) and corresponding directrix x = 4.
(iii) passing through (5, -2) and length of the transverse axis along x axis and length 8 units.
Solution:
(i) foci (± 2, 0), eccentricity = \(\frac {3}{2}\)

(ii) centre (2, 1) one of the foci (8, 1) and corresponding directrix x = 4.
Distance CS = ae = 6 …….. (1)
Directrix \(\frac {a}{e}\) = 4 ……… (2)
(1) × (2) ⇒ ae × \(\frac {a}{e}\) = 24
a² = 24

∴ c = ae = 6
b² = c² – a²
= 36 – 24 = 12
The transverse axis is parallel to x-axis
∴ \(\frac {(x-h)^2}{a^2}\) – \(\frac {(y – k)^2}{b^2}\) = 1 (h, k) = (2, 1)
\(\frac {(x-2)^2}{24}\) – \(\frac {(y – 1)^2}{12}\) = 1

(iii) passing through (5,-2) and length of the transverse axis along x axis and of length 8 units.
Transverse axis along x-axis
\(\frac {x^2}{a^2}\) – \(\frac {y^2}{b^2}\) = 1
Length of transverse axis 2a = 8
⇒ a = 4

Question 4.
Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the following:
(i) y² = 16x
(ii) x² = 24y
(iii) y² = -8x
(iv) x² – 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
(v) y² – 4y – 8x + 12 = 0
Solution:
(i) y² = 16x

4a = 16
a = 4
(a) Vertex V (0, 0)
(b) Focus S(a, 0) = S(4, 0)
(c) Equation of the directrix x = – a
x = -4 ⇒ x + 4 = 0
(d) Length of the latus rectum = 4a = 4(4)
= 16

(ii) x² = 24y

(a) Vertex V (0, 0),
(b) Focus S (0, a) = S(0, 6)
(c) Equation of the directrix y = -a = -6
⇒ y + 6 = 0
(d) Length of the latus rectum = 4a
= 4 (6) = 24

(iii) y² = -8x
4a = 8,
a = 2

(a) Vertex V(0, 0) = ( 0, 0)
(b) Focus S(-a, 0) = (-2, 0)
(c) Equation of the directrix x = a = 2
x – 2 = 0
(d) Length of the latus rectum 4a = 8
(iv) x² – 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
x² – 2x = -8y – 17
(x – 1)² = -8y – 17 + 1
(x – 1)² = -8y – 16
(x – 1)² = -8(y + 2)
It is form of (x – h)² = -4a(y – k)
4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
(a) Vertex be (h, k) = (1, -2)

(b) Foeus = (0 +h, -a + k) = (0 + 1, -2 – 2) = (1, -4)
(c) Equation of the directrix is y + k + a = 0
y – 2 + 2= 0
y = 0
(d) Length of latus rectum is 4a = 4 × 2 = 8 units,

(v) y² – 4y – 8x + 12 = 0

y² – 4y = 8x – 12
(y – 2)² = 8x – 12 + 4
= 8x – 8
= 8 (x – 1)
(y – 2)² = 8 (x – 1)
It is form of (y – k)² = Aa(x – h)
4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
(a) Vertex (h, k) = (1, 2)
(b) Focus = (a+h, 0 + k) = (2 + 1, 0 + 2) = (3, 2)
(c) Equation of the directrix x = -a + h
= -2 + 1
= -1
x + 1 = 0
(d) Length of latus rectum is
4a = 4 × 2 = 8 units.

Question 5.
Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of each of the following:
(i) \(\frac {x^2}{25}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{9}\) = 1
(ii) \(\frac {x^2}{3}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{10}\) = 1
(iii) \(\frac {x^2}{25}\) – \(\frac {y^2}{144}\) = 1
(iv) \(\frac {y^2}{16}\) – \(\frac {x^2}{9}\) = 1
Solution:
(i) \(\frac{x^{2}}{25}+\frac{y^{2}}{9}\) = 1
It is of the form \(\frac{x^{2}}{a^{2}}+\frac{y^{2}}{b^{2}}\) = 1, which is an ellipse
Here a² = 25, b² = 9
a = 5, b = 3
e² = \(\frac{a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}=\frac{25-9}{25}=\frac{16}{25}\) ⇒ e = \(\frac{4}{5}\)
Now e = \(\frac{4}{5}\) and a = 5 ⇒ ae = 4 and \(\frac{a}{e}=\frac{5}{4 / 5}=\frac{25}{4}\)
Here the major axis is along x axis
∴ Centre = (0, 0)
Foci = (± ae, 0) = (± 4, 0)
Vertices = (± a, 0) = (±5, 0)
Equation of directrix x = ± \(\frac{a}{e}\) (ie.,) x = ± \(\frac{25}{4}\)

(ii) \(\frac {x^2}{3}\) + \(\frac {y^2}{10}\) = 1
It is an ellipse. The major axis is along y axis

a² = 10 b² = 3
a = \(\sqrt {10}\) b = √3
c² = a² – b²
= 10 – 3 = 7
c = √7
ae = √7 .
\(\sqrt {10}\) = √7
e = \(\sqrt {\frac{7}{10}}\)
(a) Centre (0, 0)
(b) Vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±\(\sqrt {10}\))
(c) Foci (0, ±c) – (0, ±√7)
(d) Equation of the directrix a
y = ±\(\frac{a}{e}\)
= ±\(\frac{\sqrt {10}}{√7}\).\(\sqrt {10}\) = ±\(\frac {10}{√7}\)
y = ±\(\frac {10}{√7}\)

(iii) \(\frac {x^2}{25}\) – \(\frac {y^2}{144}\) = 1
It is Hyperbola. The transverse axis the x axis.

a² = 25; b² = 144
a = 5; b = 12
c² = a² + b²
= 25 + 144 = 169
c = 13
ae = 13
5e = 13
e = \(\frac {13}{5}\)
(a) Centre (0, 0)
(b) Vertex (± a, 0) = (± 5, 0)
(c) Foci (± c, 0) = (± 13, 0)
(d) Equation of the directrix
x = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) = ±\(\frac {5}{\frac{13}{5}}\) = ±\(\frac {25}{13}\)
x = ±\(\frac {25}{13}\)

(iv) \(\frac {y^2}{16}\) – \(\frac {x^2}{9}\) = 1
It is Hyperbola. The transverse axis the y axis.

a² = 16; b² = 9
a = 4; b = 3
c² = a² + b²
= 16 + 6 = 25
c = 5
ae = 5
4e = 5
e = \(\frac {5}{4}\)
(a) Centre (0, 0)
(b) Vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±4)
(c) Foci (0, ±ae) = (0, ±5)
(d) Equation of the directrix
y = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) = ±\(\frac {4}{\frac{5}{4}}\) = ±\(\frac {16}{5}\)
y = ±\(\frac {16}{5}\)

Question 6.
Prove that the length of the latns rectum of the hyperbola \(\frac {x^2}{a^2}\) – \(\frac {y^2}{b^2}\) = 1 is \(\frac {2b^2}{a}\)
Solution:
The latus rectum LL’ of an hyperbola \(\frac {x^2}{a^2}\) – \(\frac {y^2}{b^2}\) = 1 passes through S(ae, 0)
Hence L is (ae, y₁)

Hence proved

Question 7.
Show that the absolute value of the difference of the focal distances of any point P on the hyperbola is the length of its transverse axis.
Solution:

Let P be a point on the hyperbola.
Definition of conic
\(\frac {SP}{PM}\) = e; \(\frac {S’P}{PM’}\) = e
SP = e(PM) ……..(1)
S’P = e (PM’) ……….(2)
(2) – (1) ⇒ S’P – SP = e PM’- e PM
= e(PM’ – PM)
= e MM’
= e ZZ’
[∵ MM’ = ZZ’ = \(\frac {2a}{e}\) ]
= e(\(\frac {2a}{e}\))
S’P – SP = 2a (constant)
= length of the transverse axis.

Question 8.
Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices and directrices of each of the following:

(v) 18x² + 12y² – 144x + 48y + 120 = 0
(vi) 9x² – y² – 36x – 6y + 18 = 0
Solution:
(i) \(\frac {(x-3)^2}{225}\) + \(\frac {(y-4)^2}{289}\) = 1

It is an ellipse. The major axis is parallel to y axis
a² = 289, b² = 225
a = 17, b = 15
c² = a² – b²
= 289 – 225 = 64
c = 8
ae = 8
17e = 8
e = \(\frac {8}{17}\)
Centre (h, k) = (3, 4)
Vertices (h, ±a + k) = (3, 17 + 4) & (3, -17 + 4)!
= (3, 21) and (3, -13)
Foci (h + 0, ± c + k) = (3, 8 + 4) & (3, -8 + 4)
= (3, 12) and (3, -4)

(ii) \(\frac {(x+1)^2}{100}\) + \(\frac {(y-2)^2}{64}\) = 1
It is an ellipse. The major axis is parallel to the x-axis.
a² = 100, b² = 64
a = 10, b = 8
c² = a² – b²
= 100 – 64 = 36
c = 6
ae = 6
10 e = 6
e = \(\frac {6}{10}\) = \(\frac {3}{5}\)
centre (h, k) = (-1, 2)
vertices (h±a, k) = (-1±10, 2)
= (-1+10, 2) & (-1-10, 2)
= (9, 2) & (-11, 2)
foci (h±c, k) = (-1±6, 2)
= (-1+6, 2) & (-1-6, 2)
= (5, 2) & (-7, 2)
directrix x = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) + h

(iii) \(\frac {(x+3)^2}{225}\) + \(\frac {(y-4)^2}{64}\) = 1
It is an hyperbola. The transverse axis is parallell to x axis.
a² = 225, b² = 64
a = 15, b = 8
c² = a² – b²
= 225 + 64
c² = 289
c = 17
ae = 17
5e = 17
e = \(\frac {17}{15}\)
centre (h, k) = (-3, 4)
vertices (h±a, k) = (-3±15, 4)
= (-3+15, 4) & (-3-15, 4)
= (12, 4) & (-18, 4)
foci (h±c, k) = (-3±17, 4)
= (-3+17, 4) & (-3-17, 4)
= (14, 4) & (-20, 4)
directrix x = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) + h

(iv) \(\frac {(y-2)^2}{25}\) + \(\frac {(x+1)^2}{16}\) = 1
It is an hyperbola. The transverse axis is parallell to y axis.
a² = 25, b² = 16
a = ±5, b = 4
c² = a² + b²
= 25 + 16
= 41
c = \(\sqrt {41}\)
ae = \(\sqrt {41}\)
5 e = \(\sqrt {41}\)
e = \(\frac {\sqrt {41}}{5}\)
centre (h, k) = (-1, 2)
vertices (h, ±a + k) = (-1, ±5 + 2)
= (-1, 5 + 2) & (-1, -5 + 2)
= (-1, 7) & (-1, -3)
foci (h, ±c + k) = (-1, ±\(\sqrt {41}\) + 2)
= (-1, \(\sqrt {41}\) + 2) & (-1, –\(\sqrt {41}\) + 2)
directrix x = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) + k

(v) 18x² + 12y² – 144x + 48y + 120 = 0
18x² – 144x + 12y² + 48y = -120
18 (x² – 8x) + 12 (y² + 4y) = -120
18 (x – 4)² + 12 (y + 2)² = -120 + 288 + 48
18(x – 4)² + 12 (y + 2)² = 216
\(\frac {18(x-4)^2}{216}\) + \(\frac {12(y+2)^2}{216}\) = 1
\(\frac {(x-4)^2}{12}\) + \(\frac {(y+2)^2}{18}\) = 1
It is an ellipse. The major axis is parallell to y axis.
a² = 18, b² = 12
a = \(\sqrt {18}\), b = 2√3
= 3 √2
c² = a² + b²
= 18 – 12
= 6
c = √6
ae = √6
3√2 e = √6
e = \(\frac {√6}{3√2}\) = \(\frac {√3}{3}\) = \(\frac {1}{√3}\)
centre (h, k) = (4, -2)
vertices (h, ±a + k) = (4, ±3√2 – 2)
= (4, 3√2 – 2) & (4, -3√2 – 2)
foci (h, ±c + k) = (4, ±√6 – 2)
= (4, ±√6 – 2) & (4, -√6 – 2)
directrix y = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) + k
= ±\(\frac {3√2}{1}\) – 2
= ±3√6 – 2
y = 3√6 – 2 & y = -3√6 – 2

(vi) 9x² – y² – 36x – 6y + 18 = 0
9x² – 36x – y² – 6y = – 18
9(x² – 4x) – (y² + 6y) = -18
9(x – 2)² – (y + 3)² = -18 + 36 – 9
9(x – 2)² – (y + 3)² = 9
\(\frac {(x-2)^2}{1}\) – \(\frac {(y+3)^2}{9}\) = 1
It is hyperbola. The transverse axis is parallel to x axis.
a² = 1; b² = 9
a = 1; b = 3
c² = a² + b²
= 1 + 9
= 10
c = \(\sqrt {10}\)
ae = \(\sqrt {10}\)
e = \(\sqrt {10}\)
centre (h, k) = (2, -3)
vertices (h ± a, k) = (2 ± 1, -3)
= (2 + 1, -3) & (2 – 1, -3)
= (3, -3) & (1, -3)
foci (h ± c, k) = (2 ±\(\sqrt {10}\), -3)
= (2 + \(\sqrt {10}\), -3) & (2 –\(\sqrt {10}\), -3)
directrix x = ±\(\frac {a}{e}\) + h
= ±\(\frac {1}{\sqrt {10}}\) + 2 & x = –\(\frac {1}{\sqrt {10}}\) + 2

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea

12th English Guide A Nice Cup of Tea Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in one or two sentences:
(Note: IQ → Important Questions)

Question a.
What seems ‘Curious’ to the author? (IQ)
Answer:
The absence of “Tea” in the recipes of the cookery book is curious to the author.

Question b.
Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books?
Answer:
The author says that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books as it is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.

Question c.
Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization? (IQ)
Answer:
It is one of the mainstays of civilization in the UK, Australia, Eire, and New Zealand.

Question d.
Which tea does the author prefer – China tea or Indian tea?
Answer:
The author prefers Indian tea.

Question e.
According to the author, What does the phrase “a nice cup of tea” refer to?
Answer:
Nice cup of tea means Indian tea which makes one feel wiser, optimistic and wiser.

Question f.
What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?
Answer:
The second golden rule is that tea should be made in small quantities in a teapot which is made up of China or earthenware.

Question g.
How does army tea taste? (IQ)
Answer:
Army tea tastes of grease and whitewash.

Question h.
Do tea lovers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Answer:
Tea lovers generally like strong tea.

Question i.
Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Answer:
Tea should be added directly to the pot because imprisoning tea leaves in strainers, muslin bags or other devices can be really harmful.

Question j.
Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
Answer:
The author prefers a cylindrical cup as it holds more and the hotness is well maintained.

Question k.
What should be poured into the cup first tea or milk? (IQ)
Answer:
One should pour tea first into the cup and then add milk to the desired level. Thus one can regulate the amount of milk added to tea.

Question l.
Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?
Answer:
The author advises removing cream from the milk as it gives the tea a sickly taste.

Question m.
Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.
Answer:
Adding sugar to tea will deprive tea of its real taste. Misguided people who take tea do it because of the sweetness and not because of the taste of tea.

Question n.
Why does the author refer to himself as being in a ‘minority’?
Answer:
The author refers to himself as being in a ‘minority’ with his view of drinking tea without sugar.

Question o.
Whom does the author call “misguided people”? What is his advice to them?
Answer:
Some misguided people admit that they drink tea for stimulation and warmth. They are not interested in tea. So, they add sugar to take the taste away. He advises them to drink tea without adding sugar for a fortnight. They would never again ruin the real taste of tea by adding sugar.

2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in four or five sentences:
(Text Book Page No. 38)

Question a.
What are the author’s views on China tea?
Answer:
China tea has virtues which are not to be despised, it is economic. One can drink it without milk, but there is not much stimulation in it. One does not feel wiser, braver or more optimistic after drinking it.

Question b.
How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea? (IQ)
Answer:
Adding sugar affects the taste of tea to a greater extend. If the tea is sweetened it means one is merely tasting the sugar and not the tea. It is just similar to that of dissolving sugar in plain hot water.

Question c.
Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.
Answer:
The teapot should be made of China or earthen ware. Silver or Britannia ware teapot produce inferior quality tea. Enamel pots are worse. Though curiously enough a pewter teapot, a rarity nowadays, is not so bad.

3. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100-150 words: (Text Book Page No. 38)

a. Summarise George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A nice cup of tea”.
b. Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

While saying about the preparation of tea in a strong manner, the author brings in his personal view that one strong cup of tea is better than twenty weak ones. The same is the case when he speaks about pouring the tea into the cup first. His view in this regard is by adding milk after pouring the tea, one can exactly regulate the amount of milk. Adding of sugar to tea is strongly objected by him.

By doing so one is just tasting the sugar and not the tea. Orwell’s advice for those people to drink tea without sugar at least a fortnight, So that they will never ruin the tea by sweetening it. Thus it is made clear that the essay reveals not only the factual points but also author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.

Paragraph:

Note: Qns. No. 3 a & b:

Introduction:
George Orwell brings forth eleven golden rules in the preparation of tea. According to him “A nice cup of tea” always means an Indian tea.

A nice cup of tea:
He compares Indian tea with China tea and feels that China tea does not have much stimulation in it. He is of the opinion that tea should be made in China or earthenware. The third step is that the pot should be warmed by placing it on the hob. Fourthly the tea should be strong. Six heaped teaspoons of tea are needed for making a tea strong which may hinder the rationing in a family.

Tea making:
The fifth golden rule is that one should not use any strainers to imprison the tea. It should be poured. straight into the pot. In fact the tea brews properly only when it is loose. The next rule is the tea should be boiling at the moment of impact. Seventhly the tea should be stirred well.

The best way of drinking tea:
Eightly the better way to drink tea is by making use of cylindrical cups rather than flat, shallow type. Ninthly the cream in milk is to be taken off before using it for tea as it gives the tea a sickly taste. The tenth rule is that of pouring the tea into the cup first and then adding milk to it so that one can exactly regulate the amount of milk. The last rule is the proper way to drink tea is to drink it without sugar. If sugar is added then it means that one is tasting the sugar not the tea.

4. Based on your understanding of the text, complete the chart given below by choosing the appropriate words or phrases given in brackets. (Text Book Page No. 38)

Golden Rules of Tea Preparation:
(add sugar, shaken, milk, infused properly, strainers, without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China or earthenware, stirred, warmed)

Question 1.
Tea should be made in ________ in a teapot.
Answer:
small quantities

Question 2.
The teapot should be made of________.
Answer:
China or earthenware

Question 3.
The pot should be __________ beforehand.
Answer:
warmed

Question 4.
The pot should not have ______.
Answer:
strainers

Question 5.
While pouring water the teapot should be ________
Answer:
infused properly

Question 6.
The tea leaves should be ______.
Answer:
stirred

Question 7.
After making tea, it should be ________ or the pot should be ________.
Answer:
shaken, taken to the kettle

Question 8.
The milk for the tea should be ______.
Answer:
without cream

Question 9.
The author does not like to _________ to tea.
Answer:
add sugar

Vocabulary:

a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences:

Question 1.
But because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent disputes.
a) agreements
b) applauses
c) conflicts
d) discussions
Answer:
c) conflicts

Question 2.
______ tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.
a) a society in an advanced state of social development
b) a society that has slow progress
c) a society that has no progress
d) a society in an average state of social development
Answer:
d) a society in an average state of social development

Question 3.
______ that they only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated.
a) motivated
b) discouraged
c) passive
d) admired
Answer:
a) motivated

Question 4.
_________ under the spout to catch the stray leaves.
a) fresh
b) loose
c) gathered
d) harmful
Answer:
b) loose

Question 5.
One is ______ to put in too much milk.
a) likely
b) certain
c) eager
d) responsible
Answer:
a) likely

b) Find out the antonym of the underlined word ¡n each of the following sentences:

Question 1.
________ which are not to be despised.
a) hated
b) liked
c) respected
d) defeated
Answer:
b) liked

Question 2.
One does not feel wise, braver or more ________  optimistic.
a) opportunistic
b) cheerful
c) realistic
d) pessimistic
Answer:
d) pessimistic

Question 3.
Not the flat, shallow type _____.
a) narrow
b) wide
c) deep
d) direct
Answer:
c) deep

Question 4.
Predicting the arrival of visitors ______.
a) journey
b) departure
c) migration
d) perusal
Answer:
b) departure

Question 5.
_____ but they are sufficient to show how sub-utilized the whole business has become.
a) enough
b) suffocative
c) inadequate
d) submissive
Answer:
c) inadequate

c) Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. The first one has been done for you: (Text Book Page No. 39)

Answer:

Listening: (Text Book Page No. 40)

Listen to the passage about the ‘Significance of Tea’ and answer the questions:

Questions:

Question 1.
Which country is the largest tea producer in the world?
Answer:
China is the largest tea producer in my world.

Question 2.
______ percentage of the tea produced ¡n India is exported.
Answer:
30

Question 3.
What is the role of antioxidants in tea?
Answer:
Antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer.

Question 4.
Drinking tea strengthens one’s _____, _____ and _____.
Answer:
Teeth, bones, and immune system.

Question 5.
How does tea drinking help a diabetic?
Answer:
Regular tea drinking might lower blood sugar.

Reading (Non-Verbal Representations):

Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on your understanding and inference, Write a paragraph on career trends in the next decade: (Text Book Page No. 41)

Answer:
The chart shows the 10 fastest-growing occupations from 2018 to 2028. The most popular profession will be is the wind and solar energy fields. The technician course in the field will grow by 106%. Next, come personal care and home health aides. It has 85% growth. Physician Assistants and nurses stand third with 70% growth. Next comes software developers with 55% growth, so the highest is wind and solar energy technology and the lowest is a chef and food Analyst.

Task 1:
Now read the following article on the emerging career option in the modern era and answer the question that follows: (Text Book Page No. 42,43)

The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses to take up at the university level based on their aptitude, ability, and interests. While considering the higher education options, they should also plan the career path they wish to take. In today’s complex job scenario, there is a mismatch between demand and supply on one hand we have qualified professionals desperately trying to find a job, while on the other hand, there are many professions that need suitable talented employees. But such skilled employees are unavailable. Therefore, the need of the hour is that students have an understanding of the
emerging career options.

Schools should take the initiative to organise career guidance and counselling sessions for students. However, students need to remember that to build a strong career, they must understand the perspective field and their primary interest. It is also important for students to focus on overall personality development and hone their communication skills as these are important for the success of their career.

