Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.2 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.2

Question 1.
Using graphic method, find the value of y when x = 48 from the following data:

Solution:

The value of y when x = 48 is 6.8

Question 2.
The following data relates to indirect labour expenses and the level of output

Estimate the expenses at a level of output of 350 units, by using graphic method.
Solution:

Question 3.
Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula find the cubic polynomial.

Solution:
Since we use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
y_{(x= x0+nh)} = y₀ + \(\frac { n }{1!}\) Δy₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1) }{2!}\) Δ²y₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1)(n-2) }{3!}\) Δ³y₀ + ………
To find y at x
∴ x₀ + nh = x
0 + n(1) = x
∴ n = x

= 1 + x + (x² – x) (-1) + 2x (x² – 3x + 2)
y = 1 + x – x² + x + 2x³ – 6x² + 4x
y = 2x³ – 7x² + 6x + 1
∴ f(x) = 2x³ – 7x² + 6x + 1

Question 4.
The population of a city in a censes taken once in 10 years is given below. Estimate the population in the year 1955.

Solution:
Let the year be x and population be y. To find the population for the year 1955.
(ie) The value of y at x = 1955
Since the value of y is required near the beginning of the table, we use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
y_{(x= x0+nh)} = y₀ + \(\frac { n }{1!}\) Δy₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1) }{2!}\) Δ²y₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1)(n-2) }{3!}\) Δ³y₀ + ………
To find y at x = 1955
∴ x₀ + nh = 1955; x₀ = 1951, h = 10
⇒ 1951 + n(10) = 1955
10n = 1955 – 1951 ⇒ 10n = 4
n = \(\frac { 4 }{10}\) = 0.4

y = 35 + 2.8 – 1.08 + 0.064
= 37.864 – 1.08
y = 36.784
∴ Population in the year 1955 is 36.784 (lakhs)

Question 5.
In an examination the number of candidates who secured marks between certain interval were as follows:

Estimate the number of candidates whose marks are lessthan 70.
Solution:
Since the required mark is at the end of the table, we apply Backward interpolation formula. Let the marks be x and No. of candidates be y.

To find y at x = 70
x = x₀ + nh ⇒ 70 = 100 + n(20)
70 – 100 = 20n
20n = -30 ⇒ n = \(\frac { -30 }{20}\)
n = -1.5

= 235 – 25.5 – 12.375 – 1.125
= 235 – 39
= 196
∴ 196 candidates secured less than 70 marks

Question 6.
Find the value of f(x) when x = 32 from the following table

Solution:
Since the value of f(x) is required near the beginning of the table, we use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.
y_{(x= x0+nh)} = y₀ + \(\frac { n }{1!}\) Δy₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1) }{2!}\) Δ²y₀ + \(\frac { n(n-1)(n-2) }{3!}\) Δ³y₀ + ………
To find y at x = 32
∴ x₀ + nh = 32;
30 + n(5) = 32
5n = 32 – 30 ⇒ 5n = 2
n = \(\frac { 2 }{5}\)
∴ n = 0.4

= 15.9 – 0.4 – 0.024 – 0.0128 – 0.00832
15.9 – 0.44512 = 15.45488
= 15.45
∴ when x = 32, f(x) = 15.45

Question 7.
The following data gives the melting point of a alloy of lead and zinc where ‘t’ is the temperature in degree c and p is the percentage of lead in the alloy

Find the melting point of the alloy containing 84 percent lead.
Solution:
Since the required value is at the end of the table, apply backward interpolation formula. To find T at p = 84
T_{(p= p0+nh)} = T_n + \(\frac { n }{1!}\) ∇T_n + \(\frac { n(n+1) }{2!}\) ∇²T₀ + \(\frac { n(n+1)(n+2) }{3!}\) Δ³T₀ + ………
To find T at P = 84
P_n + nh = 84
90 + n(10) = 84
10n = 84 – 90
10n = -6 ⇒ n = \(\frac { -6 }{10}\)
n = -0.6

= 304 – 16.8 – 0.24 – 0.091392
= 304 – 17.131392
= 286.86
Hence the melting point of the alloy is 286.86° c.

Question 8.
Find f(2.8) from the following

Solution:
Since the required value is at the end of the table, apply backward interpolation formula.

To find y at x = 2.8
∴ x₀ + nh = 2.8
∴ 3 + n(1) = 2.8
n = 2.8 – 3
n = -0.2

= 34 – 4.6 – 1.12 – 0.288
= 34 – 6.008
= 27.992
∴ f(2.8) = 27.992

Question 9.
Using interpolation estimate the output of a factory in 1986 from the following data

Solution:
Here the intervals are unequal. By Lagrange’s in-terpolation formula we have,
x₀ = 1974, x₁ = 1978, x₂ = 1982, x₃ = 1990
y₀ = 25, y₁ = 60, y₂ = 80, y₃ = 170, and x = 1986.

∴ output in 1986 is 108.75 (thousand tones)

Question 10.
Use lagrange’s formula and estimate from the following data the number of workers getting income not exceeding Rs. 26 per month.