Students are also advised that in order to build a solid career foundation, they need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in the chosen area of interest and also consider post-graduate education. Diploma/Short—term courses may help one find a job in the short run but may not promise career progression. Rapid advancement in science and technology and globalization has widened the scope of career options in the twenty-first century.
Let us consider some popular careers.

Fashion Designing:
The current cosmopolitan and fashion-conscious wave that has taken over our country has opened up a huge
arena for careers in fashion. These careers encompass designing clothes, costumes, jewellery, footwear, wardrobe, costumes, accessories, and the like.

Culinary Arts:
With food and cookery shows being a major trend across the world, culinary arts, a sub-domain of the hospitality sector has now become the most sought after career.

Paramedical sciences:

In recent times, there has been a great demand in the health care industry. Paramedical professionals who support medical practitioners in areas such as optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry are much sought after.

Media, Journalism, and Advertising:

In this information era, print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. This arena has become a huge career playground because youngsters are attracted to it as the exposure and reach is greater through such mass media. We notice that radio and TV channels, internet companies, and advertising agencies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Hotel Management:

The hotel industry is the fastest growing industry in India. The number of international travellers (both for business and leisure) is increasing. The hospitality and service industry offers career options such as housekeeping, front-desk executives, tourism management, etc.

Sports Management:

With multinational companies supporting sports, careers in sports offer enormous scope. One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options such as technical trainers, commentators, sports journalists, dieticians, referees, etc. Conducting sports events successfully, organizing the event laudably, preparing the ground for the event are all part of sports management.

Question a.
When do students start thinking about their career path?
Answer:
The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses as their career path based on their ability, aptitude, and interests.

Question b.
How can students build a strong career?
Answer:
They build a strong career by understanding the prospective field and their primary interest.

Question c.
What are the integral aspects of a successful career?
Answer:
The integral aspects of a successful career are personality development and communication skills.

Question d.
What is meant by ‘culinary art’?
Answer:
Culinary art is the art of preparing and cooking food a subdomain of the hospitality sector.

Question e.
Why is media a popular career option?
Answer:
Media is a popular career option because many youngsters are attracted to it as exposure and reach is greater through mass media.

Question f.
Name some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage.
Answer:
Some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage are optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry.

Question g.
Why is the hotel industry seen as the fastest growing in India?
Answer:
The hotel industry is seen as the fastest-growing in India because the number of travellers on an international level is increasing.

Question h.
Does one have to be a player to opt for a career in the field of sports? Answer giving reasons.
Answer:
One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options.

Question i.
Pick one word from the passage which is the opposite of ‘modern’.
Answer:
‘Past’

Question j.
Which word in the passage means ‘composed of people from many parts of the country’?
Answer:
International travellers.

Grammar:

Prepositions:

Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the sentences using the prepositions given in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 45)
(over, under, on, between, among, into, with, since, in front of near / beside)

Question a.
The boy jumped _____ a narrow stream.
Answer:
into

Question b.
Afsar will meet me _____ Friday morning.
Answer:
on

Question c.
The temple is _____ the bank.
Answer:
near

Question d.
My friend _____ his brother will meet me tomorrow.
Answer:
with

Question e.
There is usually a garden _____ a bungalow.
Answer:
in front of

Question f.
Yuvan has been studying well _____ childhood.
Answer:
since

Question g.
A trekker climbed _____ a mountain meticulously.
Answer:
on

Question h.
There was a skirmish _____ my brother and sister.
Answer:
between

Question i.
The laudable thoughts were apparent _____ many scholars in a conference.
Answer:
among

Question j.
It is easy to work _____ the aegis of a visionary leader.
Answer:
under

Task 2:
Complete the following passages using the prepositions given in brackets:
(among, for, at, to, in)

Question i.
When Lakshmi was (1) _____ school, she practiced music from Monday (2) _____ Friday. She involved herself (3) _____ the school orchestra. She was responsible for (4) _____ conducting many programmes. She was very popular (5) _____ her schoolmates, as she was kind, friendly, and helpful.

Answer:

1. at
2. to
3. in
4. for
5. among

(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)

Question ii.
(1) _____ the interview, Solomon was confident (2) _____ getting the job. He knew that he was qualified (3) _____ the
job. He was interested (4) _____ discharging his duty perfectly. The interview panel was impressed (5) _____ his attitude and skills. So (6) _____ the interview, he was (7) _____ cloud nine.

Answer:

1. before
2. of
3. for
4. in
5. with
6. after
7. on

Prepositional Phrases:
A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun phrase.

Task 1:
Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two examples have been done for you: (Text Book Page No. 45) 

1. With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am applying for the post of salesman.
2. The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.
3. Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
4. We feel sorry for our mistakes.
5. The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.
6. Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.
7. We are proud of our children.
8. My brother will return home in the evening.

Task 2:

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 46)
(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole, on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)

Question a.
_____ Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.
Answer:
Instead of

Question b.
Many tourists visited Ooty _____ heavy rains.
Answer:
in spite of

Question c.
Expressing gratitude _____ others is common in a vote of thanks.
Answer:
on behalf of

Question d.
_____, I had a happy childhood.
Answer:
On the whole

Question e.
Our teacher always acts _____ her students.
Answer:
in favour of

Question f.
_____ his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.
Answer:
On account of

Question g.
_____ Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
Answer:
According to

Question h.
_____ rain, take an umbrella.
Answer:
In the case of

Conjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions:

Subordinating Conjunctions:

Connectives or Linkers:

Task 1:
Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and complete the sentences:

Question a.
I could not complete my paper in the examination __________ (because, but) I was slow in answering the questions.
Answer:
because

Question b.
It started raining, _________ (yet, so) we could not play.
Answer:
so

Question c.
___________ (As, If) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.
Answer:
As

Question d.
______ (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he apologised ___________ (and/since) promised that he would not repeat it.
Answer:
Though, and

Question e.
This is __________ (how/what) it must be done.
Answer:
how

Question f.
The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the platform, ______ (therefore/until) he got in.
Answer:
therefore

Question g.
I was not well, ___________ (but/so) I did not attend the class.
Answer:
so

Question h.
______ (If, Although) she can drive, she travels by bus.
Answer:
Although

Question i.
______ (If/Unless) you register your name, you cannot participate in the competitions.
Answer:
Unless

Question j.
________ (As soon as/beside) my father arrived home, I narrated the incident.
Answer:
As soon as

Question k.
Be quick to hear _________ (then /and) slow to speak.
Answer:
and

Question l.
I am ___________ (neither/either) an ascetic in theory ________ nor/or) in practice.
Answer:
neither, nor

Question m.
We fail to harness the rainwater, ________ (consequently, nevertheless) we suffer.
Answer:
consequently

Question n.
My brother will certainly clear GRE; ______ (yet/for) he works very hard.
Answer:
for

Task 2:
Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the words given in the brackets: (Text Book Page No. 48)

Question a.
The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well, (because)
Answer:
The fox could not get out of the well because the well was deep.

Question b.
The work was over. We went home, (when)
Answer:
When the work was over, we went home.

Question c.
A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for reading, (where)
Answer:
A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept there for the reading.

Question d.
The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police station, (as soon as)
Answer:
As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the police station.

Question e.
The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the owner of the grove came in. (while)
Answer:
The owner of the grove came in while the boys were stealing mangoes from a grove.

Question f.
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to kidney problems, (and)
Answer:
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and lead to kidney problems.

Question g.
Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted, (as well as)
Answer:
Adit as well as Ranjan has been promoted.

Question h.
Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)
Answer:
After Caesar was declared emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task 3:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions: (Text Book Page No. 48)

Question a.
She is ________ an understanding person _____ everybody likes to be with her.
Answer:
such, that

Question b.
Suraj owns ________ a typewriter _______ a computer.
Answer:
both, and

Question c.
Vani is _______ a good singer _____ a good dancer.
Answer:
not only, but also

Question d.
Amit did not know _______ his father met his class teacher _________ not.
Answer:
whether, or

Question e.
I would _______ starve _______ beg.
Answer:
rather, than.

Writing:

Article Writing: (Text Book Page No. 49)
Task 1:

Write an article of 150 words for your school magazine to create an awareness of the dangers posed by the indiscriminate use of plastics, Expand the ideas given below as notes: (P No. 50)

The Government of Tamil Nadu has imposed a ban on the use of plastic. Effective implementation of this ban depends on public awareness and individual responsibility.

Notes:
a. Introduction

• Plastic – synthetic material – doesn’t decompose in the soil
• inevitable role of plastic – man’s day-to-day life

b. Human Health Hazard:

• Leeching of plastic into food – microplastic entering the food chain
• Human body’s inability to deal with this unnatural substance
• The reaction of microplastic in the human body and ill- effects

c. Adverse effects on plants and animals:

• Plastic particles choking waterways – affect aquatic animals
• Ingestion by aquatic and terrestrial animals – blocking of intestines and respiratory passages

d. Environmental Degradation:

• Manufacturing process & burning of plastics – pollute atmosphere
• Plastic – non-biodegradable – interferes with soil microorganisms – affects soil fertility

e. Conclusion:

• suggestions for restricted use -alternatives for a one-time use of plastics
• segregation of plastic waste – for recycling

Introduction:
Plastic is a synthetic material. It does not decompose in the soil. Its presence in the soil spoils the soil and it becomes barren. It has an inevitable role to play in the life of man. It has become a part of man’s day-to-day life.

Human Health Hazard:
It poses a health hazard. The micro part of plastic enters our food. It becomes like a leech in our food. It produces indigestion problems for aquatic and terrestrial animals. Its presence inside our body blocks the intestines and respiratory passages.

Environmental Degradation:
The manufacturing process and burning of plastics pollute the atmosphere. It is non-biodegradable so it interferes with soil micro-organism and affects soil fertility.

Conclusion:
We can go for the restricted use of plastic. The plastic companies may be restricted to make one-time use plastics. All plastic waste should be segregated into different types and used for recycling.

Task 2:
Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below: (Text Book Page No. 50)

Urban living brings with it very dense co-habitation, This can often result in the transfer of various communicable diseases that could quickly develop into an outbreak.

Hints:
a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation

b) Personal Hygiene

• Frequent washing of hands & regular bathing
• Brushing of teeth, cutting of nails & hair
• Wearing dean clothes

c) Keeping diseases at bay:

• Avoid street food
• Keep food containers closed with lids
• Drink boiled water
• Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water

d) Keeping living area, surroundings, and the environment clean:

• Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis, and hazardous waste in designated places
• Regular sweeping, mopping, and dusting
• Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas
• Avoid littering of public places
• Avoid spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places

e) Conclusion:
– Hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must -b ensure community – health and happiness – celebrate life.

Introduction:
‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’. This adage shows the importance of cleanliness. Cleanliness is important for a healthy life. If we keep ourselves and our place dean, we can avoid many diseases.

Personal Hygiene:
Our personal hygiene is important. We should wash our hands frequently. Regular bathing is necessary to maintain our hygiene. Brushing of teeth should be done every day before we take our first food. Cutting of nails and hair is also essential. We should always wear clean clothes.

Keeping diseases at bay:
We should avoid street food. Our food should be kept in dosed containers. We should drink only boiled water. Fruits and vegetables should be washed in flowing water.

Keeping living areas, surroundings, and the environment clean:
Our living area and surroundings should be kept clean. Domestic organic waste should be disposed of on daily basis. Our area should be swept, mopped, and dusted regularly. Disinfection lotion should be used in the toilets and bathing area. Littering in public places should be avoided. We should avoid spitting, urinating, and defecating in public places.

Conclusion:
Hygiene is a collective exercise. Everyone’s involvement and practice is needed. If we must ensure a healthy and happy community we can celebrate our life.

Essay Writing:

Task 1:
Write an essay of about 200 words each: (P No. 51)

1. The Profession you would like to choose:
Introduction:
Everyone has his dreams and plans in life. Some people want to become doctors, engineers, or collectors. I want to uplift our country. So I want to become a teacher. The teachers are the real builders of the nation.

Teaching Profession:
The world of tomorrow will be born from the school of today. Teachers are the trustees of common welfare. A teacher should be a friend, philosopher, and guide. A teacher should love his students. Our country needs such good teachers.

Service in the Village:
I like teaching very much. My motto in life is simple living and high thinking. India lives in her villages. So I will serve in a village. I will be earnest and sincere to my students. I will not be proud of. Thus I will be a good citizen and serve mankind.

2. The Importance of a Balanced Diet:

A balanced diet is very important to a healthy lifestyle. A balanced diet should contain all the right foods in the right quantities like carbohydrates, high fiber content, water, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. If you want to lead a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy food is important. Fluids are very essential for the human body to have a healthy lifestyle. Drink a lot of water every day.

Eat fresh fruits and vegetables which will help avoid many health disorders. Our balanced diet should contain all five elements which are bitter, pungent, sour, sweet, and salt. Most people do not recognize the importance of chewing as it is essential to digest many of components. We must avoid eating when we don’t have an appetite. Excess food may lead to overweight. We must avoid eating while working or watching TV. It may lead to heartburn and colitis. A balanced diet keeps our bodies healthy and brisk.

3. A memorable journey:
The most memorable journey I have enjoyed is the train journey towards Mumbai. It is a three-day journey from Tirunelveli. During last summer vacation, with my parents. I went by train, I was able to learn about the different cultures and languages of the people. A college student was seated across he engaged me in a lively conversation.
They were from Chennai and talked about their purpose of visit.

I had an occasion to have a chat with a few Hindi – speaking people. They were very polite and kind to me. I was extremely ’ happy when the train passed through Mumbai, where I bought delicious apples. Though I could not understand Hindi, I talked with them in Tamil. They gave me nice apples and I gave them some money that pleased him. At the end of the second day, we reached Mumbai. The journey broadened my knowledge about our country.

Suggested Topics: (Text Book Page No. 51)

1. Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games:
Regular physical exercise will improve your muscle strength. Exercise gives oxygen and nutrients to your tissues. It helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. When your heart and lung health improve, you have more energy to do daily activities. Exercise acts on the digestive system. It helps in digestion and induces appetite. The free movement of the parts of the body especially arms and limbs help you to lead a tension-free life in old age.

2. Travel and its Benefits:
Travelling improves your health. It cuts down stress. The health benefits of traveling are huge. Travelling makes your body feel better. Traveling is a source of knowledge, education, and experience. There is scope for improving one’s social and communication skills. Creative thoughts and broadening the horizon, enhancing tolerance are all the benefits of travel. Travel gives confidence, and it is a real education in life. The memories of travel give us pleasure.

3. Water Conservation:
Our lives depend fully on water. It is our duty to conserve water. We have only 3% of the water on earth. The remaining is 97% of saltwater in the seas. It is our responsibility not to pollute and abuse it. We must know how to conserve water. We can contribute to the conservation of potable water by protecting from water pollution. Modern irrigation methods help to solve water shortages and avoid wastage. Water can be saved in industries. Industries can adopt water recycling. Digging lakes, ponds, wells will help save rainwater. Children can be educated to save water and avoid wastage during their chores like washing, bathing, and cleaning.

4. Child Labour:
Child labour means making the children in hard labour which affects their physical and mental development. Children in the school-going age are employed in all kinds of jobs. They work in a bad atmosphere. They are never paid or paid less. The poverty of the parents is exploited to employ the children than giving them education. The children must go to school and only adults should be employed. The government should make strict laws to eradicate child labour. We should give a bright future to our children.

5. Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages:
A mobile phone is a device, which is used only for communication. However technological developments in the field of communication have made the phone a smartphone with features like video calls, surfing the net, play games, and take high-resolution pictures.

Smartphones have become a great disadvantage to people, especially to students. They get addicted to it, thereby inviting various health problems and social problems. Mobile phones should be useful and necessary gadgets for our everyday life. Without cell phones, life would be harder. While enjoying the benefits of phones, we must be aware of their abuses too. Mobile phones could cause many dangers if not used properly.

6. Consumerism – Wants and Needs:
Consumerism means the protection of the interests of the consumers. The growth of consumerism has led to many organizations improving their service to the customer. It is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services. Various methods are used to create demand. It protects consumers against harmful products or business methods.

Wants and needs:
We have to consume to live. We need food, water, shelter, and clothing. People go behind electronics, enjoyment, luxury, etc. They forget that what they “need” is not a real “need”. Many people cannot draw a line between the two. While one part of the world food is wasted, in the other part people are starving. People should learn not to waste anything.

7. Value of Education:
Education is necessary for all. It develops confidence and builds the personality of a person. School education plays an important role in everyone’s life. The whole education has been divided into three divisions such as the Primary, Secondary, and Higher Secondary education. Primary education prepares the base which helps throughout life. Secondary education prepares the path for higher studies.

Higher Secondary education decides the final path to life and career. Our education decides what kind of person we would be in the future. In the competitive world, it is a must for all to have a good education. It makes us strong, mentally, socially, and intellectually by increasing our knowledge level, technical skills, and good position in the job. The only way to fulfill all dreams is only through education.

8. Value-based Education:
The purpose of value-based education is to build the social, moral, and spiritual behaviour of a person. It plays a big role in teaching the importance of being honest with others, being humble’ in all situations, and be able to face challenges. It helps in shaping the individual’s behaviour to fit into society. It will have an impact on the whole society, making the world, a better place to live in. Value-based education plays a big role in shaping the individual’s behaviour, so that they can display good morals, interact with others well, and become spiritual in all aspects of life.

(ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் (George Orwell) என்னும் புனைப்பெயரால் (Pen name) அறியப்பட்ட எரிக் ஆர்த்த ர் ப்ளையர் (Eric Arthur Blair) (25 ஜீன் 1903 – 21 ஜனவரி 1950) ஒரு ஆங்கில புதினவியளாளர், கட்டுரையாளர், பத்திரிக்கையாளர், மற்றும் விமர்சகர். இவரின் படைப்புகள் நல்ல படிப்பினைகளையும், சமூக விழிப்புணர்வையும் ஏற்படுத்துவதாகவும், சர்வதிகாரத்திற்கு எதிராகவும், ஜனனாயகத்திற்கு ஆதரவாகவும் அமைக்கப்பட்டு இருக்கும்.

ஆர்வெல் இலக்கிய விமர்சனங்கள், கவிதைகள், புதினங்கள், தர்க்க இதழியல் போன்றவற்றை எழுதியுள்ளார். இவர் எண்ணியல் புதினமான Animal Farm (1945) மற்றும் டைஸ்டோபியன் புதினமான Nineteen Eighty – four(1949) ஆகியவற்றால் மிகச் சிறந்தவராக அறியப்பட்டார். 2008ஆம் ஆண்டு Times இவரை 1945 வரை உள்ள 50 சிறந்த British எழுத்தாளர்களில் இரண்டாவதாக பட்டியலிட்டது.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

கொடுக்கப்பட்ட இந்த பாடப்பகுதி ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் அவர்களின் கட்டுரைகள், பத்திரிக்கைகள் மற்றும் கடிதங்களிலிருந்து எடுக்கப்பட்டது. தேநீர் நகரத்தின் ஆதாரப் பொருட்களுள் ஒன்றாக இந்தியா, அயர்லாந்து, ஆஸ்திரேலியா முதலிய நாடுகள் கருதப்படுகிறது. இந்தியா, இலங்கை தேயிலைதான் மிகச்சிறந்தது.

இப்பாடத்தில் தேனீர் தயாரிக்கும் விதத்தைப் பற்றியும், பல நாடுகளில் அதன் பயன்பாடுகள் பற்றியும் அதை எவ்வாறு அருந்த வேண்டும் என்பதைப்பற்றியும் ஜார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல் 11 (கருத்துக்கள் மூலம் தெளிவாக எடுத்துரைக்கிறார். அதைப்பற்றி முழுமையாக படித்து தெரிந்து கொள்வோம்.

A Nice Cup of Tea Summary in Tamil

தமிழாக்கம் நீங்கள் உங்கள் கையில் கிடைக்கும் சமையல் புத்தகத்தை எடுத்து அதில் ‘டீ’ தயாரிப்பதை தேடினீர்கள் (look up) என்றால், அதனைப் பற்றிய குறிப்பு கிடைக்காமல் போகலாம் அல்லது அதிகபட்சமாக நீங்கள் பல முக்கியமான கருத்துக்கள் விடுபட்ட (unmentioned) மேலோட்டமான சில வரிகளை காணலாம்.

இந்திய நாடு, இதேப்போல் ஐர், ஆஸ்திரேலியா, நியூசிலாந்து போன்ற நாடுகளின் நாகரிகத்தில் முக்கியமானதாக டீ இருப்பதால் மட்டும் இது ஆர்வமானதாக இல்லை, டீ-ஐ எப்படி சிறந்த முறையில் தயாரிக்க வேண்டும் என்பதே ஒரு காரசாரமான விவாத தலைப்பாக (violent disputes) இருப்பதால் தான்.

நான் என்னுடைய “தேநீர் தயாரிப்பதற்கான சொந்த சமையல் குறிப்பை (recipe)” பார்த்த போது 11ற்கும் குறைவான மிக முக்கியமான குறிப்புகளைக் கண்டேன். அவற்றில் 2 குறிப்புகள் பொதுவானதாக இருந்தாலும், குறைந்தது 4 குறிப்புகளாவது கண்டிப்பாக சர்ச்சைக்குரியவை (controversial). இங்கே குறிபிடப்பட்டுள்ள என்னுடைய 11 விதிகளில், ஒவ்வொன்றையும் நான் பொன்னாகவே (goldens) கருதுகிறேன்.

எல்லாவற்றிக்கும் முதலாவதாக ஒருவர் இந்திய அல்லது சிங்கள (இலங்கை) தேநீர் இலைகளைத் தான் உபயோகப்படுத்த வேண்டும். சீனத் தேநீரின் மதிப்பிடத்தக்க பண்புகளையும் (virtues) நாம் இக்காலத்தில் வெறுக்க கூடாது, இது சிக்கனமானது (economical), பாலுடன் கலக்காமலும் இதனை அருந்தலாம், ஆனால் போதுமான அளவு உற்சாகம் (stimulation) இருக்காது.

அதனைப் பருகிய பிறகு, ஒருவர் அறிவார்ந்ததாகவும் (wiser), தைரியமானவராகவும் (braver), அதிக நேர்மறையாளராகவும் (optimistic) உணர மாட்டார். எவரேனும் ஒருவர் “ இது ஒரு மிகச்சிறந்த குவளைத் தேநீர்” என்ற வரிகளை உபயோகப்படுத்தினால், அது நிச்சயமாக இந்தியத் தேநீரையே குறிக்கும்.

இரண்டாவதாக, தேநீரை மிகச்சிறிய அளவில் மட்டுமே தயாரிக்க வேண்டும், அதாவது சிறிய தேநீர் குடுவையில் தான் தயாரிக்க வேண்டும். பெரிய பாத்திரத்தில் தயாரிக்கும் தேநீர் சுவையற்று (tasteless) இருக்கும், இராணுவத்தில் பெரிய கலனில் (cauldron) தயாரிக்கும் தேநீர், எண்ணெய்ப்பசை மற்றும் சுண்ணாம்பு போன்ற சுவையுடன் இருக்கும். தேநீர் குடுவையானது களிமண்ணால் அல்லது பீங்கானால் செய்யப்பட வேண்டும்.

வெள்ளி அல்லது உலோக கலவையில் ஆன தேநீர் குடுவையில் தரக்குறைவான தேநீரையே தயாரிக்க முடியும், கண்ணாடியால் ஆன பாத்திரங்கள் மிக மோசம். போதுமான ஆர்வமுடையதாக இருந்தாலும் காரியத்தால் ஆன தேநீர் குடுவை மிகவும் மோசமானது அல்ல. மூன்றாவதாக, குடுவையானது முன்னதாகவே சூடுபடுத்தப்பட (warmed) வேண்டும். குடுவையினை அடுப்பில் வைத்து சூடுபடுத்துவதே, வழக்கமான வெந்நீரால் சூடுபடுத்தும் முறையே சிறந்தது.

நான்காவதாக, தேநீர் திடமாக இருக்க வேண்டும். 1 லிட்டருக்கு சற்று அதிகமான கொள்ளளவு உடைய கலனில், நீங்கள் கழுத்துவரை நிரப்புவதாக இருந்தால், 6 தேக்கரண்டி (teaspoons) போதுமானதாக இருக்கும். போர் நடவடிக்கை (rationing) காலங்களில் வாரத்தின் அனைத்து நாட்களிலும் இம்முறையை பின்பற்ற இயலாது. ஆனால் ஒரு குவளை திடமான தேநீரானது 20 குவளை திடமற்றது. “அனைத்து உண்மையான தேநீர் விரும்பிகளுக்கும், தங்களது தேநீர் திடமாக இருந்தால் மட்டும் போதாது. ஒவ்வொரு வருடம் கடந்து போகும் போதும் அவர்களது தேநீர் கூடுதல் திடமாக இருக்க வேண்டுமென விரும்புகிறார்கள். அது வயதான ஓய்வூதியதாரர்களுக்கு (pensioners) கூடுதல் உணவுப்படி வழங்கப்படும் போது கண்டறியப்பட்ட உண்மை.

ஐந்தாவதாக, தேநீரானது நேரடியாக குடுவையினுள் இடப்படவேண்டும். வடிகட்டியோ அல்லது மெல்லிய துணியோ தேநீரை வடிகட்ட உபயோகப்படுத்தக் கூடாது. சில நாடுகளில் தேநீர் குடுவைகள், நீர்க்குழாயின் (spout) கீழே தேவையில்லாத சிறிய தேநீர் இலைகளை சேகரிக்க சிறிய கூடைகளுடன் இணைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும். அது தீங்கு விளைவிக்கும். உண்மையில் ஒருவர் குறிப்பிட்ட அளவு தேநீர் இலைகளை விழுங்கினாலும், அது தீங்கு விளைவிக்காது. தேநீரானது குடுவையில் தளர்வாக இல்லாவிட்டால், அது முறையாக கலக்காது.

ஆறாவதாக, தேநீர் குடுவையிலிருந்து நேரடியாக தேநீர் கொதி கெண்டிக்கு (kettle) மாற்ற வேண்டும். அப்பொழுது நீரானது கொதித்து கொண்டிருக்க வேண்டும். அதாவது ஒருவர் கொதி கெண்டிக்கு ஊற்றும் போது நீராவி தான் உபயோகிக்க வேண்டும் என்பார்கள் ஆனால் என்னைப் பொறுத்தவரையில் அது எவ்வித வித்தியாசத்தையும் உண்டு பண்ணாது.
ஏழாவதாக தேநீர் தயாரித்த பிறகு, நன்கு கலக்கி, தேநீர் குடுவையை நன்கு குலுக்கி அதன்பின் தேநீர் இலைகளை அமரச் செய்ய வேண்டும்.

எட்டாவதாக, ஒருவர் காலைகுவளையில் தான் குடிக்க வேண்டும், காலை உணவுக் (breakfastcup) குவளையானது, உருளை வடிவில் (cylindrical type), ஆழமற்றும் காணப்படும். காலை உணவுக் குவளையானது அதிகக் கொள்ளளவு உடையது, வேறு வகையான குவளையில் அருந்தினால், அருந்த தொடங்கும் முன்பே பாதி ஆறிவிடும்.

ஒன்பதாவதாக தேநீர் தயாரிக்கும் முன்பே உபயோகப்படுத்தப்படும் பாலின் பாலேட்டினை நீக்கி விட வேண்டும். அதிக பாலேட்டுடன் கூடிய பால், மங்கிய (sickly) சுவையுள்ள தேநீரைத் தரும்.

பத்தாவதாக, ஒருவர் முதலில் தேநீரை குவளையில் ஊற்ற வேண்டும் இதுவே ஒரு முறையான கருத்தாகும். உண்மையில் பிரிட்டனில் உள்ள அனைத்து வீடுகளிலும் இது குறித்து இரு கருத்துக்கள் நிலவுகின்றன. பாலை முதலில் ஊற்ற வேண்டும் என்ற கருத்து சற்று கடுமையான விவாதங்கள் கொண்டு வந்தாலும், என்னுடைய கருத்தினை பதிலளிக்க முடியாததாகவே நான் வைத்து வருகிறேன். அது என்னவென்றால் தேநீரை முதலில் ஊற்றுவதால். ஒருவரால் தனக்கு தேவையான அளவு பாலை ஊற்றிக்கொள்ளலாம்.

மாற்றுக்கருத்தில், ஒருவர் தேவைக்கு அதிகப்படியான பாலை ஊற்றும் நிலைமை வரலாம். கடைசியாக (lastly) ஒருவர், தேநீரை ரஷிய நாட்டு வழக்கத்தில் அருந்தவில்லை என்றால், அவர் கண்டிப்பாக சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் தான் அருந்த வேண்டும் என கருத்து சிலரால் மட்டுமே ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படும் என்று எனக்கு தெரியும், இருந்தாலும் தேநீரில் சர்க்கரையைச் சேர்த்து அதன் சுவையை குறைக்கும்.

நீங்கள் எவ்வாறு உங்களை தேநீர் விரும்பி என்று அழைத்து கொள்ள முடியும்? இது தேநீரில் மிளகுத்தூளையோ (pepper) அல்லது உப்பையோ (salt) சேர்ப்பதற்கு சமமானதாகும். தேநீரை நீங்கள் இனிப்பூட்டினால் நீங்கள் தேநீரை சுவைக்கவில்லை, சர்க்கரையைத் தான் சுவைக்கிறீர்கள். இதற்கு நீங்கள் வெறும் சுடு தண்ணீரில் சர்க்கரையை கரைத்து அருந்தலாம்.

சிலர் தாங்கள் தேநீரை விரும்புவதில்லை என்றும், உற்சாகத்திற்காகவும் (stimulated) வெப்பமாக இருப்பதற்காக மட்டுமே தேநீரை அருந்துவதாகவும் அதனால் தான் சர்க்கரையைச் சேர்த்து தேநீரின் சுவையை நீக்குவதாகவும் சொல்லுவார்கள். அவ்வாறு தவறாக வழிகாட்டப்பட்டவர்களுக்கு (misguided) நான் கூறுவதாவது, நீங்கள் தொடர்ந்து இரு வாரங்களுக்கு தேநீரை சர்க்கரை இல்லாமல் அருந்தினீர்கள் என்றால், நீங்கள் மறுபடியும் தேநீரில் சர்க்கரை சேர்த்து வீணாக்கமாட்டீர்கள்.

தேநீர் அருந்துவதை குறித்து எழும்பக்கூடிய முரணான (controversial) கருத்துக்கள் இவை மட்டுமல்ல. இந்த தொழில் எவ்வளவு நுட்பமானது என்பதை காட்ட பல கருத்துக்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும் தேநீர் குடுவையைச் சுற்றி புரிந்து கொள்ள (mysterious) முடியாத ஆசாரங்கள் பல உள்ளன. எடுத்துக்காட்டாக நாம் ஏன் தேநீர் கோப்பையில் அருந்துகிறோம்).

தேநீர் இலைகளின் கிளை துணை உபயோகங்களை, தீர்க்க தரிசனம் கூறுவது, விருந்தினர்களின் வருகையை கணிப்பது, முயல்களுக்கு உணவாவது, தீக்காயங்களுக்கு மருந்தாவது தரையை கூட்டிப் பெருக்குவது குறித்து கூட நிறைய எழுதலாம். 2 (28 கிராம்) எடையுள்ள முறையாக கையாளப்பட்ட தேநீர் இலைகளில் இருந்து 20 தேநீர்

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II Ex 5.1 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II Ex 5.1

Question 1.
Obtain the equation of the circles with a radius of 5 cm and touching the x-axis at the origin in a general form.
Solution:

Given radius = 5 cm and the circle is touching x axis
So centre will be (0, ± 5) and radius = 5
The equation of the circle with centre (0, ± 5) and radius 5 units is
(x – 0)² + (y ± 5)² = 5²
(i.e) x² + y² ± 10 y + 25 – 25 = 0
(i.e) x² + y² ± 10y = 0

Question 2.
Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, – 1) and passing through the point (3, 6) in standard form.
Solution:
Centre = (2, -1) = (h, k)
Passing through the point (3, 6)
Equation of the circle (x – h)² + (y – k)² = r² ………. (1)
(3 – 2)² + (6 + 1)² = r²
1² + 7² = r²
1 + 49 = r²
r² = 50
(1) ⇒ (x – 2)² + (y + 1)² = 50

Question 3.
Find the equation of circles that touch both the axes and pass-through (-4, -2) in a general form.
Solution:

Since the circle touches both the axes, its centre will be (r, r) and the radius will be r.
Here centre = C = (r, r) and point on the circle is A = (-4, -2)
CA = r ⇒ CA² = r²
(i.e) (r + 4)² + (r + 2)² = r²
⇒ r² + 8r +16 + r² + 4r + 4 – r² = 0
(i.e) r² + 12r + 20 = 0
(r + 2) (r + 10) = 0
⇒ r = -2 or -10
When r = -2, the equation of the circle will be (x + 2)² + (y + 2)² = 2²
(i.e) x² + y² + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0
When r = -10, the equation of the circle will be (x + 10)² + (y + 10)² = 10²
(i.e) x² + y² + 20x + 20y + 100 = 0

Question 4.
Find the equation of the circles with centre (2, 3) and passing through the intersection of the lines 3x – 2y – 1 =0 and 4x + y – 27 = 0.
Solution:
centre (2, 3) = (h, k)
Point of intersection
Solve 3x – 2y – 1 = 0 ………. (1)
4x + y – 27 = 0 ……… (2)
(1) ⇒ 3x – 2y = 1
(2) × 2 ⇒ 8x + 2y = 54
11x = 55
x = 5
put in (1)
15 – 2y – 1 = 0
14 = 2y
y = 7
Passing-through point is (5, 7)
Equation of circle be (x – h)² + (y – k)² = r² ……….(3)
(5 – 2)² + (7 – 3)² = r²
3² + 4² = r²
r² = 25
∴ (3) ⇒ (x – 2)² + (y – 3)² = 25
x² – 4x + 4 + y² – 6y + 9 – 25 = 0
x² + y² – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0

Question 5.
Obtain the equation of the circle for which (3, 4) and (2, -7) are the ends of a diameter.
Solution:
The equation of a circle with (x₁ , y₁) and (x₂ , y₂ ) as end points of a diameter is
(x – x₁ )(x – x₂) + (y – y₁ )(y – y₂) = 0
Here the end points of a diameter are (3, 4) and (2, -7)
So equation of the circle is (x – 3 )(x – 2 ) + (y – 4) (y + 7.) = 0
x² + y² – 5x + 37 – 22 = 0

Question 6.
Find the equation of the circle through the points (1, 0), (-1, 0) and (0, 1).
Solution:
Let the general equation of the circle be
x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
It passes through the points (1, 0), (-1, 0) and (0,1)
1 + 0 + 2g + c = 0
2g + c = -1 ………(1)
1 + 0 – 2g + c = 0
-2g + c = -1 …………(2)
0 + 1 + 0 + 2f + c = 0
2f + c = -1
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2c = -2
c = -1
substitute in eqn (1)
2g – 1 = -1
2g = 0
g = 0
substitute in eqn (3)
2f – 1 = -1
2f = -1 + 1
2f = 0
f = 0
Therefore, the required equation of the circle
x² + y² – 1 = 0

Question 7.
A circle of area 9π square units has two of its diameters along the lines x + y = 5 and: x – y = 1. Find the equation of the circle.
Solution:

Area of the circle = 9π
(i.e) πr² = 9π
⇒ r² = 9 ⇒ r = 3
(i.e) radius of the circle = r = 3
The two diameters are x + y = 5 and x – y = 1
The point of intersection of the diameter is the centre of the circle = C
To find C: Solving x + y = 5 ……… (1)
x – y = 1 ………. (2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
Substituting x = 3 in (1) we get
3 + y = 5 ⇒ y = 5 – 3 = 2
∴ Centre = (3, 2) and radius = 3
So equation of the circle is (x – 3)² + (y – 2)² = 3²
(i.e) x² + y² – 6x – 4y + 4 = 0

Question 8.
If y = 2√2 x + c is a tangent to the circle x² + y² = 16, find the value of c.
Solution:
The condition of the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the circle x² + y² = a² is
c² = a²( 1 + m²)
a² = 16; m = 2√2 ⇒ m² = 4 × 2 = 8
c² = 16(1+8)
c² = 16(9)
c = ±4 × 3 = ±12
∴ c = ± 12.

Question 9.
Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the circle x² + y² – 6x + 6y – 8 = 0 at (2, 2).
Solution:
The equation of the tangent to the circle x² + y² + 2 gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x₁, y₁) is
xx₁ + yy₁ + g(x + x₁) + f(y + y₁) + c = 9
So the equation of the tangent to the circle
x² + y² – 6x + 6y – 8 = 0 at (x₁, y₁) is
xx₁ + yy₁ – \(\frac{6\left(x+x_{1}\right)}{2}+\frac{6\left(y+y_{1}\right)}{2}\) – 8 = 0
(i.e) xx₁ + yy₁ – 3(x + x₁) + 3(y + y₁) – 8 = 0
Here (x₁, y₁) = (2, 2)
So equation of the tangent is
x(2) + y(2) – 3(x + 2) + 3(y + 2) – 8 = 0
(.i.e) 2x + 2y – 3x – 6 + 3y + 6 – 8 = 0
(i.e) -x + 5y – 8 = 0 or x – 5y + 8=0
Normal is a line ⊥r to the tangent
So equation of normal circle be of the form 5x + y + k = 0
The normal is drawn at (2, 2)
⇒ 10 + 2 + k = 0 ⇒ k = -12
So equation of normal is 5x + y – 12 = 0

Question 10.
Determine whether the points (- 2, 1), (0, 0) and s (- 4, – 3) lie outside, on or inside the circle x² + y² – 5x + 2y – 5 = 0.
Solution:
x² + y² – 5x + 2y – 5 = 0
(i) At (-2, 1) ⇒ (-2)² + 1² – 5(-2) + 2(1) – 5
= 4 + 1 + 10 + 2 – 5 = 12 > 0
∴ (-2, 1) lies outside the circle.

(ii) At(0, 0) ⇒ 0 + 0 – 0 + 0 – 5 = -5 < 0
(0, 0) lies inside the circle.

(iii) At (-4, -3) ⇒ (-4)² + (- 3)² – 5(-4) + 2(-3) – 5 = 16 + 9 + 20 – 6 – 5 = 34 > 0
(-4, -3) lies outside the circle.

Question 11.
Find the centre and radius of the following circles.
(i) x² + (y + 2)² = 0
(ii) x² + y² + 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
(iii) x² + y² – x + 2y – 3 = 0
(iv) 2x² + 2y² – 6x + 4y + 2 = 0
Solution:
(i) x² + (y + 2)² = 0
(i.e) x² + y² + 4y + 4 = 0
Comparing this equation with the general form x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
we get 2g = 0 ⇒ g = 0
2f = 4 ⇒ f= 2 and c = 4
Now centre = (-g, -f) = (0, -2)
Radius = r = \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}=\sqrt{0+4-4}\)
∴ Centre = (0, -2) and radius = 0

(ii) x² + y² + 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
Comparing with the general form we get
2g = 6, 2f = -4
⇒ g = 3, /= -2 and c = 4
Centre = (-g, -f) = (-3, 2)
Radius = \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}=\sqrt{9+4-4}\)= 3
∴ Centre = (-3, 2) and radius = 3

(iii) x² + y² – x + 2y – 3 = 0
2g = -1; 2f = 2; c = -3
g = \(\frac{-1}{2}\) f = 1
Centre (-g, -f) = (\(\frac{1}{2}\), -1)
Radius = \(\sqrt{g^2+f^2-c}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+1+3}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{1+4+12}{4}}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{17}{4}}\) = \(\frac{\sqrt{17}}{2}\)

(iv) 2x² + 2y² – 6x + 4y + 2 = 0
(÷ by 2) ⇒ x² + y² – 3x + 2y + 1 =0
Comparing this equation with the general form of the circle we get
2g = -3, 2f= 2
g = \(-\frac{3}{2}\), g= 1 and c = 1
So centre = (-g, -f) = (\(\frac{3}{2}\), -1)
and radius = \(\sqrt{g^{2}+f^{2}-c}=\sqrt{\frac{9}{4}+1-1}=\frac{3}{2}\)
∴ Centre = (\(\frac{3}{2}\), -1) and radius = \(\frac{3}{2}\)

Question 12.
If the equation 3x² + (3 – p) xy + qy² – 2px = 8pq represents a circle, find p and q. Also determine the centre and radius of the circle.
Solution:
3x² + (3 – p) xy + qy² – 2px = 8pq represent a circle means,
Co-efficient of x² = co-efficient of y²
3 = q ⇒ q = 3
Co-efficient of xy = 0
3 – p = 0 ⇒ p = 3
3x² + 3y² – 6x = 8 (3)(3)
3x² + 3y² – 6x – 72 = 0
(÷3) x² + y² – 2x – 24 = 0
2g = -2; 2f = 0; c = -24
g = -1 f = 0
Centre (-g, -f) = (1, 0)
Radius = \(\sqrt{g^2+f^2-c}\) = \(\sqrt{1+0+24}\)
= \(\sqrt{25}\) = 5

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Prose Chapter 1 Two Gentlemen of Verona Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Prose Chapter 1 Two Gentlemen of Verona

12th English Guide Two Gentlemen of Verona Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Textual Questions:

I. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding of the story:
(Note: IQ Important Questions)

Question a.
Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona? (IQ)
Answer:
The Narrator met Nicola and Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona.

Question b.
Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?
Answer:
The driver did not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys because of their shabby appearance.

Question c.
The boys did not spend much on clothes and food, why?
Answer:
The boys had to save every penny towards the weekly medical bill of their sister Lucia. So, they did not spend much on clothes and food.

Question d.
Were the boys saving money to go to the states? How do you know?
Answer:

1. The boys had the commitment to saving the life of their sister.
2. So they were not saving money to go to the states.

Question e.
Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?
Answer:

1. The author did not like to disturb the happy family party.
2. So he avoided going to Lucia’s room.

Question f.
What was Lucia suffering from? (IQ)
Answer:
Lucia was suffering from tuberculosis of the spine.

Question g.
What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?
Answer:

1. The Germans killed the boy’s father and made them homeless.
2. This made the boys join the resistance movement.

Question h.
What made the boys work so hard? (IQ)
Answer:
They did not want charity from the hospital. The determination to save the life of their sister made the boys work hard.

Question i.
Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the author?
Answer:

1. The boys didn’t like to gain sympathy.
2. So they did not disclose their problem to the author.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each: (Text Book Page No. 5)

Question a.
Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.
Answer:
One boy had worn Jersey and cut-off khaki pants. The other had a shortened army tunic gathered in loose folds about his skinny frame. They had tangled hair and dark earnest eyes.

Question b.
What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys? (IQ)
Answer:
They shined shoes, sold fruits, hawked newspapers, conducted tourists round the town, and ran errands.

Question c.
How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday? (IQ)
Answer:
The author took the boys in his car to a tiny village called Poleta, set high upon a hill. He drove the car up to a large red-roofed villa. The boys asked the author to come thereafter for an hour and went inside.

Question d.
Who took the author to the cubicle? (IQ)
Answer:
The nurse who was taking care of the boy’s sister Lucia took the author to the cubicle.

Question e.
Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.
Answer:

1. The girl seemed to be about twenty.
2. She wore a pretty lace jacket.
3. Propping up on pillows, she was listening to the chatter of the boys.
4. Her eyes were soft and tender.

Question f.
Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.
Answer:
The boys and their sister were thrown in the streets. Lucia had to give up her singing lessons. They had suffered horribly from near starvation and exposure to the cold winter. Lucia developed tuberculosis of the spine. The boys built a home from the rubbles. They had to admit Lucia to a nursing home. To pay the weekly medical bill, they worked from dawn to midnight doing odd jobs eating very little.

Question g.
The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why? Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.
Answer:

1. The narrator kept the secret to himself because he knew that the boys did not like to reveal their secret to anyone.
2. When the narrator asked them what did they do with the money they earned, they were not ready to give a prompt reply for it.

3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 5)

Question a.
What was the driving force that made the boys do various jobs?
Answer:
In the war-hit Verona, everything was difficult. Food had become scarce and dear. The hospital which offered to treat Lucia was forced to charge a weekly fee. Work was scarce. But the boys were determined to save the life of their beloved sister.

After the untimely death of the father in the war, the two little boys Nicola and Jacopo took the responsibility of earning money by doing all odd jobs for defraying the medical expenses for their sister on their tender shoulders. They spent very little on their food and clothes. The driving force behind their selfless sacrifice and hard work from dawn to midnight was the love they had for their elder sister. They wanted her to get well soon and become an accomplished singer in life. Once you set a goal far above your capacity but work hard ceaselessly, you are bound to achieve it.