Solution:
Here the intervals are unequal. By Lagrange’s In-terpolation formula we have,
x₀ = 15, x₁ = 25, x₂ = 30, x₃ = 35
y₀ = 36, y₁ = 40, y₂ = 45, y₃ = 48 and x = 26.

∴ Required No.of workers = 42 Persons (approximately)

Question 11.
Using interpolation estimate the business done in 1985 from the following data

Solution:
Here the intervals are unequal. By Lagrange’s formula we have,
x₀ = 1982, x₁ = 1983, x₂ = 1984, x₃ = 1986
y₀ = 150, y₁ = 235, y₂ = 365, y₃ = 525 and x = 1985.

∴ Business done in the year 1985 is 481.25 lakhs.

Question 12.
Using interpolation, find the value of f(x) when x = 15

Solution:
Here the intervals are unequal, By Lagrange’s in-terpolation formula we have,
x₀ = 3, x₁ = 7, x₂ = 11, x₃ = 19
y₀ = 42, y₁ = 43, y₂ = 47, y₃ = 60 and x = 15.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 13 Python and CSV Files Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 13 Python and CSV Files

12th Computer Science Guide Python and CSV Files Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
A CSV file is also known as a…………………… (March 2020)
a) Flat File
b) 3D File
c) String File
d) Random File
Answer:
a) Flat File

Question 2.
The expansion of CRLF is
a) Control Return and Line Feed
b) Carriage Return and Form Feed
c) Control Router and Line Feed
d) Carriage Return and Line Feed
Answer:
d) Carriage Return and Line Feed

Question 3.
Which of the following module is provided by Python to do several operations on the CSV files?
a) py
b) xls
c) csv
d) os
Answer:
c) csv

Question 4.
Which of the following mode is used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files?
a) Text mode
b) Binary mode
c) xls mode
d) csv mode
Answer:
b) Binary mode

Question 5.
The command used to skip a row in a CSV file is
a) next()
b) skip()
c) omit()
d) bounce()
Answer:
a) next()

Question 6.
Which of the following is a string used to terminate lines produced by writer()method of csv module?
a) Line Terminator
b) Enter key
c) Form feed
d) Data Terminator
Answer:
a) Line Terminator

Question 7.
What is the output of the following program?
import csv
d=csv.reader(open(‘c:\PYPRG\chl3\city.csv’))
next (d)
for row in d:
print(row)
if the file called “city.csv” contain the following details
chennai,mylapore
mumbai,andheri
a) chennai,mylapore
b) mumbai,andheri
c) chennai,mumbai
d) chennai,mylapore
Answer:
b) mumbai,andheri

Question 8.
Which of the following creates an object which maps data to a dictionary?
a) listreader()
b) reader()
c) tuplereader()
d) DicReader ()
Answer:
d) DicReader ()

Question 9.
Making some changes in the data of the existing file or adding more data is called
a) Editing
b) Appending
c) Modification
d) Alteration
Answer:
c) Modification

Question 10.
What will be written inside the file test, csv using the following program
import csv
D = [[‘Exam’],[‘Quarterly’],[‘Halfyearly’]]
csv.register_dialect(‘M’,lineterminator = ‘\n’)
with open(‘c:\pyprg\chl3\line2.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
wr = csv.writer(f,dialect=’M’)
wr.writerows(D)
f.close()
a) Exam Quarterly Halfyearly
b) Exam Quarterly Halfyearly
c) EQH
d) Exam, Quarterly, Halfyearly
Answer:
d) Exam, Quarterly, Halfyearly

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is CSV File?
Answer:
A CSV file is a human-readable text file where each line has a number of fields , separated by commas or some other delimiter. A CSV file is also known as a Flat File. Files in the CSV format can be imported to and exported from programs that store data in tables, such as Microsoft Excel or OpenOfficeCalc.

Question 2.
Mention the two ways to read a CSV file using Python.
Answer:
There are two ways to read a CSV file.

1. Use the CSV module’s reader function
2. Use the DictReader class.

Question 3.
Mention the default modes of the File.
Answer:
The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.
The default mode of csv file in reading and writing is text mode.

Question 4.
What is the use of next() function?
Answer:
#using operator module for sorting multiple columns
sortedlist = sorted (data, key=operator.itemgetter(1))

Question 5.
How will you sort more than one column from a csv file? Give an example statement.
Answer:
To sort by more than one column you can use itemgetter with multiple indices.
operator.itemgetter (1,2)
Syntax:
sortedlist = sorted( data, key=operator. itemgetter( Colnumber ),reverse=True)
Example:
data = csv.reader(open(‘c:\\ PYPRG\\sample8.csv’))
next(data) #(to omit the header)
#using operator module for sorting multiple columns
sortedlist = sorted (data, key=operator. itemgetter(1,2))

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a note on open() function of python. What is the difference between the two methods?
Answer:
Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function returns a file object, also called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file accordingly.
For Example
>>> f = openf’sample.txt”) bopen file in current directory andf is file object
>>> f = open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \chl3sample5.csv’) #specifyingfull path
You can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, you can specify whether you want to read ‘r’, write ‘w’ or append ‘a