Question b.
How was the family affected by the war?
Answer:
The family was terribly affected by the war. Their father, a well-known singer had been killed in the early part of the war. After some time a bomb had destroyed their home and so the three children Nicola, Jacopo, and Lucia were thrown out into the streets. Their comfortable and cultured life got destroyed by the war. In fact, they suffered horribly from near starvation and exposure to the cold winter.

For many months they lived in a shelter made of broken building walls and bricks. In the meantime, the two boys get separated from their sister. They were under German rule for nearly three years. The boys grew to hate the Germans just because they suffered a lot because of them. In fact, they were the first to join the resistance movement against the Germans.

Question c.
Write a character sketch of Nicola and Jacopo.
Answer:
Nicola was 13 and Jacopo only 12. They were brothers. They were tanned, had tangled hair and dark earnest eyes. Though they were just kids, they were serious about their work. They did hundreds of errands for the tourists. They were found doing brisk business shining shoes or selling wild berries. They had the skill to find seats in the theater for the tourists and also guide the tourists through many important sites of the city of Verona such as Juliet’s tomb. Jacopo was lively as a squirrel.

Nicola’s smile was steady and engaging yet in their innocent faces, one could find seriousness far beyond their years. What struck one was the extreme willingness of both the boys to work. Under the scorching Sun, they hawked newspapers. When the narrator enquired what they did with the money they earned as they were not spending it on clothes or food or saving it for emigrating to America, Nicola coloured but he did not reveal the secret family adversity. Both are gentlemen because they did not want anyone’s sympathy.

Question d.
What message is conveyed through the story “Two Gentlemen of Verona”
Answer:
The message conveyed through the story is one can overcome one’s adversities with strong will and determination. Nothing is impossible in this world. It is one’s hard work and dedication which can help one to achieve one’s goal. The boys in the story were badly affected by the war. In spite of it they were ready to do many odd jobs to save their sister.

This action of the boys throws light on the fact that family is the true demonstration of love, affection, and faith. Yet another message which gets conveyed is that it is the situation and circumstance which one faces in one’s life that makes one shoulder responsibilities with strong determination. In simple words, we can say that Nature is the best teacher who teaches us many lessons in our life.

Question e.
Justify the title of the story “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.
Answer:
In the story ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’, the two orphan boys Jacopo and Nicola work immensely and exhaustively. They shine shoes, sell newspapers, run errands, and show tourists round the city. They take only figs and black tea as food. They save every penny for the medical treatment of their sister Lucia who is suffering from tuberculosis of the spine. The narrator himself admits that their willingness to work impressed him. They demonstrate an unusual devotion to their work.

The objective of their hard work and purpose behind their half-starved daily routine is not known to many in Verona. Anyone may polish shoes or hawk newspapers but it is the magnanimity of heart and nobleness of purpose that actually determines whether one is a real gentleman or a hypocrite. Hence the title ‘‘Two Gentlemen of Verona” is justified.

Question f.
Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people. Elucidate this statement with reference to the story.
Answer:
No human life is possible without adversities. In fact, it is these adversities that bring out the qualities of self-confidence and endeavor in a person. It depends upon the mentality of a man to make it the worst or brings out the best out of it. In this story, the two boys faced the great disaster of losing their father and their home because of the war. To add fuel to it their sister suffered from tuberculosis of the spine.

This was the worst adversity in their life as they lost almost everything at a young age. but they did not lose hope. They had a strong determination to work hard and earn money for the treatment of their sister. Many good qualities like love, devotion, sacrifice, sincerity, and maturity get revealed just because of the adversities they face in their life. Thus the statement “Adversity brings out the best as well as the worst in people” is justified.

Question g.
Which character do you like the most in the story and why?
Answer:
Of all the characters, I like Nicola who is a 13-year-old boy (i.e.) one of the two gentlemen of Verona. Though he is small, he is mature beyond his years. Like John Keets, he hated sympathy and self-pity. He does not want any favour except for the opportunity to work. He has an engaging smile. He and his brother Jacopo were hardworking and devoted to their sister Lucia. He has seriousness far beyond his years.

Even when kindly enquired by the narrator as to why he was spending little on clothes and food, he doesn’t open up. He colours deeply and grows pale. He even avoided the eyes of the narrator. When his squirrel-like brother requested the narrator to send them in his car to Poleta on Sunday, Nicola doesn’t like it. He glares at his brother in vexation and says, “we couldn’t think of troubling you, sir.” He wins the respect of all readers because of his maturity, willingness to work, and devotion to his sister.

Paragraph:

Introduction:
A.J. Cronin has explained the importance of dedication towards a relationship in the story, “Two Gentlemen of Verona”.

About the story:
The story is about the two boys named Nicola and Jacopo, who do numerous things to earn money only to pay for their sister’s treatment who suffers from tuberculosis of the spine. The narrator was driving down the foothills of the Alps along with his companion. At that time, two young boys who sold wild strawberries stopped their car.

Two gentlemen of Verona:
‘The small boys appeared to be quite shabby. The boys were brothers, The elder one Nicola was 13 and the younger Jacopo was 12 years old. The narrator and his companion bought the biggest basket of strawberries from the boys. They came to know that the boys did many kinds of jobs like selling fruits, polishing shoes, selling newspapers, etc., to earn money. During the time of their stay in the town, the young boys were very helpful.

Lucia’s Suffering:
The boys earned money but they spent only a little. The boys earned the money to cure their sister who was hospitalised for tuberculosis of spine. They had a decent life before the war and the war made them orphans. They tried their best to make the payments regularly to the hospital, The narrator drove them to the hospital one Sunday and knew everything about the boys and he did not reveal it to the boys. He drove them back in silence.

Conclusion:
Their selfless action brought nobility to human life, they were really two gentlemen of Verona.

Vocabulary:
a) Read the following words taken from the story. Give two synonyms and one antonym for each of these words. Use a dictionary, if required: O(Text Book Page No. 6)

Answer:

b) Homophones and Confusables: (Text Book Page No. 6, 72, 148)
Homophones are two or more words with the same sound but with different spellings and meanings. You have already learned that homophones are words that sound alike but are different in spelling and
meaning.
E.g. feet – feat / face – phase / sort – sought / hair – heir/

Question 1.
What are confusables?
Answer:
Confusables /confusables are words that are commonly confused with one another in meaning or usage
because of slight similarities in spelling, pronunciation, or meaning.
e.g. moment – movement / except – expect / human – humane / discover – invent.

(i) Given below is a list of common confusables. Distinguish the meaning of each pair of words by framing your own sentences: (Text Book Page No. 6)

a) emigrate – leave one’s country/move abroad (my friend wants to emigrate from Asia)
immigrate – come to live permanently in a foreign country (He wants to immigrate to India)

b) beside – near (He stands beside me)
besides – in addition to (Besides having a car, he also has a bike)

c) judicial – legal (The court ordered judicial custody of the convict)
judicious – wise (The lawyer argued in a judicious manner)

d) eligible – qualified (He ¡s an eligible hand)
illegible – not clear (Mostly doctor’s prescriptions are illegible)

e) conscience – moral sense (His conscience promoted him to know his mistakes)
conscious – awareness (He has consciously abused his teacher)

f) industrial – commercial (The industrial chemicals are polluting the river)
industrious – hard-working (Sathish is an industrious student)

g) eminent – famous (Ramesh is an eminent scientist)
imminent – about to happen (There is an imminent danger of corona virus)

h) illicit – illegal (Ten people were arrested for brewing illicit liquor)
elicit – bring out (The teacher elicited answers from the student)

i) prescribed – advised (The doctor prescribed powerful medicines to me)
proscribed – remove (The police proscribed the striking students)

j) affect – change (The place is affected by the flood)
effect – the result of a change (The effect of the flood in very heavy)

k) aural – related to hearing
oral – related to speaking

l) born – related to birth (Raji was born on 2nd January 2020)
borne – carry (The people near the border borne the brunt of the attack.)

(ii) Fill in the blanks using suitable homophones or confusables:

Answer:

c) Give the meanings of the following phrasal verbs and frame sentences using them: (Text Book Page No. 7)

Question 1.
cut off
Answer:

• to remove something by cutting
• The branch was cut off from the tree

Question 2.
come upon
Answer:

• meet someone by chance
• I came upon my Maths teacher in Chennai

Question 3.
put out
Answer:

• stop something burning
• The firefighters put out the fire

Question 4.
draw up
Answer:

• stop
• A taxi drew up outside the hotel

Question 5.
pass out
Answer:

• become unconscious/faint
• The politician passed out when the income tax officials quizzed him.

Question 6.
take off
Answer:

• Start flying/remove clothing
• The flight took off at the right time.

Question 7.
turn away
Answer:

• refuse permission
• The reporters who came to interview the Prime Minister were turned away.

Question 8.
stand by
Answer:

• help someone who ¡s in difficult to be ready.
• My friend stood by me all the time.

Question 9.
bank on
Answer:

• depend on
• The whole team is banking on him to win the match.

d) Read the list of words formed by adding suffixes: (Text Book Page No. 7)
frequently, satisfaction, willingness, inevitable, preparation, government, periodic, management,
population, department, announcement, comfortable, resemblance, nobility.

Form two derivatives from each of the following words by adding prefixes and suffixes: (Text Book Page No. 7)

Answer:

Listening:

Floods are an inevitable natural disaster which can occur in any part of the world. Floods can prove all the more
disastrous in localities, where population density is high. Preparation for Disaster Management has become imperative for any city, town, or village during monsoons. The Government Department entrusted with Disaster Management makes periodic announcements about the precautions to be taken whenever floods are anticipated.

Now, you are going to listen to the cautionary instructions that are given to the general public living in flood-prone areas. Listen carefully and complete the following sentences:

Question a.
The announcement was made by the Department of _______.
Answer:
Disaster Management.

Question b.
Widespread heavy rains are expected from the early hours of _______.
Answer:
Sunday.

Question c.
The public is asked to find out the locations of _______.
Answer:
the closest flood shelters available and routes to reach them

Question d.
An emergency kit should contain water bottles, biscuit packets, and a _______.
Answer:
whistle to signal for help

Question e.
A list of__________ should be displayed on the wall.
Answer:
emergency telephone numbers

Question f.
Important documents can be secured by keeping them in a ___________case.
Answer:
waterproof

Question g.
Damage to refrigerators can be avoided by _______.
Answer:
leaving their door open

Question h.
Mobile phones should be charged to enable the marooned to contact their friends, relatives, and _______.
Answer:
emergency services

Question i.
___________ should be placed in the toilet bowls to prevent sewage inflow.
Answer:
Sandbags

Question j.
Listen to the_________ and follow the instructions implicitly.
Answer:
periodic news updates

Speaking: (Text Book Page No. 8)

Drafting a Speech:

Task 1:
On the occasion of World Environment Day, you have been asked to deliver a speech during the morning assembly on the importance of tree planting. Write the speech in about 100 – 150 words:

1. Introduction
2. Suggested value points:
   Pollution control – Medicine – Necessary for wildlife – Cause rainfall
3. Conclusion

Respected Principal, the chief guest

Good evening. I am immensely delighted to speak to you on World Environment Day. All of you know that
we celebrate Environment Day on 5th June, every year. Let me explain why we celebrate World Environment
Day. The relationship between humanity and the environment is a delicate balance. Since the industrial revolution,
the world’s population has increased exponentially.

With the population growth, the environment has been profoundly affected Deforestation, pollution and global climatic changes are amongst the adverse effect the explosive population and technological expansion have introduced. The main objective of Environment Day is to gain a greater understanding of the environment.

This enhanced awareness, I believe, will help the country reduce its carbon footprint, increase the use of solar power, reduce and recycle non-biodegradable waste and evolve alternative technologies which would reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.

Moreover, tree planting will be done on a mission mode by school children and college students representing
NCC and NSS wings. This would spread the forest cover and give shelter to the wildlife and also ensure
plentiful rainfall sustaining life on this lovely planet. The student community shall disseminate the urgent need to
conserve water and other natural resources appeal to the younger generation, I mean my friends to be socially
responsive and do their part to preserve the environment.

Task 2:
Prepare a speech on “The importance of a reading habit” in about 100—150 words as using the hints given below together with your own ideas: (Text Book Page No. 9)

1. Introduction
2. Suggested value points
   Knowledge enrichment — Skill development — Meaningful usage of time — Overall development
3. Conclusion

The most distinguished chief guest, revered Principal, dignitaries on the Dias and off the dais, my beloved teachers and friends. This morning I wish to share my views on a man-making habit called ‘Reading’.

Books are the quietest and most constant of friends. They are the most accessible and wisest of counsellors and the most patient of teachers. Some schools do focus on developing a flair for reading by keeping a library period. Children are allowed to borrow books and also share their observations with their peers after the library hour is over. Such sharing introduces children to the wonderful world of books.

The art of reading is in great part that of acquiring a better understanding of life from one’s encounter with it in a book. Through reading, one exposes oneself to new things, new ways to solve a problem. Reading is a very useful hobby. Wiseman has lauded the importance of reading and the hobby of reading. Kofi Annan said, “Literacy is a bridge from misery to hope”.

William James said, “So it is with children who learn to read fluently and well. They begin to take flight into whole new worlds as effortlessly as young birds take to the sky”. Dear friends let us read books and conquer the world.

Reading – Note Making: (Text Book Page No. 9)

Read the passage given below and make notes:

To match the best cities across the world, the Government of India initiated ‘smart cities’ to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people. The agenda under smart city promises to resolve urban sustainability problems. Urban forests provide a range of important ecosystem services that are critical for the sustainability of cities. Urban forestry, which is defined more as ‘Management of Trees’ contributes to the physiological, sociological, and economic well-being of the society.

Mangroves, lakes, grasslands, and forests in and around our cities, act as sponges that absorb the air and noise pollution and they present themselves as our cultural and recreational hotspots. However, these spots are rapidly being reclaimed and replaced in the name of development. The presence of urban green has shown to increase the economic value of the place.

Urban forests contribute to reducing the cost of building stormwater drain systems for municipalities and neutralizing the urban heat island effect. Plants not only provide shade but also help in regulating the micro-climate. They help regulate energy budgets, improve air quality, and curtail noise pollution. Trees, herbs, shrubs, and grasses arrest sedimentation and prevent other pollutants from entering our water systems, This will give a chance for our urban lakes and rivers to recover and help improve aquatic ecosystems.

Biodiversity also gets a boost through the urban forests and helps create corridors connecting the forest areas, High biodiversity areas can also help to build resilient ecosystems. The availability of forests within our urban areas gives an opportunity for children to connect to the natural environment and learn about native species.
Answer:
Smart city:
1. Initiation by Indian Government

• Economic growth
• Urban sustainability.

2. Urban forestry

• management of trees
• Act as sponges to absorb pollution.

3. Benefits of urban forestry

• Regulated micro-climate
• Arrests sedimentation and pollutants.

Grammar:

Task 1:
Tick the correct options and complete the dialogue:

A: Hello. What do you watch/are you watching?

B: A programme about the Jillian Wala Bagh massacre, which I recorded last night. I study /I’m studying about it this term.

A: All that I know / I’ve known about it is that hundreds of people died /had died in it.

B: Yes, it was much, much worse than anyone has expected/had expected. It went on / has gone off for hours. Do you want / Have you wanted to watch the programme with me?

A: No, thanks. I’ve got to do some veena practice. I’ve just remembered / I just remembered that we’ve got a concert tomorrow, and I don’t have/haven’t had time to practice my new piece this week.

B: OK. I’ve already done / I already did my practice, so I’ve got time to watch TV. See you later.

Task 2:
Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verbs in brackets: (Text Book Page No. 11)

Question a.
(tell) me exactly what (happen) last night!
Answer:
Tell me exactly what happened last night.

Question b.
Mrs. Mageswari is my Maths teacher. She (teach) me for four years.
Answer:
Mrs. Mageswari is my maths teacher She has been teaching me for four years.

Question c.
I (never /think) of a career ¡n medicine before I spoke to my Biology teacher but now I (seriously! consider) it.
Answer:
I had never thought of a career in medicine before I spoke to my biology teacher but now I seriously consider it.

Question d.
Oh no! I (forget) to bring my assignment! What am I going to do? This is the second time I (do) this!
Answer:
Oh no I forgot to bring my assignment! what am I going to do? This is the second time I am doing this.

Question e.
I can’t remember what my teacher (say) yesterday about our homework. I (not listen) properly because Hussain (talk) to me at the same time.
Answer:
I can’t remember what my teacher said yesterday about our homework. I did not listen properly because Hussian was talking to me at the same time.

Question f.
Last year we (go) on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We (have) a very interesting time.
Answer:
Last year we went on a school trip to Kanyakumari. We had a very interesting time.

Question g.
At the moment I (think) about what course to pursue next year but I (not make) a final decision yet.
Answer:
At the moment I am thinking about what course to pursue next year but I have not made a final decision yet.

Question h.
I (get) up at 7 every morning but this morning I (sleep) for a long time and I (not get) up until 8.
Answer:
I get up at 7 every morning but this morning I slept for a long time and I did not get up until 8.

Task 3:
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets:

Question a.
Everyone _________ when the earthquake hit the small town. (sleep)
Answer:
was sleeping

Question b.
Evangeline _______ her job a couple of years ago. (quit)
Answer:
quit

Question c.
Where ___________ your last holidays? (you spend)
Answer:
did you spend

Question d.
I think Suresh _________ for Tiruvallur next morning. (leave)
Answer:
will leave

Question e.
I was angry that I _______ such a mistake (make).
Answer:
had made

Question f.
My mother was tired yesterday because she __________ well the night before (not sleep).
Answer:
did not sleep

Question g.
Her parents ___________ in Coimbatore for two weeks from today (be).
Answer:
havebeen

Question h.
Nothing much ________ when I got to the meeting (happen).
Answer:
had happened

Question i.
Scientists predict that by 2050, man ________ on Mars. (land)
Answer:
will land

Question j.
Sh! Someone ___________ to our conversation! (listen)
Answer:
is listening

Question k.
The plane ________ off in a few minutes. (take)
Answer:
will take

Question l.
They _________ about me when I interrupted their conversation. (talk)
Answer:
were talking

Question m.
Justin and his parents _________ in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house. (live)
Answer:
are living

Question n.
Rajini Prem’s family _________ in Chengalpet now. (be)
Answer:
is
Question o.
Yusuf_________ to the movies once in a while. (go)
Answer:
goes

Question p.
This _________ an easy quiz so far (be).
Answer:
has been

Question q.
Our team _________ any games last year. (not win)
Answer:
did not win

Question r.
We _________ a wonderful film at the cinema last night. (see)
Answer:
saw

Question s.
Hurry up! The movie ________ (already begin)
Answer:
has already begun.

Modal Auxiliaries: (Text Book Page No. 12)

Modal Auxiliary is a special auxiliary that is used to denote a particular mood or expression of the subject.
There are 13 Modal Auxiliaries (four of which are quasi-modals/ margins).

Task 1:
Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries: (Text Book Page No. 14)

Question a.
The candidates _______ answer five out of ten questions.
Answer:
must

Question b.
How _______ you open my bag?
Answer:
dare/can

Question c.
Tajudeen ________ finish this work by Monday.
Answer:
will

Question d.
_______ I go to school today?
Answer:
Shall

Question e.
I wish you ________ tell me the truth.
Answer:
would

Question f.
Poonam __________ not catch the bus yesterday.
Answer:
could

Question g.
People who live in glass houses ______ not throw stones.
Answer:
should/must

Question h.
You ________ not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.
Answer:
need

Question i.
_______ you have taken all this trouble?
Answer:
Must

Question j.
You ______ be joking.
Answer:
must

Question k.
I tried to climb up the tree, but _____ not.
Answer:
could

Question l.
Hima Das ran so fast that she ______ win the medal.
Answer:
could

Question m.
You ________ lead a horse to water, but you _______ make it drink.
Answer:
can, cannot

Question n.
I ________ like to have a cup of coffee.
Answer:
would

Question o.
My grandfather _____ visit this temple when he was young.
Answer:
used to/would

Task 2:
Complete the following sentences with modals using the clues given:

Question a.
You _________ help the needy. (moral obligation)
Answer:
must/ought to

Question b.
If I were you, I ________ not behave like that. (conditional sentence)
Answer:
would

Question c.
I _______ never tell a lie. (determination)
Answer:
will

Question d.
My uncle _______ have reached by now. (possibility)
Answer:
may

Question e.
The patient is critical. He __________be taken to the hospital.(compulsion)
Answer:
must

Question f.
I ________ to play hockey when I was a student. (past habit)
Answer:
used to

Question g.
You _______ not attend my class. (order)
Answer:
must

Question h.
He ___________ come today. (remote possibility)
Answer:
might

Question i.
You ___________ follow the traffic rules. (regulation)
Answer:
must

Question j.
He play the match. (willingness)
Answer:
will

Question k.
You __________ not waste time on it. (necessity)
Answer:
need

Question l.
Had the doctor come in time, he _______ have saved the patient.(probability)
Answer:
would

Reported Speech:

Task 1:
Read what these people say and rewrite as sentences: (Text Book Page No. 15)underlines

Question 1.
I am very busy.
Answer:
Raja said that he was very busy.

Question 2.
I have completed my work.
Answer:
Satya said that he had completed his work.

Question 3.
I don’t like to go out.
Answer:
Johnson said that he didn’t like to go out.

Question 4.
I have just come back from Chennai.
Answer:
Akshita said that she had just come back from Chennai.

Question 5.
I am learning English.
Answer:
Jayan said that he was learning English.

Question 6.
I bought a pen yesterday.
Answer:
Madhu said that she had bought a pen the previous day.

Question 7.
We will go shopping tomorrow.
Answer:
Joseph and Mary said that they would go shopping the next day.

Question 8.
We can’t attend the party.
Answer:
Afsar and Ayesha said that they could not attend the party.

Question 9.
How are you?
Answer:
Satish asked how he was.

Question 10.
I am fine. Thank you
Answer:
Victor said that he was fine and thanked him.

Task 2:
Read the following dialogue and complete the report in the space provided:

Priya: Where are you going to?
Vijay: I am going to the railway station.
Priya: Why are you going there?
Vijay: I want to receive my uncle who is coming from Bangalore.

Question 1.
Priya asked Vijay ___________
Answer:
Priya asked Vijay where he was going.

Question 2.
Vijay replied __________
Answer:
Vijay replied that he was going to the railway station.

Question 3.
Priya further inquired ___________
Answer:
Priya further enquired why he was going there.

Question 4.
Vijay stated that ___________
Answer:
Vijay stated that he wanted to receive his uncle who was coming from Bangalore.

b) Teacher: Why are you late?
Divya: I missed the bus.
Teacher: You should have reached the bus stop on time.
Divya: My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her to the doctor.
Teacher: I am sorry. What ails her?
Divya: She has a high fever.

Question 1.
The teacher asked Divya why she was late. Divya replied that (a) ________.The teacher told her that (b) _____. Divya said that her grandmother was ill so she had to take her to the doctor. The teacher felt sorry and further asked her (c) _____. Divya explained that she (c)_________ high fever.
Answers:
(a) She had missed the bus
(b) She should have reached the bus stop on time.
(c) what ailed her?
(d) had

Task 3:
Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech: (Text Book Page No. 16)

Question 1.
Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. “It is going to be a lovely sunny day,” he remarked
to his sister Varshini. “Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini begged, “and since you are feeling so
enthusiastic, “she suggested, “Why don’t you go and help a mother in cooking?” Sure, I will say Pradeep.
“Can I help you, mum?’ he said to his mother. “Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the dining table.
Have your breakfast.” “Thank you, mum; I’ll surely help you by eating them.”
Answer:
Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. He told his sister Varshini that it was going to be a lovely sunny day. Varshini begged him to let her sleep a bit longer and since he was feeling so enthusiastic she asked him why not go and help a mother in cooking. Pradeep said that he would. He asked his mother if he could help her. The mother replied positively and added that there were idlis and vadas on the dining table and told him to have his breakfast. Pradeep thanked his mother and said that he would surely help her by eating them.

Writing:
Read the following letter carefully, discuss with your partner, and answer the questions:

Sir,
I request you to publish the following letter in your daily to address an important issue which needs immediate redressal.

During weekends motorcyclists are seen racing on the East Coast Road and the Old Mahabalipuram road of Chennai. The amateur racers are risking their own lives and of the public as well. They are fearless and irresponsible, not knowing the price of human lives. Risking others and their lives for their pleasure is highly condemnable.

Even school students indulge in such activities and cause fatal accidents. The racers have started
occupying the lanes and streets of busy localities. As such, the violation of traffic rules often results in the loss of young lives. Such reckless riders who violate traffic rules should be punished severely. As a responsible citizen of society, I request the authorities concerned to take appropriate measures to put an end to this menace.
Yours truly,
xxxxx.

Questions:

Question a)
Who is the sender of the letter?
Answer:
Srivastava is the sender of the letter.

Question b)
Who is the receiver?
Answer:
The editor of a daily is the receiver.

Question c)
What is the issue?
Answer:
Motorcycle racing is the issue.

Question d)
What is the request of the sender?
Answer:
The request of the sender to the authorities concerned is to take appropriate measures to put an end to the motorcycle racing.

Question e)
Who will take steps after reading it?
Answer:
The traffic police will take steps after reading it.

b) You have chosen Computer Science in the Higher Secondary Course. Write a letter to your friend giving reasons for your choice. Read the clues given in brackets to complete the letter.

Dear Arjun (Greeting),

Hope you are well (enquire about his well-being). I would like to say that I have chosen computer science in Hr. Sec course. Firstly I want you to help me with my future (the reason for your choice of group). I wish to become an Engineer (state your ambition). We come to hear a lot of instances of misusing social media. (discuss recent unhealthy happenings in social media and society). These have made me select the course so that after knowing the system well. I will be able to find out something to stop such things (demand or need of this profession). I have plans to pursue M.S in the US (higher studies or specialization).

All the best for your CA preparation. Convey my regards to all at home.

Yours lovingly,
(your name)

Task: (Text Book Page No. 18)
a) You had been to your Grandma’s house during the summer holidays. You enjoyed your stay in her company. Write a letter to your Grandma stating how much you miss her after returning to your home.

My dear Grandma,

I hope, you are quite well. But I am not fine here, because I miss you a lot. I enjoyed your company during my summer holidays. I feel very sad after returning to my home. I am expecting my next vacation to come. I felt very happy when I stayed with you. Take care of your health. See you on your next vacation.

Yours lovingly,
Arjun S.

Address on the envelope
To

STAMP

Mrs. R.Vasantha,
No.75, West Street,
Trichy – 627032.

b) You are the head of the English department in a renowned institution. You are invited to preside over the inauguration of the English Literary club in your alma mater. Respond to the letter you have received either accepting the invitation or expressing your inability to attend the function.

From
M Ravi Kumar,
Head of the Department of English,
Joseph College of Arts and Science,
Madurai – 627035

To
The Principal,
ABC College of Arts and Science
Trichy – 620177

Sir,

Sub: Accepting your invitation – reg.

This is to kindly inform you that I have received your invitation to the inauguration of the English Literary club. I am really happy to preside over the function in my alma mater. I am sure that I will be at the function on time.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
M Ravikumar.

Madurai,
10.04.2020.

Address on the envelope
To

STAMP

The Principal
ABC College of Arts and Science
Trichy-620177

c. Write a letter to the Headmaster of your school requesting him to help you obtain a duplicate mark sheet of class XII, which you lost while traveling.

From
S. Anand,
No. 12, West Street,
Virudhunagar.

To
The Headmaster,
TCS. Hr. Sec. School,
Virudhunagar.

Sir,
Sub: Requesting to obtain a duplicate mark sheet of class XH-reg.

I would like to bring to your kind notice that I had missed my mark sheet for class XII while traveling. Therefore, I kindly request you to help me to obtain a duplicate mark sheet.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
B. Anand.

Virudhunagar,
15.04.2020.

Address on the envelope
To

STAMP

The Headmaster,
TCS. Hr. Sec. School,
Virudhunagar.

d) Write a letter to AZ Company requesting them to replace the defective juicer that you bought recently. Include the following details: the problem, date of purchase, receipt number, model, and warranty.

From
S. Rahul,
No.2, North Street,
Kovilpatti.

To
The manager,
AZ company,
Chennai-627201

Sir,

Sub: Requesting to replace the defective juicer-reg.

I would like to bring to your kind notice that I had bought a juicer in your company a week ago. Now it is not working but properly due to magnetic sensors. I have also mentioned the date of purchase and receipt number. So, kindly replace the defective juices as early as possible.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
S. Raghul.

Kovilpatti,
20.05.2020.

Address on the envelope

To

Stamp

The manager,
AZ company,
Chennai-627201

e) You wish to become a pilot. Write a letter to a college enquiring about the details of the pilot training course offered by the college. Include the following details in your inquiry: duration of the course, fee structure, scholarships, hostel facilities, and placement details.

From
D.Kumar,
No.75, East street,
Tenkasi.

To
The principal,
ABC College of Technology,
Coimbatore.

Sir.

Sub: Enquiring about the details of the pilot training course offered-reg.
This is to inform you that I would like to know about the pilot training course offered at your college. Please let me know the duration of the course, fee structure, scholarships, hostel facilities, and placement details as soon as possible.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
D. Kumar.

Tenkasi,
25.04.2020.

Address on the envelope

To

STAMP

The principal,
ABC College of Technology,
Coimbatore.

f) Write a letter to the manager of Waves Furniture Company ordering furniture for a coaching center. Include the following details: description of the furniture, number of pieces, mode of payment, time, and delivery options.

From
S. Ramesh,
No.72, Anbu Nagar, Palayamkottai.

To
The manager,
The waves furniture company,
Chennai.

Sir,

Sub: Ordering some furniture-reg.

We are in need of some furniture for our coaching center. Kindly send the goods by train to the above address.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
S. Ramesh.

Palayamkottai,
20.06.2020.

Address on the envelope
To

STAMP

The manager,
The waves furniture company,
Chennai.

g. Write an application for the post of Personal Secretary to the Managing Director of a company. Include the following details: Educational qualification, experience, various other qualifications required for the post.

From
XXX
YYY
ZZZ.

To
The Managing Director,
Software solution,
Chennai-28

Sir,

Sub: Application for the post of personal secretary -reg.

Ref: Advertisement in The Hindu dated 8th June 2020.

I read your advertisement in “The Hindu” dated 8th June 2020.1 wish to apply for the post of personal secretary. I have given below my bio-data. If I am appointed, I assure you that I will discharge my duties to your entire satisfaction.

Bio – Data

1. Name of the applicant: xxx
2. Residential Address: yyy
3. Father’s name: A.Jeyaraj
4. Date of birth and age: 27th Dec 1990
5. Age: 28 years old
6. Sex: Male/Female
7. Educational Qualification: M.A. English
8. Experience: 3 years
9. Languages Known: Tamil, English, and Hindi
10. Special Talent: Fluency in English, good knowledge of computer, a good athlete
11. Salary expected: 15,000/- per month

Thanking you,

Declaration:

I, XXX hereby declare that the information which I have furnished is true to the best of my knowledge.

Yours faithfully,
Place: yyy, XXX
Date: 10.06.2020.

Address on the envelope

To

STAMP

The Managing Director,
Software solution,
Chennai-28

h) Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper about the nuisance created by the roadside vendors blocking the pavements and occupying the parking zone.

From
K. Ashok,
No.7, West Mambalam st,
Villupuram.

To
The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Villupuram-27.

Sir,

Sub: Publishing the nuisance created by the roadside vendors in your newspaper -reg.

This is to bring to your kind attention that the roadside vendors are blocking the pavements and occupying the parking zone and thereby creating a nuisance to the public. So, please bring the news to the government by publishing this in your newspaper.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,
K.Ashok.

Villupuram,
05.07.2020.

Address on the envelope

To

STAMP

The Editor,
The Indian Express,
Villupuram-27.

j) Write a letter to your relative or friend who is admitted in the hospital for treatment of jaundice. Advise him/her not to worry about the illness and be positive. Assure him/her of your psychological and financial help during the crisis.

My dear Friend,

I heard that you are admitted to the hospital for the treatment of jaundice. It is only a common disease, especially in summer days. So, you take rest and always think positive which will enable you to recover from it soon. If you need any financial help, please inform me at once, So that I will help and be with you.

Yours lovingly,
Arun S

Address on the envelope
To

STAMP

Mrs. M. Karthick,
No.45, North street,
Tirunelveli

ஆசிரியரைப் பற்றி:

ஆர்ச்சிபால்டு ஜோசப் க்ரோனின் (Archibald Joseph Cronin) (1896-1981) ஸ்காட்டிஷை சார்ந்த நாவலாசிரியர், நாடக ஆசிரியர் மற்றும் இயற்பியலாளர் ஆவார். மருத்துவப் பயிற்சிப் பெற்ற க்ரோனின் இருபதாம் நூற்றாண்டின் புகழ் பெற்ற கதை சொல்லுபவரில் ஒருவர், அவரின் பல கதைகள் இவரின் மருத்துவ பணியிலிருந்து வெளிப்பட்டதாகவும் (emerged) அவைகளின் கதைப்பாணி, சமூக அக்கறையுடையதாகவும், அமைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

க்ரோனின் புத்தகங்கள் அதிகமாக விற்பனையாவது மட்டுமல்லாமல் சில படைப்புகள் (The Citadel and The Keys of the Kingdom) வெற்றிகரமான படங்களாகவும், வானொலி மற்றும் தொலைகாட்சிகளிலும் ஒளிபரப்பப்பட்டன. இவரின் “Novella country doctor” என்னும் படைப்பு தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டு BBC வானொலியிலும், தொலைக்காட்சி தொடரிலும் அதிக நாட்களாக ஒளிபரப்பப்பட்டது.

பாடத்தைப் பற்றி:

கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இந்த பாடத்தின் ஆசிரியர் A.J.Cronin இரு சிறுவர்களின் வாழ்க்கைப்பற்றியும், அவர்கள் தங்களின் சிறுவயதிலேயே அனுபவிக்கின்ற துன்பங்களைப் பற்றியும் விவரிக்கிறார். பெற்றோரை தங்களின் சிறு வயதிலேயே இழந்த முதுகெலும்பு காசநோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட (Tuberculosis of the spine) சகோதரியைக் காப்பாற்ற போராடும் இரு சகோதரர்களின் செயல்களில் வெளிப்படும் அன்பு, அர்ப்பணிப்பு, தியாகம், நேர்மை மற்றும் முதிர்ச்சி ஆகியவை குறித்த ஒரு கதை கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. அவர்களுடைய செயல்கள் எவ்வாறு மனிதநேயத்திற்கு ஒரு புதிய நம்பிக்கையை ஊட்டுகிறது என்பதை அறிய தொடர்ந்து வாசிப்போம்.

Two Gentlemen Of Verona Summary in Tamil

நாங்கள் மகிழுந்தில் (Car) வெரோனா புறநகர்பகுதியில் ஆல்ப்ஸ் (Alps) மலையின் அடிவாரம் வழியாக பயணித்த போது இரு சிறுவர்கள் எங்களை நிறுத்தினர். அவர்கள் காட்டு ஸ்ட்ராபெரி (strawberry) பழங்களை விற்றுக் கொண்டிருந்தனர். ”வாங்காதீர்கள்” என்று, எங்களின் எச்சரிக்கையான (Cautious) வாகன ஓட்டுநர் லூகி (Luigi) கூறினான். “வெரோனா நகரின் உட்பகுதியில் இதை விட சிறந்த பழங்களை நீங்கள் பெறலாம். மேலும் இந்தப் பையன்கள்….” என்று அவர்களின் அழுக்குத் தோற்றத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளாத வகையில் அவரது தோளை அழுத்தினார். ஒரு சிறுவன் மேலாடையையும், வெட்டப்பட்ட காக்கி காற்சட்டையையும் அணிந்திருந்தான்.

மற்றொருவன் சிறியதாக்கப்பட்ட, முழங்கால் வரை அணியக்கூடிய உடையை அவனது மெல்லிய உடம்பில் தொளதொளவென் அணிந்திருந்தான். பழுப்பு நிறத்தையும், கலைந்த முடியையும், ஊக்கமான கண்களையும் உடைய அந்த இரு சிறிய உருவங்களை இன்னும் கூர்ந்து நோக்கியபடியே, நாங்கள் அவர்களால் கவரப்பட்டதை உணர்ந்தோம். என்னுடன் வந்தவர் (companion), அச்சிறுவர்களிடம் பேச்சுக்கொடுத்து அவர்களிருவரும் சகோதரர்கள் என்று அறிந்தார். மூத்தவன் பெயர் நிக்கோலா (Nicola), வயது 13; எங்கள் காரின் கதவின் அருகே வந்து நின்றவன் பெயர் ஜாகோபா (Jacopo), வயது 12-யை நெருங்கும். நாங்கள் அவர்களின் பெரிய கூடை முழுவதையும் வாங்கிக்கொண்டு (bought) நகரத்தை நோக்கிப் புறப்பட்டோம்.

அடுத்த நாள் காலையில் நாங்கள் எங்கள் விடுதியில் இருந்து வெளியே வந்தபோது, எங்களின் அந்த நண்பர்கள் காலணிகளை பளபளப்பாக்கும் பெட்டியில் (shoe shine box) குணிந்தவாறு, நகரின் பொது சதுக்கத்தின் (public square) நீர்வீழ்ச்சி அருகில் சுறுசுறுப்பாக வேலை செய்வதைக் கண்டோம்.

சிறிது நேரம் அவர்களைக் கவனித்தோம் (watched). அவர்களின் தொழில் மந்தமான (slackened) போது நாங்கள் அவர்களிடம் சென்றோம். அவர்கள் எங்களை இன்முகத்தோடுவரவேற்றார்கள் “நீங்கள் வாழ்வாதாரத்திற்கு தான் பழங்களை விற்றீர்கள் என்று நினைத்தேன்” என்றேன்.

“நாங்கள் நிறைய வேலைகள் பார்ப்போம்” ஐயா என்றான் நிக்கோலா. அவன் நம்பிக்கையுடன் (hopefully) எங்களை நோக்கினான். “நாங்கள் இங்கு வரும் பார்வையாளர்களுக்கு இந்த நகரத்தையும், ஜீலியட்டின் கல்லறையையும் மற்றும் அவர்கள் விரும்பும் இடங்களையும் சுற்றிக்காண்பிப்போம்’, என்றான்.

நான் புன்னகையுடன் “சரி எங்களுக்கும் சுற்றிக் காண்பி” என்றேன். நாங்கள் சுற்றிப்பார்த்து கொண்டிருந்த போது, அவர்களின் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க நடத்தை (demeanour) என் ஆர்வத்தை மேலும் தூண்டியது. அவர்கள் குழந்தைத்தனத்துடன் பல செயல்களில் கள்ளக்கபடமில்லாமல் (artless) இருந்தார்கள். ஜாகோபா அணிற்பிள்ளைப் (squirrel) போன்று மிகவும் சுறுசுறுப்புடன் இருந்தான். நிக்கோலா எப்பொழுதும் சிரித்த முகத்தோடு இருந்தான். இருந்தாலும் அச்சிறுவர்களின் குழந்தை முகங்களில், அவர்களின் வயதுக்கு அப்பாற்பட்ட தீவிரம் (seriousness) காணப்பட்டது.

அதற்கு அடுத்த வாரத்தில் அவர்களை நாங்கள் அடிக்கடி (frequently) பார்த்தோம். அவர்கள் எங்களுக்கு மிகவும் உபயோகமாக (useful) இருந்தார்கள். எங்களுக்கு அமெரிக்க சிகரெட்டுகள் வேண்டுமென்றாலும், இசை நிகழ்ச்சிக்கு சீட்டு வேண்டுமென்றாலும், நல்ல உணவகத்திற்கு செல்ல வேண்டுமென்றாலும் எங்களின் தேவைகளை நிறைவேற்ற நாங்கள் நிக்கோலா மற்றும் ஜாகோபாவை நம்பினோம். அவர்களின் வேலை செய்யும் ஆர்வம் எங்களை வெகுவாக ஈர்த்தது. இந்த கடுமையான வெயிலிலும் அவர்கள், காலணிகளை பளபளப்பாக்குதல், பழங்கள் விற்றல், ஓர் இடத்திலிருந்து இன்னொரு இடத்திற்கு எடுத்துச் சென்று செய்தித்தாள்களை விற்றல், பார்வையாளர்களை சுற்றிக் காண்பித்தல் என அனைத்து வேலைகளையும் ஒரே நேரத்தில் செய்தனர்.

ஒரு நாள் இரவு அவர்களை காற்றோட்டமான, ஆள் நடமாட்டமில்லாத (deserted), சதுக்கத்தின், விளக்குகளுக்கு கீழே, கல் நடைபாதையில் (pavement) ஓய்வெடுப்பதை கண்டோம். நிக்கோலா கலைப்புடன் அமர்ந்திருந்தான். விற்காத ஒரு கட்டு செய்தித்தாள்கள் அவன் காலடியில் கிடந்தன. ஜாகோபா, அவனது சகோதரரின் தோளின் மேல் தலைவைத்து தூங்கி கொண்டிருந்தான். நேரம் நள்ளிரவை நெருங்கியது.

“ஏன் இவ்வளவு நேரம் இங்கே இருக்கிறீர்கள், நிக்கோலா?”

“பதுவாவிலிருந்து (Padua) வரும் கடைசி பேருந்துக்காக காத்துக் கொண்டிருக்கிறோம். அது வந்தவுடன் எங்களின் அனைத்து செய்தித்தாள்களையும் விற்று விடுவோம்”. என்றான்.

“நீங்கள் இவ்வளவு கடினமாக உழைக்க வேண்டுமா? பார்பதற்கு மிகவும் களைப்பாக (tired) இருக்கிறீர்கள்”. என்று நான் கேட்டேன்.

“நாங்கள் அதனை குறையாக தெரிவிக்கவில்லை ஐயா”, என்றான்.

மறுநாள் காலை நான் காலணிகளை பளபளப்பாக்க சதுக்கத்தின் நீர்வீழ்ச்சி அருகே சென்றபோது, “நிக்கோலா, நீங்கள் உழைப்பதைப் பார்த்தால் நீங்கள் நிறைய சம்பாதிக்க வேண்டும். நீங்கள் ஆடைகளில் செலவலிப்பதில்லை. மிகக் குறைவாகவே சாப்பிடுகிறீர்கள், வழக்கமாக நீ கருத்த ரொட்டித்துண்டு (blackbread) மற்றும் அத்திப்பழங்களை (figs) மட்டுமே சாப்பிடுவதை நான் கண்டிருக்கிறேன். உங்கள் பணத்தை வைத்து நீங்கள் என்ன செய்கிறீர்கள்? என்று என்னிடம் சொல்”.

அவன் உடனே குழம்பிப்போய் மிகுந்த வருத்தமுற்றான். பின்பு தரையைப் பார்த்துக் குணிந்தான்.
”அமெரிக்காவிற்கு புலம் பெயர்வதற்காகவா (emigrate) பணத்தை சேமிக்கிறீர்கள்?” என்று கேட்டேன். அவன் என்னை பக்கவாட்டில் பார்த்து பேசினான். “எங்களுக்கும் அமெரிக்கா போக வேண்டும் என்று பெரிய ஆசை உண்டு” ஆனால், இங்கே, இப்போது நாங்கள் வேறு திட்டங்கள் வைத்திருக்கிறோம்”.

“என்ன திட்டங்கள்?” (plans)
அவன் சங்கடத்துடன் (uncomfortably) புன்னகைத்தான். “சாதரணமான திட்டங்கள் தான்”, என்றான் மெதுவான குரலில்.

“நல்லது,” “நாங்கள் வரும் திங்கட்கிழமை புறப்படுகிறோம். நாங்கள் புறப்படுவதற்குள் உனக்கு ஏதாவது செய்ய வேண்டுமா?” என்றேன். வேண்டாமென் நிக்கோலா தலையை அசைத்தான். ஆனால் திடிரென ஜாகோபா, ஐயா நாங்கள் ஒவ்வொரு ஞாயிற்றுகிழமையும் முப்பது கிலோமீட்டர் அப்பால் இருக்கக்கூடிய ‘பொலேடா (Poleta) என்ற இடத்திற்கு வாடகை மிதிவண்டியில் (hire bicycles) செல்வோம். நீங்கள் எங்களிடம் மிக கனிவுடன் நடந்து கொள்வதால், நாளை எங்களை உங்கள் காரில் அங்கு அழைத்து செல்லலாம் என்றான். நான் லூகியிடம் ஞாயிற்றுகிழமை ஓய்வு. இருந்தபோதும் உங்களுக்காக கார் ஓட்டுகிறேன்” என்று பதிலளித்தேன்.

சிறிய இடைவெளிக்குப்பின், நிக்கோலா அவனது சகோதரனை எரிச்சலுடன் (Vexation) முறைத்தான். “உங்களுக்கு தொந்தரவு வேண்டாம் என்று நினைத்தோம் ஐயா”
“இது ஒன்றும் தொந்தரவு இல்லை”.

தனது உதட்டை கடித்தபடியே மெல்லிய குரலில் சரி நல்லது’ என்றான். அடுத்த கிராமத்திற்கு காரில் பயணமானோம். நாங்கள் அங்கு வசிக்கக் கூடிய இடம் மிகச்சாதரணமாகத்தான் இருக்கும் என கற்பனை செய்திருந்தேன். ஆனால், ஜாகாபாவோ எங்களை பெரிய சிவப்புக் கூரையிட்ட, பெரிய கல் சுவரால் சூழப்பட்ட கிராமப்புற வீட்டுக்கு அழைத்துச் சென்றான். என்னால் என் கண்களையே நம்பமுடியாமல் திகைத்திருந்த வேளையில், என்னுடன் வந்த இரு பயணிகளும் காரில் இருந்து குதித்து இறங்கினர்.

“நாங்கள் அதிக நேரம் எடுத்துக்கொள்ள மாட்டோம் ஐயா, ஒரு மணி நேரம் மட்டுமே. நீங்கள் இங்கே உள்ள தேநீர் கடையில் ஏதேனும் அருந்த விரும்புகிறீர்களா?”. அவர்கள் இருவரும் சுவரின் பின்னால் மறைய (disappear) ஆரம்பித்தனர்.

சில நிமிடங்களுக்கு பிறகு, நானும் அவர்களை பின்தொடர்ந்தேன். நான் கம்பியினால் ஆன ஒரு வாசலைக் கண்டேன். தீர்மானமாக (determinedly) அழைப்பு மணியை அடித்தேன்.

இரும்பு வளையத்தினால் (steel-rimmed) ஆன கண்ணாடியை அணிந்த ஒரு கனிவான பெண்மணி வந்தாள். அந்த பெண்மணி வெள்ளை நிற செவிலியர் உடையுடன் வந்தாள். நான் வியந்து பார்த்தேன்.

“நான் இங்கே இரு சிறுவர்களை அழைத்து வந்தேன்”. ஓ! அப்படியா! என்று அவர் முகம் பிரகாசமானது. அவள் கதவை திறந்து என்னை உள்ளே அனுமதித்தாள். நிக்கோலா, ஜாகோபாவிடம், நான் உங்களை அழைத்துச் செல்கிறேன்” என்றேன்.

அவள் என்னை குளிர்ந்த, பளிங்கினால் ஆன தாழ்வாரம் (vestibule) வழியே ஒரு மருத்துவமனைக்கு அழைத்துச்சென்றாள். (அந்த கிராமத்து வீடே இப்போது மருத்துவமனையாகி இருந்தது. ஒரு சிறிய படுக்கை அறையின் வாசலில் அவள் நின்று, தன் வாயில் அவள் கையை வைத்து புன்னகைத்தப்படி, கண்ணாடி பிளவின் (glass partition) வழியே என்னைப் பார்க்கச் சொன்னாள்.

அந்த இரு பையன்களும், 20 வயது மதிக்கத்தக்க அழகான பின்னலாடை அணிந்திருந்த தலையணைகளால் தாங்கப்பட்டு படுக்கையிலிருந்த பெண்ணின் அருகில் கட்டிலில் அமர்ந்திருந்தனர். அந்த பெண் அவர்கள் பேசுவதைக் (chatter) கேட்டுக் கொண்டிருந்தாள். அவளது கண்கள் இளமையாகவும், மென்மையாகவும் இருந்தது. பார்த்தவுடன் அவளது தோற்றம் அவளுடைய சகோதரர்களை ஒத்திருப்பதை யாராலும் சொல்ல முடியும். அவளது மேசையில் ஒரு ஜாடி நிறைய காட்டு மலர்களும், கூடவே பழங்களும், நிறைய புத்தகங்களும் இருந்தன.

“நீங்கள் உள்ளே போகவில்லையா?” என்று முனுமுனுத்தாள் அந்த செவிலியப் பெண். “உங்களைப் பார்த்தால் ‘லூசியா (Lucia) மகிழ்வாள்” என்றாள் செவிலி.

நான் தலையை அசைத்து மறுத்த படியே அங்கிருந்து நகர்ந்தேன். அவர்களின் மகிழ்ச்சியான குடும்ப சந்திப்பின் போது உள்ளே நுழைய வேண்டாம் என்று நான் நினைத்தேன். ஆனால் படிகட்டுகளின் கீழே நின்று அவளிடம் அந்த இரு சிறுவர்களைப் பற்றி நீ அறிந்ததை கூறு என்று கெஞ்சி (begged) கேட்டேன். அவளும் சம்மதித்தாள்.

“அவர்கள் இருவருக்கும் அவர்களின் அக்கா லூசியாவைத் தவிர இவ்வுலகில் யாரும் கிடையாது” என்று விவரித்தாள் (explained). மனைவியை இழந்த அவர்களின் தந்தை ஒரு நல்ல பாடகர் (singer), அவர் போர்காலத்தில் கொல்லப்பட்டார்.

பின் சிறிது காலத்தில் அவர்கள் வீட்டின் மீது ஒரு குண்டு விழுந்து, இம்மூன்று சிறுவர்களையும் வீதிக்கு தூக்கி எறிந்தது. அவர்கள் எப்போதும் சுகமான (comfortable) வாழ்வை வாழ்ந்து வந்தார்கள். லூசியாவோ ஒரு பாடகராக பயிற்சி செய்து கொண்டிருந்தாள். மேலும் அவர்கள் கடுங்குளிரினாலும், பசியினாலும் கடுமையாகப் பாதிக்கப்பட்டார்கள்.

பல மாதங்கள், அவர்கள் பழைய செங்கல் மற்றும் சிறந்த பொருள்களினால், அவர்களே செய்த கூடாரத்தில் வாழ்ந்து வந்தார்கள். அதன்பின் 3 வருடங்கள் ஜெர்மனியர்கள் இந்த நகரை ஆண்டார்கள் ஜெர்மானியர்களை (Germans) வெறுத்தபடியே (hate) இச்சிறுவர்கள் வளர்ந்த னர்.

“ஜெர்மானியர்களை எதிர்த்து எதிர்ப்பு இயக்கம் (resistance movement) தோன்றிய போது இவர்கள் முதலில் போய் அதில் இணைந்தனர். போர் முடிவடைந்து அமைதி திரும்பியபோது, அவர்கள் தங்கள் அன்பிற்குரிய சகோதரியிடம் திரும்பி வந்தார்கள். மேலும் தங்களது சகோதரி முதுகெலும்பு காசநோயால் (tuberculosis) பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருப்பதை கண்டறிந்தார்கள்”, என்று அவள் ஒரு கணம் நிறுத்தி மூச்சை உள்ளிளுத்தாள்.

“அவர்கள் அவளை கை விட்டு (give up) விட்டார்களா? என்ற கேள்விக்கு நான் பதில் கூற வேண்டியதில்லை. அவர்களே அவளை இங்கு கொண்டு வந்து எங்களிடம் அவளை இந்த மருத்துவமனையில் சேர்த்துக் கொள்ளும் படி வேண்டி கேட்டுக் கொண்டார்கள், இந்த 12 மாதங்கள் அவள் எங்கள் நோயாளியாகவே (patient) இருக்கிறாள், மேலும் அவளது நிலையில் முன்னேற்றம் இருக்கிறது. அவள் மீண்டும் எழுந்து வந்து பாடுவாள் என்ற நம்பிக்கை எங்களுக்கு உள்ளது”.

“இங்கு எல்லாமே இப்போது மிக கடினமாக (difficult) உள்ளது. எனவே உணவு, தங்குமிடம் என அனைத்திற்கும் நாங்கள் பணம் வசூலிக்கவில்லையென்றால் எங்களால் மருத்துவமனையை நடத்த இயலாது. ஆனால் ஒவ்வொரு வாரமும் லூசியாவின் சகோதரர்கள் அவளுக்கான கட்டணத்தை (payment) செலுத்திவிடுவார்கள்.

அவர்கள் என்ன வேலை செய்கிறார்கள் என்று தெரியவில்லை, நானும் கேட்பதில்லை. வெரோனா நகரில் வேலைக் கிடைப்பது மிகக் கடினம். என்னவாக இருந்தாலும் சரி, அவர்கள் நன்றாக செய்கிறார்கள் என்று எனக்குத் தெரியும்”.

“ஆமாம், இதைவிடச் சிறப்பாக அவர்களால் செய்ய இயலாது” என்று நானும் சம்மதித்தேன் (agreed). அவர்கள் என்னிடம் வரும் வரையில் நான் வெளியே காத்திருந்தேன். வந்ததும் மீண்டும் நகருக்கு திரும்பினோம். அவர்கள் என்னிடம் எதுவும் பேசாமல் அமர்ந்திருந்தார்கள். நானும் அவர்களிடம் ஒரு வார்த்தைக்கூட கேட்கவில்லை. அவர்கள் தங்கள் சகோதரி குறித்த இரகசியத்தை (secret) தங்களுடன் மட்டுமே வைத்துக் கொள்ள விரும்புவார்கள் என்று எனக்குத் தெரியும்.

போர் (war) அவர்களது மனநிலையை உடைக்கமுடியவில்லை . அவர்களின் தன்னலமற்ற செயல், மனித வாழ்க்கைக்கு ஒரு புதிய பெருந்தன்மையையும் (nobility), மனித சமுதாயத்திற்கு ஒரு பெரிய நம்பிக்கையைத் (hope) தரக்கூடிய உறுதியையும் அளித்துள்ளன.

Glossary:

Additional:

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.6 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.6

Choose the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives:

Question 1.
The value of sin^-1(cos x), 0 ≤ x ≤ π is
(a) π – x
(b) x – \(\frac {π}{2}\)
(c) \(\frac {π}{2}\) – x
(d) x – π
Solution:
(c) \(\frac {π}{2}\) – x
Hint:
sin^-1(cos x) = sin^-1(sin(\(\frac {π}{2}\) – x)) = \(\frac {π}{2}\) – x

Question 2.
If sin^-1 x + sin^-1 y = \(\frac {2π}{3}\); then cos^-1 x + cos^-1 y is equal to
(a) \(\frac {2π}{3}\)
(b) \(\frac {π}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac {π}{6}\)
(d) π
Solution:
(b) \(\frac {π}{3}\)
Hint:
sin^-1x + cos^-1x + cos^-1y + sin^-1y = \(\frac {π}{2}\) + \(\frac {π}{2}\) = π
\(\frac {2π}{3}\) + cos^-1x + cos^-1y = π
cos^-1x + cos^-1y = π – \(\frac {2π}{3}\) = \(\frac {3π-2π}{3}\) = \(\frac {π}{3}\)

Question 3.
sin^-1\(\frac {3}{5}\) – cos^-1\(\frac {12}{13}\) + sec^-1\(\frac {5}{3}\) – cosec^-1\(\frac {13}{12}\) is equal to
(a) 2π
(b) π
(c) 0
(d) tan^-1\(\frac {12}{65}\)
Solution:
(c) 0
Hint:

Question 4.
If sin^-1 x = 2sin^-1 α has a solution, then
(a) |α| ≤ \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
(b) |α| ≥ \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
(c) |α| < \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
(d) |α| > \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
Solution:
(a) |α| ≤ \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
Hint:
If sin^-1 x = 2sin^-1 α has a solution then
–\(\frac {π}{2}\) ≤ 2sin^-1α ≤ \(\frac {π}{2}\)
–\(\frac {π}{4}\) ≤ sin^-1α ≤ \(\frac {π}{4}\)
sin(\(\frac {-π}{4}\)) ≤ α ≤ sin\(\frac {π}{4}\)
–\(\frac {1}{√2}\) ≤ α ≤ \(\frac {1}{√2}\)
-|α| ≤ \(\frac {1}{√2}\)

Question 5.
sin^-1(cos x) = \(\frac {π}{2}\) – x is valid for
(a) -π ≤ x ≤ 0
(b) 0 ≤ x ≤ π
(c) –\(\frac {π}{2}\) ≤ x ≤ \(\frac {π}{2}\)
(d) –\(\frac {π}{4}\) ≤ x ≤ \(\frac {3π}{4}\)
Solution:
(b) 0 ≤ x ≤ π
Hint:
sin^-1 (cosx) = \(\frac {π}{2}\) – x is valid for
cos x = sin (\(\frac {π}{2}\) – x)
cos x ∈ [0, π]
∴ 0 ≤ x ≤ π

Question 6.
If sin^-1 x + sin^-1 y + sin^-1 z = \(\frac {3π}{2}\), the value of show that x²⁰¹⁷ + y²⁰¹⁸ + z²⁰¹⁹ – \(\frac {9}{x^{101}+y^{101}+z^{101}}\) is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(a) 0
Hint:

Question 7.
If cot^-1 x = \(\frac {2π}{5}\) for some x ∈ R, the value of tan^-1 x is
(a) –\(\frac {π}{10}\)
(b) \(\frac {π}{5}\)
(c) \(\frac {π}{10}\)
(d) –\(\frac {π}{5}\)
Solution:
(c) \(\frac {π}{10}\)
Hint:
tan^-1 x + cos^-1 \(\frac {π}{2}\)
tan^-1x = \(\frac {π}{2}\) – cot^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{2}\) – \(\frac {2π}{5}\)
= \(\frac {5π-4π}{10}\) = \(\frac {π}{10}\)

Question 8.
The domain of the function defined by f(x) = sin^-1 \(\sqrt {x-1}\) is
(a) [1, 2]
(b) [-1, 1]
(c) [0, 1]
(d) [-1, 0]
Solution:
(a) [1, 2]
Hint:
f(x) = sin^-1 \(\sqrt {x-1}\)
\(\sqrt {x-1}\) ≥ 0
-1 ≤ \(\sqrt {x-1}\) ≤ 1
∴ 0 ≤ \(\sqrt {x-1}\) ≤ 1
0 ≤ x – 1 ≤ 1
1 ≤ x ≤ 2
x ∈ [1, 2]

Question 9.
If x = \(\frac {1}{5}\) the value of cos(cos^-1x + 2sin^-1x) is
(a) –\(\sqrt{\frac {24}{25}}\)
(b) \(\sqrt{\frac {24}{25}}\)
(c) \(\frac {1}{5}\)
(d) –\(\frac {1}{5}\)
Solution:
(d) –\(\frac {1}{5}\)
Hint:
cos[cos^-1x + sin^-1x + sin^-1x] = cos(\(\frac {π}{2}\) + sin^-1x)
= -sin(sin^-1x)
[∵ cos(90+θ) = -sin θ]
= -x = –\(\frac {1}{5}\)

Question 10.
tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{4}\)) + tan^-1(\(\frac {2}{9}\)) is equal to
(a) \(\frac {1}{2}\)cos^-1(\(\frac {3}{5}\))
(b) \(\frac {1}{2}\)sins^-1(\(\frac {3}{5}\))
(c) \(\frac {1}{2}\)tan^-1(\(\frac {3}{5}\))
(d) tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\))
Solution:
(d) tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\))
Hint:

Question 11.
If the function f(x) = sin^-1(x² – 3), then x belongs to
(a) [-1, 1]
(b) [√2, 2]
(c) [-2, -√2]∪[√2, 2]
(d) [-2, -√2]
Solution:
(c) [-2, -√2]∪[√2, 2]
Hint:
-1 ≤ x² – 3 ≤ 1
-1 + 3 ≤ x² ≤ 1 + 3
⇒ 2 ≤ x² ≤ 4
±√2 ≤ x ≤ ± 2
[-2, -√2]∪[√2, 2]

Question 12.
If cot^-1 2 and cot^-1 3 are two angles of a triangle, then the third angle is
(a) \(\frac {π}{4}\)
(b) \(\frac {3π}{4}\)
(c) \(\frac {π}{6}\)
(d) \(\frac {π}{3}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\frac {3π}{4}\)
Hint:
A + B + C = π (triangle)
cot^-1 2 + cot^-1 3 + C = π

Question 13.
sin^-1(tan\(\frac {π}{4}\)) – sin^-1(\(\sqrt{\frac {3}{x}}\)) = \(\frac {π}{6}\). Then x is root of the equation
(a) x² – x – 6 = 0
(b) x² – x – 12 = 0
(c) x² + x – 12 = 0
(d) x² + x – 6 = 0
Solution:
(b) x² – x – 12 = 0
Hint:

Question 14.
sin^-1(2 cos²x – 1) + cos^-1(1 – 2 sin²x) =
(a) \(\frac {π}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac {π}{3}\)
(c) \(\frac {π}{4}\)
(d) \(\frac {π}{6}\)
Solution:
(a) \(\frac {π}{2}\)
Hint:
sin^-1(2 cos² x – 1) + cos^-1(1 – 2 sin²x)
= sin^-1 (2 cos² x – 1) + cos^-1 (1 – sin² x – sin² x)
= sin^-1(2 cos² x – 1) + cos^-1(cos² x – (1 – cos²x))
= sin^-1(2 cos² x – 1) + cos^-1(cos² x – 1 + cos²x)
= sin^-1(2 cos² x – 1) + cos^-1(2 cos² x – 1)
= \(\frac {π}{2}\) [∵ sin^-1 x + cos^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{2}\)]

Question 15.
If cot^-1(\(\sqrt {sinα}\)) + tan^-1(\(\sqrt {sinα}\)) = u, then cos 2u is equal to
(a) tan²α
(b) 0
(c) -1
(d) tan 2α
Solution:
(c) -1
Hint:
cot^-1 x + tan^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{2}\)
∴ u = \(\frac {π}{2}\)
cos 2u = cos 2(\(\frac {π}{2}\)) = cos π = -1

Question 16.
If |x| ≤ 1, then 2 tan^-1 x – sin^-1\(\frac {2x}{1+x²}\) is equal to
(a) tan^-1x
(b) sin^-1x
(c) 0
(d) π
Solution:
(c) 0
Hint:
sin^-1\(\frac {2x}{1+x²}\) = 2 tan^-1x
∴ 2 tan^-1 x – 2 tan^-1 x = 0

Question 17.
The equation tan^-1 x – cot^-1 x = tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{√3}\)) has
(a) no solution
(b) unique solution
(c) two solutions
(d) infinite number of solutions
Solution:
(b) unique solution
Hint:
tan^-1 x – cot^-1 x = tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{√3}\)) …….. (1)
tan^-1 x – cot^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{2}\) ……… (2)
Add 1 and 2
2 tan^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{6}\) + \(\frac {π}{2}\) = \(\frac {2π}{3}\)
tan^-1 x = \(\frac {π}{3}\)
x = √3 which is uniqe solution.

Question 18.
If sin^-1 x + cot^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) = \(\frac {π}{2}\), then x is equal to
(a) \(\frac {1}{2}\)
(b) \(\frac {1}{√5}\)
(c) \(\frac {2}{√5}\)
(d) \(\frac {√3}{2}\)
Solution:
(b) \(\frac {1}{√5}\)
Hint:

Question 19.
If sin^-1 \(\frac {x}{5}\) + cosec^-1\(\frac {5}{4}\) = \(\frac {π}{2}\), then the value of x is
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 2
(d) 3
Solution:
(d) 3
Hint:

Question 20.
sin(tan^-1 x), |x| < 1 is equal to
(a) \(\frac {x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
(b) \(\frac {1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\)
(c) \(\frac {1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
(d) \(\frac {x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
Solution:
(d) \(\frac {x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
Hint:
tan a = x
W.K.T 1 + tan² a = sec² a
1 + x² = sec² a
sec a = \(\sqrt{1+x^2}\)
\(\frac {1}{cosa}\) = \(\sqrt{1+x^2}\)
cos a= \(\frac {1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)
sin a = \(\sqrt{1-cos^2a}\) = \(\sqrt{1-\frac {1}{1+x^2}}\)
\(\sqrt{\frac{1+x^2 -1}{1+x^2}}\) = \(\frac {x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\)

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.5 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.5

Question 1.
Find the value, if it exists. If not, give the reason for non-existence.
(i) sin^-1 (cos π)
(ii) tan^-1(sin(\(\frac {-5π}{2}\)))
(iii) sin^-1 [sin 5]
Solution:
(i) sin^-1 (cos π) = sin^-1 (-1) = -sin^-1 (1) = –\(\frac {π}{2}\) [∵ cos π = -1]

(iii) sin^-1 [sin 5]
–\(\frac {π}{2}\) ≤ sin^-1 5 ≤ \(\frac {π}{2}\)
-3\(\frac {π}{2}\) ≤ 5 ≤ 2π
–\(\frac {π}{2}\) ≤ 5 – 2π ≤ 0 ≤ \(\frac {π}{2}\)
sin(5 – 2π) = sin 5
sin^-1 (sin 5) = 5 – 2π

Question 2.
Find the value of the expression in terms of x, with the help of a reference triangle.
(i) sin (cos^-1(1 – x))
(ii) cos (tan^-1 (3x – 1))
(iii) tan (sin^-1(x + \(\frac {π}{2}\)))
Solution:
(i) sin (cos^-1(1 – x)) = sin [cos^-1(adj/hyp)]

(ii) cos (tan^-1(3x – 1)) = cos [opp/adj]
Let θ = tan^-1(3x – 1)
tan θ = 3x- 1
1 + tan² θ = 1 +(3x – 1)²
sec² θ = 9x² – 6x + 2
sec θ = \(\sqrt{9x² – 6x + 2}\)
cos θ = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9x² – 6x + 2}}\)
⇒ cos (tan^-1(3x – 1)) = \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{9x² – 6x + 2}}\)

Question 3.
Find the value of
(i) sin^-1(cos(sin^-1(\(\frac {√3}{2}\))))
(ii) cot(sin^-1 \(\frac {3}{5}\) + sin^-1\(\frac {4}{5}\))
(iii) tan(sin^-1 \(\frac {3}{5}\) + cot^-1\(\frac {3}{2}\))
Solution:

Question 4.
(i) tan^-1\(\frac {2}{11}\) + tan^-1 \(\frac {7}{24}\) = tan^-1 \(\frac {1}{2}\)
(i) tan^-1\(\frac {3}{5}\) + cos^-1 \(\frac {12}{13}\) = sin^-1 \(\frac {16}{65}\)
Solution:

Question 5.
Prove that
tan^-1 x + tan^-1 y + tan^-1 z = tan^-1 (\(\frac {x+y+z-xyz}{1-xy-yz-zx}\))
Solution:
tan^-1 x + tan^-1 y + tan^-1 z

Question 6.
tan^-1 x + tan^-1 y + tan^-1 z = π, show that x + y + z = xyz
Solution:
tan^-1 x + tan^-1 y + tan^-1 z = π

x + y + z – xyz = 0
x + y + z = xyz

Question 7.
Prove that
tan^-1 x + tan^-1 \(\frac {2x}{1-x^2}\) = tan^-1 \(\frac {3x-x^3}{1-3x^2}\), |x| < \(\frac {1}{√3}\)
Solution:

Question 8.
Simplify
tan^-1 \(\frac {x}{y}\) – tan^-1 \(\frac {x-y}{x+y}\)
Solution:

Question 9.
(i) sin^-1 \(\frac {5}{x}\) + sin^-1 \(\frac {12}{x}\) = \(\frac {π}{2}\)
(ii) 2 tan^-1 x = cos^-1 \(\frac {1-a^2}{1+a^2}\) – cos^-1 \(\frac {1-b^2}{1+b^2}\), a > 0, b > 0
(iii) 2 tan^-1 (cos x) = tan^-1 (2 cosec x)
(iv) cot^-1 x – cot^-1 (x + 2) = \(\frac {π}{12}\), x > 0
Solution:

sin² x = sin x cos x
⇒ sin x cos x – sin² x = 0
⇒ sin x(cos x – sin x) = 0
sin x = 0 (or) cos x – sin x = 0
⇒ x = nπ, n ∈ Z, (or) cos x = sin x
tan x = 1 = tan \(\frac {π}{4}\)
⇒ x = nπ + \(\frac {π}{4}\), n ∈ Z

⇒ (x + 1)² = 4 + 2√3
⇒ (x + 1)² = 1 + 3 + 2√3
⇒ (x + 1)² = (1 + √3)²
⇒ x + 1 = 1 + √3
∴ x = √3

Question 10.
Find the number of the solutions of the equations
tan^-1(x – 1) + tan^-1 x + tan^-1(x + 1) = tan^-13x
Solution:
tan^-1(x – 1) + tan^-1 x + tan^-1(x + 1)
= tan^-1(x – 1) + tan^-1(x + 1) + tan^-1x

4x – x³ = 6x – 9x³
8x³ = 2x
8x³ – 2x = 0
2x(x² – 1) = 0
x = 0, x² = 1
x = ±1
Number of solutions are three (0, 1 -1)

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Poem 6 Incident of The French Camp Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Poem 6 Incident of The French Camp

12th English Guide Incident of The French Camp Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Warm Up:

Have you played chess or watched the game carefully?
Now identfy the chess pieces and complete the table below. Discuss the role of each piece in the game.

Answer:

Textual Questions:

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the words from the box given and complete the summary of the poem:

The poet Robert Browning narrates an incident at the French Camp in the war of 1809 between France and Austria, in a (a) _____ version. He describes the brave action of a (b) ______soldier, whose heroic devotion to duty and his (c) ________ in it is inspiring and worthy of (d) _____. During the attack of the French army on Ratisbon, Napoleon was anxious about the (e) _____. Austrians were defending Ratisbon with great (f) _______ and courage. Napoleon was watching the war standing on a (g) ________ near the battlefield. All of a sudden a rider appeared from the closed smoke and dust. Riding at great speed, jumping and leaping, he approached the mound where Napoleon stood. As he came closer, the narrator noticed that the rider, a young boy, was severely wounded. But the rider showed no sign of pain and smiling in joy, jumped off the horse and gave the happy news of (h) _______ to the emperor. He exclaimed with pride that French had (i) ________ Ratisbon and he himself had hoisted the flag of France. When Napoleon heard the news, his plans (j) _____ up like fire. His eyes (k) _______ when he saw that the soldier was severely wounded. Like a caring mother eagle, the emperor asked if he was wounded. The (l) _______ soldier replied proudly that he was killed and died heroically.

Answers:

(a) dramatic
(b) valiant
(c) pride
(d) admiration
(e) result
(f) determination
(g) mound
(h) victory
(i) conquered
(j) soared
(k) softened
(l) wounded

2. Based on your understanding of the poem, answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
(Text Book Page No. 193)

Question a.
Who do you think is the narrator of the poem?
Answer:
A French soldier is the narrator of the poem.

Question b.
Where was the narrator when the incident happened?
Answer:
The narrator was in the French camp when the incident happened.

Question c.
Who took the city of Ratisbon by storm?
Answer:
French soldiers led by Marshall Lannes took the city of Ratisbon by storm.

Question d.
Where was Napoleon standing on the day of the attack on the city of Ratisbon?
Answer:
Napoleon was standing on a little mound near the battlefield.

Question e.
Describe the posture of Napoleon.
Answer:
Napoleon’s neck was outthrust. He kept his legs wide and arms locked behind as if to balance his body against his brow heavy with oppressive thoughts about the battle.

Question f.
Who came galloping on a horse to Napoleon?
Answer:
A young soldier came galloping on a horse to Napoleon.

Question g.
What does the phrase ‘full galloping’ suggest?
Answer:
Full galloping suggests full speed.

Question h.
Why was the rider in a hurry?
Answer:
The rider was in a hurry to deliver happy news of victory to his emperor.

Question i.
What did the rider do when he reached Napoleon?
Answer:
He jumped off his horse when he reached Napoleon.

Question j.
Why did the rider keep his lips compressed?
Answer:
The rider kept his lips compressed so that blood would not be visible in his mouth.

Question k.
Where did the rider plant the French flag after Ratisbon was captured?
Answer:
The rider had planted the French flag at the Market place in Ratisbon.

Question l.
What was Napoleon’s reaction to hearing the news of victory?
Answer:
Napoleon’s eyes flashed and his plans soared up like fire when he heard the news of victory.

Question m.
When did the narrator find that the boy was badly wounded?
Answer:
Soon after the boy disclosed the conquest of Ratisbon and his glorious role in perching the French flag, Napoleon found that the boy was wounded.

Question n.
Why did Napoleon’s eyes become soft as a mother eagle’s eyes?
Answer:
As Napoleon saw the young soldier severely wounded his eyes became soft as a mother eagle’s eyes.

Question o.
How did the young soldier face his end?
Answer:
The young soldier died with a smile frozen on his lips.

4. Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow: (Text Book Page No. 194)

a) Legs wide, arms locked behind,
As if to balance the prone brow Oppressive with its mind.

i. Whose action is described here?
Answer:
Napoleon’s action is described here.

ii. What is meant by prone brow?
Answer:
The phrase ‘prone brow’ means eyebrow inclined downward.

iii. What is his state of mind?
Answer:
His state of mind is filled with anxiety and his eagerness hasted.

b) ‘You’re wounded!’ ‘Nay’, his soldier’s pride Touched to the quick, he said:

i. Why did the boy contradict Napoleon’s words?
Answer:
The boy felt proud to die for his own country. So he contradicted Napoleon’s words by saying that he was killed and not wounded.

ii. Why was his pride touched?
Answer:
His pride was touched quickly. He took pride and declared that he felt joy and thrill in giving his life for his own country.

c) A film of the mother eagle’s eye When her bruised eaglet breathes

i. Who is compared to the mother eagle in the above lines?
Answer:
Napoleon is compared to the mother eagle.

ii. Explain the comparison.
Answer:
The feelings of Napoleon at that moment were just like those of the mother eagle who gets worried and confused when she (eagle) finds her young ones badly injured and on the verge of death. Mother eagle struggles and fails to understand how to save her young one’s life. Similarly, maternal affection can be seen and felt in Napoleon’s heart when he saw that the boy was severely wounded.

iii. Why did Napoleon’s eyes become soft as a mother eaglets eyes?
Answer:
Because the soldier was severely wounded.

Additional Questions:

1) “You know, we French stormed Ratisbon A mile or so away”.

a) Who does ‘we’ refer to?
Answer:
‘We’ refer to the French people.

b) What does the word ‘stormed ‘ mean?
Answer:
The word ‘ stormed ‘ means a sudden violent attack.

2) “ On a little mound, Napoleon
Stood on our storming- day,
With neck out-thrust, you fancy how”.

a) Where was Napoleon standing?
Answer:
Napoleon was standing on a mound near the battlefield.

b) Give the meaning of ‘mound’
Answer:
hillock/hill.

3) “A rider, bound on bound Full-galloping, not bridle drew”

a) Who is the rider here?
Answer:
The rider is a young French soldier.

b) Explain full-galloping
Answer:
A young French soldier was rushing towards Napoleon riding his horse at top speed.

c) Where was the French flag planted after the victory?
Answer:
At the market area in Ratisbon.

4) “So tight he kept his lips compressed”

a) What does the word ‘compressed’ refer to?
Answer:
The word ‘compressed’ refers to pressed together.

b) Why did he keep his lips compressed?
Answer:
His mouth was full of blood so he had his lips so tightly sealed not to allow the blood to ooze out.

c) How did the young soldier face his end?
Answer:
Proudly and heroically.

5) “The chief’s eye flashed: hut presently softened itself as sheathes”

a) Whose eyes are referred to as ‘the chief’s eyes’?
Answer:
The chief’s eyes are referred to as Napoleon’s eyes.

b) Give the meaning of ‘sheathes’
Answer:
‘sheathes’ means covers.

d) Explain the following lines with reference to the context:

i. Then off there flung in smiling joy,
And held himself erect

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “Incident of the French Camp”, Poet – “Robert Browning”.
Context:
The poet appreciated the heroic behaviour of the young soldier.
Explanation:
He was fatally wounded, he displayed extraordinary courage and confidence but the rider showed no sign of pain and smiling in joy.

ii. ‘I’m killed, Sire!’ And, his Chief beside,
Smiling, the boy fell dead.

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “Incident of the French Camp”, Poet – “Robert Browning”.
Context:
The poet appreciated the heroic behaviour of the young soldier.
Explanation:
Napoleon became very happy about his victory, But suddenly he realised that the soldier was seriously wounded. He asked the soldier if he was wounded. The soldier replied that he was almost killed. Saying this he fell beside the emperor and died smilingly.

iii. To see your flag-bird flap his vans
Where I, to heart’s desire,
Perched him!’

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “Incident of the French Camp”, Poet – “Robert Browning”.
Context:
The poet is describing the way in which the young soldier informed Napoleon of their success.
Explanation:
Due to their victory, the soldier felt a special kind of joy and pride in the fact that he, with his own hands, had flown the French flag over Ratisbon. The flag had the figure of a bird on it when the flag fluttered in the air, it seemed as the bird was flapping its wings.

5. Answer the following questions in about 100-150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 194)

Question a.
The young soldier matched his emperor in courage and patriotism. Elucidate your answer.
Question b.
What is the role of the young soldier in the victory of the French at Ratisbon?

Answer:
In “Incident of the French camp” the speaker describes a boy serving in the army of Napoleon as the army attempts to capture a city known as Ratisbon. As Napoleon stands “On a little mound”, he waits anxiously to know the outcome of the battle. Then a badly wounded young boy rides towards the emperor, jumps down from his horse, reveals that the French has taken the city, and then falls dead at Napoleon’s feet. The boy’s action can be regarded as heroic for a number of reasons.

He serves in the army, even though he is only a boy. He participates in a dangerous battle. Even though he is mortally wounded, he rides his horse at a fast gallop back to the emperor to report that the battle has been won. Even though his wounds are horrible, he behaves with great physical energy.

He calls no attention to his wounds and asks for no help. He raised the French flag in the conquered city. He takes pride in the fact that his wounds are mortal and he dies smiling. Apparently, he feels that he has served his emperor and nation and so he expresses no regrets about his death and he died heroically with a smiling face.

Question c.
Napoleon was a great source of inspiration for his army. Justify.
Answer:
The poem “Incident of the French Camp’ by Robert Browning’ narrates an actual incident in the war in 1809 between France and Austria, led by Napoleon. In this poem, the poet brings out the clear vision that Napoleon was a great source of inspiration to his army through many incidents. During the attack of the French army at Ratisbon, Napoleon was defending Ratisbon with determination. He was standing on a mound near the battlefield because he eagerly wanted to know the result of the war.

He had his neck out-thrust with legs wide and arms locked behind. It shows that he was standing majestically. Outwardly he did not reveal any sign of worry or tension. Undoubtedly, we came to know that Napoleon was a great inspiration to his army, when even a young soldier who was not in the army, worked for the country. A young French soldier got inspiration from Napoleon. He participates in a dangerous battle.

Even though he is mortally wounded, he rides his horse at a fast gallop back to the emperor to report that the battle has been won. As a king, Napoleon heard the news his plans soared up like fire. Suddenly, he became like a caring mother eagle, when he saw that the young soldier was severely wounded, He asked if he was wounded. We will surely admire the action and feeling of Napoleon who acts as a perfect king, caring and affectionate person, brave leader, etc. These all make others get inspiration from him. No doubt he was a great source of inspiration to his army and his people too.

Paragraph:

a. The young soldier matched his emperor in courage and patriotism. Elucidate your answer.
b. What is the role of the young soldier in the victory of the French at Ratisbon?
c. Napoleon was a great source of inspiration to his army. Justify.

Introduction:
The poem “Incident of the French Camp’ by Robert Browning’ narrates an actual incident in the war in 1809 between France and Austria, led by Napoleon. In this poem, the poet brings out the clear vision that Napoleon was a great source of inspiration to his army through many incidents.

The war:
During the attack of the French army at Ratisbon, Napoleon was defending Ratisbon with determination. He was standing on a mound near the battlefield because he eagerly wanted to know the result of the war. He had his neck out-thrust with legs wide and arms locked behind. It shows that he was standing majestically. Outwardly he did not reveal any sign of worry or tension. Undoubtedly, we come to know that Napoleon was a great inspiration to his army, when even a young soldier who was not in the army, worked for the country.

The arrival of the Soldiers:
A young French soldier got inspiration from Napoleon. He participates in a dangerous battle. Even though he is mortally wounded, he rides his horse at a fast gallop back to the emperor to report that the battle has been won. As a king, Napoleon heard the news his plans soared up like fire. Suddenly, he became like a caring mother eagle, when he saw that the young soldier was severely wounded, He asked if he was wounded. We will surely admire the action and feeling of Napoleon who acts as a perfect king, caring and affectionate person, brave leader, etc.

Conclusion:
These all make others get inspiration from him. No doubt he was a great source of inspiration to his army and his people too.
Greedy kills humanity.

Listening:

Some words have been left out in the poem below. First, read the poem. Then, fill in the missing words on listening to the reading or the recording of it in full. You may listen again if required:

Question 1.
The Drum – John Scott (1731—83)

I hate that drum’s _____ sound.
Parading round, and round, and round:
To thoughtless _____________ it pleasure yields,
And lures from cities and from fields,
sell their _________________ for charms
Of tawdry lace, and glittering arms;
And when________________ voice commands,
To march, and fight, and fall,
in__________.

I hate that drum’s discordant sound, parading round, and round, and round; To me, it talks of _____ plains, And burning towns and ruin’d swains, And all that Misery’s hand bestows, To fill the _____ of human woes.

Answer:
I hate that drum’s discordant sound,
Parading round, and round, and round:
To thoughtless youth it pleasures yields,
And lures from cities and from fields,
sell their liberty for charms
Of tawdry lace and glittering arms;
And when Ambition’s voice commands,
To march, and fight, and fall,
in foreign lands.

I hate that drum’s discordant sound, Parading round, and round, and round; To me it talks of ravag’d plains, And burning towns, and ruin’d swains, And all that Misery’s hand bestows, To fill the catalogue of human woes.

கவிஞரைப் பற்றி:

இராபர்ட் ப்ரௌனிங் (Robert Browning) (7 மே 1812 – 12 டிசம்பர் 1889) ஒரு ஆங்கிலக் கவிஞர் (English Poet) மற்றும் நாடக ஆசிரியர் (Play wright) ஆவார். இவர் தனது நாடக தனியுரை (dramatic monologue) மூலமாக விக்டோரியன் கவிஞர்களில் (Victorian poets) தலை சிறந்த ஒருவராகத் திகழ்ந்தார். இவர் லண்டனில் உள்ள கேம்பர்வெல் (Camberwell) என்ற குக்கிராமத்தில் மே மாதம் 7-ம் தேதி 1812-ம் ஆண்டு பிறந்தார். பெரும்பாலும் வீட்டிலேயே கற்ற இவர் கிரேக்க (Greek) மொழியை மட்டும் லண்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் (London University) பயின்றார்.

இவரது கவிதைகள் முரண்தொடை (irony), கதாபாத்திரங்கள், இருண்ட நகைச்சுவை (dark humour), சமூக சிந்தனை (social commentary), வரலாற்றுப் பின்னணி மற்றும் மாறுபட்ட வார்த்தைகள் மற்றும் வாக்கிய கட்டமைப்புக்கு பெயர்பெற்றவை. இவர் தன் கவிதையினை தனித்தன்மை வாய்ந்த இராகமற்ற உரையாடல் வடிவில் அமைத்துள்ளார். இவரது Dramatis Personae என்ற தொகுப்பும், புத்தகம் போன்ற நீண்ட கவிதையான The Ring and the Book – ம் இவரை ஒரு தலைசிறந்த ஆங்கிலக் கவிஞராக்கியது (British Poet). இவர் ஆங்கில இலக்கியத்திற்கு அளித்துள்ள பங்கினை பாராட்டி 1881-ல் ப்ரௌனிங் இலக்கிய சமூகம் (literary society) என்ற ஒன்று அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

கவிதையைப் பற்றி:

பண்டைய இந்தியாவிலிருந்து கணினி காலம் வரை இராணுவம் இந்த சதுரங்க விளையாட்டின் நுணுக்கங்களை உவமையாகவும் பயிற்சிக்கும் கூட பயன்படுத்தி இருக்கிறது. இந்த சதுரங்க விளையாட்டு ஆறாம் நூற்றாண்டில் ஒரு 64 கட்ட அட்டை விளையாட்டாக இந்தியாவில் தொடங்கியது. அக்காலத்திய இராணுவத்தின் ஒரு மாதிரியாக இருந்த அதனை சதுரங்கம் என்று அழைத்தனர். பாடலைக் கவனிக்கும் முன்பு இந்த சுவாரஸ்யமான பிரெஞ்சு முகாமின் நிகழ்வின் பின்னணியை பார்க்கலாம்.

நெப்போலியன் போனபாட் (1769-1821) இந்த முகாமில் ஒரு அதிகாரியாக இருந்து, இராணுவத் தளபதியாக உயர்ந்து ஒரு சிறந்த போர்வீரராகவும் இருந்து, பின்பு தனது போர்த் திறமைக்கும், புத்திக்கூர்மைக்கும் புகழ் பெற்றார். இந்த கவிதை பிரெஞ்சு முகாம் நிகழ்வு 1809 – ல் நடந்த ஒரு உண்மைச் சம்பவத்தை விவரிக்கிறது. பிரான்ஸ் (France) மற்றும் ஆஸ்திரியா (Austria) போன்ற நாடுகளுக்கிடையே நிகழ்ந்த இந்த போர் நெப்போலியன் தலைமையில் நிகழ்ந்தது. நெப்போலியன் ஒரு குன்றின் மேல் ஏறி நின்று ரேட்டிஸ் போனை (Ratisbon) எதிர் நோக்கி நிற்கிறான்.

அப்போது அவன் மனதில் பல எண்ணங்களை சுமந்து நின்றான், ஒருவேளை லேன்ஸ் ரேட்டிஸ்போனை தோற்கடிக்காவிட்டால் தன் கனவுகள் அனைத்தும் வீணாகிவிடுமே என்று தனக்குள்ளே கூறிக்கொண்டான். இந்த பாடல் பேராண்மை, துணிவு, நாட்டுப்பற்று மற்றும் தியாகம் ஒரு பிரெஞ்சு இராணுவ வீரனின் மனதில் எவ்வாறு உள்ளது என்பதை விவரிக்கிறது.

Incident of The French Camp Summary in Tamil

பிரெஞ்சுப் படையினராகிய நாங்கள் ரேட்டிஸ்போனைத் (Ratisbon நகர்) தாக்கினோம்
நெப்போலியன் ஒருமைல் தூரம் தள்ளி
ஒரு சிறிய குன்றின் (mound) மேல் ஏறி
தாக்குதல் தினத்தன்று (storming day) நின்று கொண்டிருந்தான்
தனது கழுத்தை முன் நீட்டியவாறு, (out thrust) நினைத்துப்பாருங்கள்
கால்களை அகலமாக (wide) வைத்து, கைகளை பின்னால் கட்டி, (cocked behind)
குனிய நினைக்கும் கண் இமைகளை நிலைநிறுத்தி (Pronebrow) நிற்கிறான்
தன் மனதினை எதிர்த்து (oppressive) செயல்பட நினைப்பதால்

பின் சற்று சிந்தனை (mused) எழுகிறது, என் திட்டங்கள்
உயர்கின்றன (soar), அது நிலம் நோக்கி எந்நேரமும் விழலாம் (fall),
என் படைத்தலைவன் லேன்ஸ் (lannes) அங்கிருந்த
சுவற்றில் கொடியை நாட்டியவுடன்
வேதி கொள்கலன் திறக்கப்பட்டு புகைந்தவுடன் (battery smokes)
அங்கு வருகின்றான் வீரன் துள்ளிக்குதித்து (full galloping)
முழு மூச்சில் வருகின்றான். குன்றினை அடையும் வரை
கடிவாளம் (bridle) கூட அசையவில்லை

பின் தொலைவில் தெரிந்தது மகிழ்ச்சிப் புன்னகையும் (joy)
நிமிர்ந்த (erect) உடல் தோற்றமும்
அவனது குதிரையின் முடியை (mane) மட்டும் கொண்டு, ஒரு சிறுவனாய்
உன்னாலும் சந்தேகிக்க (suspect) முடியாததாய் இருந்தது
(அவன் தன் வாயிலிருந்து குருதி வெளியேறிவிடும்
என அஞ்சி உதடுகளை இறுக்க மூடி (compressed) வைத்திருந்தான்)
நீ அவனது மார்பைக் (breast) காணும் முன் இருமுறை பார்த்தாய்.
ஆனால் அதில் இரண்டு அம்புகள் துளைத்திருந்தன (shot)

அவன் கத்தினான் அரசே (Emperor), கடவுளின் அருளால்
நாங்கள் உங்களுக்கு ரேட்டிஸ்போனை (Ratisbon) கொண்டுவந்துளோம்
மார்ஷல் (Marshall) சந்தைப் (market) பகுதியில் இருக்கின்றார்
நீங்களும் விரைவில் அங்கிருப்பீர்கள்
உமது கொடிப்பறவை (flagbird) சிறகடித்து பறப்பதை காண்பதற்கு
நான் தான் என் இதயம் கூறியதால் அவனை
அங்கிருக்க சொன்னேன் தலைவனின் கண்கள் மிளிர்ந்தன (flashed)
அவனது திட்டங்கள் காட்டுத்தீ (fire) போல் மீண்டும் உயர்ந்தன

தலைவனின் (chief) கண்கள் மிளிர்ந்தன (flashed). ஆனால் தற்போது
தன்னை வலுவிழக்கச்செய்தது தன் காயப்பட்ட குஞ்சை (bruised eaglet)
கண்ட தாய் கழுகின் (eagle) கண்கள் மறைவது போல்
அவனது கண்க ளில் மிளிர்வு குறைந்தது (softened).
உனக்கு காயம்பட்டிருக்கிறது (wounded) இல்லை (nay) அவ்வீரனின்
பெருமிதம் சட்டெனத் தொட்டது, அவன் கூறினான்
நான் கொல்லப்பட்டுவிட்டேன் (killed), தலைவரே என்று கூறி தலைவன் அருகிலேயே (beside)
சிரித்துக்கொண்ட, அவன் இறந்து விழுந்தான் (fell dead).

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.4 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.4

Question 1.
Find the principle value of
(i) sec^-1 (\(\frac {2}{√3}\))
(ii) cot^-1 (√3)
(iii) cosec^-1 (-√2)
Solution:
(i) Let sec^-1 (\(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\)) = θ
⇒ sec θ = \(\frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\)
⇒ cos θ = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\) = cos \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)
⇒ θ = \(\frac{\pi}{6}\)

(ii) cot^-1 (√3)
cot^-1 (√3) = θ
√3 = cot θ
cot \(\frac {π}{6}\) = cot θ
θ = \(\frac {π}{6}\)

(iii) cosec^-1 (-√2)
cosec^-1 (-√2) = θ
cosec θ = -√2 = -cosec(\(\frac {π}{4}\))
= cosec (-\(\frac {π}{4}\))
θ = –\(\frac {π}{4}\)

Question 2.
Find the value
(i) tan^-1 (√3) – sec^-1(-2)
(ii) sin^-1(-1) + cos^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) + cot^-1(2)
(iii) cot^-1(1) + sin^-1(-\(\frac {√3}{2}\)) – sec^-1(-√2)
Solution:
x = tan^-1(√3)
tan x = √3 = tan \(\frac {π}{3}\)
x = \(\frac {π}{3}\)
y = sec^-1(-2)
sec y = -2 = -sec \(\frac {π}{3}\)
sec y = sec(π – \(\frac {π}{3}\))
sec y = sec(2\(\frac {π}{3}\))
y = (2\(\frac {π}{3}\))
tan^-1(√3) – sec^-1(-2) = \(\frac {π}{3}\) – \(\frac {2π}{3}\)
= \(\frac {π – 2π}{3}\) = –\(\frac {π}{3}\)

(ii) sin^-1(-1) + cos^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) + cot^-1(2)
x = sin^-1(1)
sin x = -1 = sin(-\(\frac {π}{2}\))
x = –\(\frac {π}{2}\)
y = cos^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\))
cos y = \(\frac {1}{2}\) = cos \(\frac {π}{3}\)
y = \(\frac {π}{3}\)
z = cot^-1(2)
cot z = 2
z = cot^-1(2) is constant.
sin^-1(-1) + cos^-1(\(\frac {1}{3}\)) + cot^-1(2)
= –\(\frac {π}{2}\) + \(\frac {π}{3}\) + cot^-1(2)
= –\(\frac {3π+2π}{6}\) + cot^-1(2)
= cot^-1(2) – \(\frac {π}{6}\)

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Guide Pdf Poem 5 A Father To His Son Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Poem 5 A Father To His Son

12th English Guide A Father To His Son Text Book Back Questions and Answers

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the words from the box given and complete the summary of the poem:
(Text Book Page No. 64)

Lines 1-25:

The poet Carl Sandburg gives a vivid description of a father’s worldly (1) ______ in directing a son who is at the threshold of his (2) ______. Here the father motivates his son to be like a hard (3) ______ and withstand life’s (4) ______ and sudden betrayals. (5) ______ is like fertile soil. We can make our life fruitful if we are gentle, and take life as it comes. At times (6) _________ overtakes harshness. The growth of a (7) ______ can split a rock. One should have an (8) ________and strong will to achieve. Greed for (9) _________ has left men dead before they really die. Good men also have fallen prey in the quest for (10) ______ money. Time for (11) ______ is not a waste. When you seek knowledge never feel ashamed to be called a (12) ______ for not knowing, at the same time learn from your (13) _________and never (14) ______ it.
Answers:

1. wisdom
2. manhood
3. rock
4. challenges
5. life
6. gentleness
7. tender
8. deep
9. money
10. carry
11. leisure
12. fool
13. mistake
14. repeat

Lines 26-44:

Do (15) ______ often, and do not hesitate to accept your shortcomings, avoid (16) _________to protect self against other people. Solitude helps to be (17) and (18) ________ are taken in silent rooms. Instead of being one among many, be (19) ______. if that is your nature. The son may need lazy days to find his (20) ______abilities, to seek what he is born for. He will then know how free imaginations bring (21) ______ to the world, which (22) ______ change. During such resentment, let him know that it is time for him to be on his own, and (23) ______to achieve like Shakespeare, the Wright brothers, Pasteur, Pavlov, and Michael Faraday.
Answers:
(15) introspect
(16) white
(17) creative
18) final decision
(19) different
(20) inherent
(21) changes
(22) resents
(23) work

2. Based on your understanding of the poem answer the following questions in one or two sentences:
(Text Book Page No. 165)

Question a.
How would the poet’s advice help his son who is at the threshold of manhood?
Answer:
The poet’s advice would help the son at the threshold of manhood, to grow as a positive individual and succeed in life like great scientists and dramatists.

Question b.
‘A tough will counts.’ Explain.
Answer:
In life, everybody may face a tough situation which is surrounded by obstacles. But we should not give up our try to achieve our goal or success. One should have a deep desire and strong will power to achieve it.

Question c.
What happened to the people who wanted too much money?
Answer:
People who wanted too much money fell prey to greed. They lost their reputation also.

Question d.
What has twisted good men into thwarted worms?
Answer:
Questing for easy money in a dishonourable way has twisted goodmen into thwarted (frustrated) worms.

Question e.
How would his being alone help the boy?
Answer:
Solitude would help the boy to be creative.

Question f.
Where are the final decisions taken?
Answer:
The final decisions are taken in a silent room.

Question g.
What are the poet’s thoughts on ‘being different’?
Answer:
Instead of being one among many, one can be different if it is one’s nature to be so. One need not take conscious efforts to be different.

Question h.
Why does the poet advise his son to have lazy days?
Answer:
The poet advises his son to have lazy days because that helps him to seek his strong motives and find his own real inherent abilities.

Question i.
The poet says ‘Without rich wanting nothing arrives’ but he condemns ‘the quest of lucre beyond a few easy needs. Analyze the difference and write.
Answer:
Appreciating the rich wanting and condemning ‘the quest for lucre beyond a few easy’ needs seems like a conundrum. One needs to take both the statements with a pinch of salt. One needs strong will power to succeed. One can earn a lot too. Jack Ma has had a strong will and earned beyond lucre but invested a major part in community development and charitable works retaining some for his basic needs. Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, and Ratan Tata are other such examples. The wealth earned should benefit a large number of people and not the individual who initiated the wealth.

4. Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow: (Text Book Page No. 166)

a) “Life is hard; be steel; be a rock.”

i) How should one face life?
Answer:
One should face life daringly like steel and hard rock.

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Answer:
Metaphor.

b) “ Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.”
And this too might serve him.

i) Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?
Answer:
Life is like fertile soil. If one is gentle and easy, he too can succeed.

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Answer:
Metaphor.

c) Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong
and the final decisions are made in silent rooms.

i) Can be in solitude help a strong human being? How?
Answer:
Yes, being in solitude helps a strong human being. He becomes creative and strong in solitude.

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Answer:
Transferred Epithet.

d) Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.
Tell him to be a fool every so often

i) Why does the poet suggest that time can be wasted?
Answer:
Time can be wasted in learning new things and learning from one’s mistakes.

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line.
Answer:
Repetition.

e) Tell him to be a fool ever so often
and to have no shame over having been a fool
yet learning something out of every folly
hoping to repeat none of the cheap follies.

i) Is it a shame to be a fool at times?
Answer:
No, it is not a shame to be a fool at times and at the same time learn from your mistake and that should not be repeated.

ii) What does one learn from every folly?
Answer:
One does learn something from every failure.

f) ……………..Free imaginations
Bringing changes into a world resenting change.

i) How does free imagination help the world?
Answer:
Free imagination helps to bring changes into the world.

ii) Identify the figure of speech.
Answer:
Transferred epithet.

e) Pick out the alliterated words from the poem and write.
And this might stand him for the storms.
Answer:
Stands-Storms

Additional Questions:

a) “and serve him for humdrum monotony?

i) Who does ‘him’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Him’ refers to son.

ii) What does ‘humdrum monotony’ mean?
Answer:
Humdrum monotony means boring routine.

b) “Tell him too much money has killed men and left them dead years before burial”

i) What would kill the men?
Answer:
Too much money earning in a dishonest way would kill the men.

ii) What would bring if men greed for money?
Answer:
Greed for money has left men to die before they really die.

“Whatever the white lies and protective fronts”

i) Pick out the alliterated words from the above line.
Answer:
Whatever – Whitelies.

ii) What does ‘white lies’ mean?
Answer:
‘Whitelies’ means lies told to avoid hurting one’s feelings.

d) “has twisted good enough men sometimes into dry thwarted worms”.

i) What makes good men into thwarted worms?
Answer:
Questing for easy money makes good men into thwarted worms.

ii) What does ‘thwarted’ mean?
Answer:
‘Thwarted’ means frustrated.

5. Explain the following lines with reference to the context: (Text Book Page No. 167)

a) and guide him among sudden betrayals and tighten him for slack moments:

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “A father to his son”, Poet – “Carl August Sandburg”.
Context:
The poet brings out his advice to his son.
Explanation:
The poet advises his son who is standing at the threshold of manhood. It’s a time when nearly each and every father becomes protective and cautious. So the poet motivates his son to be like a hard rock (daring) and bold enough to face challenges and sudden betrayals. ‘Slack moments’ refers to a state of depression also, he should know how to overcome that.

b. Brutes have been gentled where lashes failed.

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “A father to his son”, Poet – “Carl August Sandburg”.
Context:
The poet tells his son how the brute will become gentle.
Explanation:
The poet motivates his son to reach manhood to be gentle. This will make him face the challenges of life and sudden betrayals. At times gentleness overtakes harshness. Thrashing may fail to change a man. But a gentle approach will make a brute good-natured.

c. Gentleness makes our life fruitful.
Yet learning something out of every folly hoping to repeat none of the cheap follies

Reference:
These lines are taken from Poem – “A father to his son”, Poet – “Carl August Sandburg”.
Context:
The poet tells his son not to repeat his mistakes.
Explanation:
The poet advises his son that making mistakes is common. He should not get discouraged. When he seeks knowledge never feel ashamed to make mistake. But at the same time, he could learn from his mistakes. Doing the same mistakes makes the man less effective. So we should be careful not to repeat the mistake.

d. ‘He will be lonely enough
to have time for the work.

Reference:
These lines are taken from the Poem – “A father to his son”, Poet – “Carl August Sandburg”.
Context:
The poet says how his son’s loneliness makes him work effectively.
Explanation:
The poet wants his son to know how free imagination brings changes to the world which resents change. During such resentment, let him know that it is time for him to be his own and try to achieve like great people.

6. Answer the following questions in about 100-150 words each: (Text Book Page No. 167)

Question a)
Explain how the poet guides his son who is at the threshold of manhood, to face the challenges of life.
Question b)
How according to the poet is it possible for his son-to bring changes into a world that resents change?

Introduction:
The poet Carl Sandburg gives a vivid description of a father’s worldly wisdom in directing a son who is at the threshold of “manhood”. The caring father wants him to be like a rock and face the storms of life and betrayals.

What is Life:
Life is like fertile soil, so he directs him to go easy with gentleness. “Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.” We can make our life fruitful if we are gentle and take life as it comes. The poet tells his son how the brute will become gentle. This will make him face the challenges of life and sudden betrayals. At times gentleness overtakes harshness. Thrashing may fail to change a man. But a gentle approach will make a brute good-natured. Gentleness makes our life fruitful. The growth of a tender flower (gentleness) can split a rock (harshness).

Father’s advice:
One should have a deep and strong “will” to achieve his good. While achieving his goal, he would face discouragement but he should not get vexed. He should not give up his task. Greed for money has left men to die before they really also. Goodman also has fallen prey in the quest for easy money. But that should not be encouraged. He should earn money in the right way. When you seek knowledge never feel ashamed to be called a fool for not knowing, at the same time learn from his mistake and never repeat it. Do introspect often, and do not hesitate to accept your shortcomings and avoid white lies to protect yourself against other people. He wants his son to avoid white lies and tells him that solitude is creative.

Father’s belief:
The son may have his lazy days to seek his inner motives and find his talent. Free imaginations bring him to know that it is time for him to be on his own and work to achieve like Shakespeare, the Wright Brothers, Michael Faraday.

Conclusion:
The poet wants his son to know how free imagination brings changes to the world. During such resentment, let him know that it is time for him to be his own and try to achieve his goal.

கவிஞரைப் பற்றி:

சான்பர்க் (Sandburg) Swedish ancestry பெற்றேரருத்த இல்லினஸ்ஸின் (Illinois) a Giron கேல்ஸ்ஸ ர்க்கில் (Galesburg) பிறந்தவர். கார்ல் ஆகஸ்ட் சான்பர்க் (ஜனவரி 6, 1878 –ஜீலை 22, 1967) அமெரிக்காவை சார்ந்த கவிஞர், எழுத்தாளர் மற்றும் பதிப்பாளர் ஆவார். இவரின் இரு கவிதைகளுக்காகவும், ஆபிரகாம் லிங்கனின் (Abraham Lincoln) வாழ்க்கை வரலாற்றை எழுதியதற்காகவும் மும்முறை புலிட்சர் பரிசு (Pulitzer Prizes) வழங்கப்பட்டார்.

இவரின் வாழ்க்கையில் சான் பர்க் இலக்கியத்தில் சிறந்தவராக கருதப்பட்டார். முக்கியமாக இவரின் Chicago poems (1916) Corn huskers (1918) மற்றும் Smoke and steal (1920) ஆகியவற்றிக்காவும் சிறந்தவராக கருதப்பட்டார். இவர் 1967ல் இவரின் மரணத்தின் போது Lyndon B. Johnson ஆகியவர்களாலும் அமெரிக்காவில் சிறந்த கவிஞராக கருதப்பட்டார்.

கவிதையைப் பற்றி:
ஒவ்வொரு பெற்றோரும் தன் குழந்தையின் நலனையே விரும்புவர். அதை அவர்களுக்கு அறிவுரை வழங்கி வெளிப்படுத்துவர். இந்த கவிதையிலும் தந்தை தன் மகனுக்கு குழந்தை பருவம் முதல் இளமை வரை செய்ய வேண்டிய செயல்களை கற்று கொடுப்பதாக அமைத்திருக்கிறார். வாழ்க்கையின் இன்ப துன்பங்களை கற்று கொடுக்கிறார். அவன் புயலை தாங்கும் பாறையைப் போல் வாழ்க்கையை எதிர் கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

அவன் மென்மையான இதயம் கொள்ள வேண்டும். பேராசையுடன் இருக்க கூடாது. தன் தவறுகளிலிருந்து பாடம் கற்றுக் கொள்ள வேண்டும். தனிமையில் ஆக்கப்பூர்வமான சிந்தனைகளை சிந்திக்க வேண்டும். தன்னை சிறப்புமிக்கவனாக மாற்றிக் கொள்ளவேண்டும். தன்னைத்தானே முழுமையாக புரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டும். இதனைப் பற்றி முழுமையாக இக்கவிதை வாசித்து புரிந்து கொள்வோம்.

A Father To His Son Summary in Tamil

வளரும் பருவத்தில் (manhood) தன் மகனிடம் தந்தை
என்ன செய்தியைக் கூறுவார்? “வாழ்க்கை கடினமானது, இரும்பென (steel) இரு. பாறையாய் (rock) இரு”.
அது அவனைப் புயலை (storm) எதிர்த்து நிற்கச் செய்யும்
தனிமையிலும் சோர்விலும் (humdrum monotony) அவனுக்கு உதவி செய்யும்.

எதிர்பாரா ஏமாற்றங்களில் (betrayals) அவனை வழி நடத்தும் (guide)
வலுவற்ற தருணங்களில் (slack moments) அவனுக்கு வலுவூட்டும்
“வாழ்க்கை எளிமையானது. நேர்மையாயிரு (gentle), எளிதாய் செல்”.
இதுவும் அவனுக்கு பயன்படும்.
சாட்டைகளின் (ashes) சரிவில் மிருகங்கள் (brutes) கூட மிருதுவாகிவிட்டது.

பாதையில் பூக்கும் (frail flower) பஞ்சுபோன்ற பூ கூட
பாறைகளை பிளந்து சிதறடிக்கிறது (shattered) சிலநேரங்களில்
கடினமானவையும் (tough) விருப்பங்களும் (desire) மிக முக்கியமானவை.
அதுபோன்றே பணம்படைத்தோரின் எளிய எதிர்பார்ப்புகளும்
சிறந்த எதிர்பார்ப்புகளின்றி ஏதும் வருவதில்லை.

அவனிடம் கூறுங்கள் அதிக பணம் மனிதரைக் கொன்றிருக்கிறது.
புதைப்பதற்கு (burial) பல வருடங்களுக்கு முன்பே என்று
தேவைகளைத் தூண்டிய பணம் குவிக்கும் ஆவல் (guest)
நல்ல மனிதர்களைக் கூட சிலநேரம்
வெறுக்கத்தக்க காய்ந்த (thwarted) புழுக்களாக (worms) மாற்றிவிடும் (twisted).

அவனிடம் கூறுங்கள் நேரம் வீணாக்குவதற்கே.
கூறுங்கள் அவனிடம் அடிக்கடி முட்டாளாக (fool)
முட்டாளாவதற்கு அவமானப்பட (shame) வேண்டாமென்று
அந்த முட்டாள்தனத்திலிருந்து (folly) ஏதேனும் கற்றுக்கொள்வதற்கு கூறுங்கள்
அதில் எதையும் திரும்ப (repeat) செய்யக் கூடாதென்று.

இவ்வாறாக உலகின் முட்டாள்களைப் (fool) பற்றிய
ஆழ்ந்த புரிதலை (intimate understanding) அடைய வேண்டுமென்று.
அடிக்கடி தனித்திருந்து சுயத்தை அடையக் கூறுங்கள்.
அனைத்துக்கும் மேலாக தன்னைப் பற்றி பொய் (lies) கூறக் கூடாதென்று
பிறரைக் காயப்படுத்தா பொய்களையும் (white lies), பாதுகாப்பு (protective) உரைகளையும்

பிறருக்கெதிராய் (against) அவன் பயன்படுத்திய போதிலும்
கூறுங்கள் அவனிடம் தனிமையே (solitude) புதுமை அவன் வலிமையாயிருந்தால்
மற்றும் இறுதி முடிவுகள் (decisions) உருவாவது அமைதியான அறையிலே (silent rooms).
அவனிடம் கூறுங்கள் பிறரிடமிருந்து வேறுபட்டிருக்க
இயற்கையாகவும் (natural) எளிதாகவும் (easy) வேறுபாடு வருமென்றால்

அவன் ஓய்வு நாட்கள் (lazy days) பெறட்டும் ஆழ்ந்த நோக்கங்களைத் தேட (deeper motive)
அவன் ஆழமாய் தேடட்டும் அவன் எங்கு பிறந்தான் என்பதை
பின் அவன் புரிந்துகொள்வான் ஷேக்ஸ்பியரையும் (shakespeare), ரைட் சகோதரர்களையும் (wright brothers), பாஸ்டரையும் (Pasteur), பாவ்லோவையும் (Pavlov) மைக்கேல் பாரடே (Michael Faraday) மற்றும் சுதந்திர
சிந்தனைகளை (free imaginations)

மாற்றங்களை விரும்பா உலகிற்கு மாற்றம் (resenting change) கொண்டு வருவனவற்றை
தேவையான அளவு தனிமையில் இருப்பான் அவனறிந்த
அவனுடைய வேலைகளைச் (work) செய்ய
சரியான நேரம் (time) பெற.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.3 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ex 4.3

Question 1.
Find the domain of the following functions
(i) tan^-1 (\(\sqrt {9-x^2}\))
(ii) \(\frac {1}{2}\) tan^-1 (1 – x²) – \(\frac {π}{4}\)
Solution:
(i) f(x) = \(\tan ^{-1}(\sqrt{9-x^{2}})\)
We know the domain of tan^-1 x is (-∞, ∞) and range is \(\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\)
So, the domain of f(x) = \(\tan ^{-1}(\sqrt{9-x^{2}})\) is the set of values of x satisfying the inequality
\(-\infty \leq \sqrt{9-x^{2}} \leq \infty\)
⇒ 9 – x² ≥ 0
⇒ x² ≤ 9
⇒ |x| ≤ 3

(ii) Range of tan^-1 x is R
-∞ < 1 – x² < ∞
-∞ < -x² < ∞
-∞ < x < ∞
x ∈ R
Domain = R

Question 2.
Find the value of
(i) tan^-1(tan\(\frac {5π}{4}\))
(ii) tan^-1(tan(-\(\frac {π}{6}\)))
Solution:

Question 3.
Find the value of
(i) tan(tan^-1(\(\frac {7π}{4}\)))
(ii) tan(tan^-1(1947))
(iii) tan(tan^-1(-0.2021))
solution:
We know that tan(tan^-1 x) = x
(i) \(\tan \left(\tan ^{-1} \frac{7 \pi}{4}\right)=\frac{7 \pi}{4}\)
(ii) tan(tan^-1(1947))= 1947
(iii) tan(tan^-1 (-0.2021)) = -0.2021

Question 4.
Find the value of
(i) tan(cos^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) – sin^-1(-\(\frac {1}{2}\)))
(ii) sin(tan^-1(\(\frac {1}{2}\)) – cos^-1(\(\frac {4}{5}\)))
(iii) cos(sin^-1(\(\frac {4}{5}\)) – tan^-1(\(\frac {3}{4}\)))
solution: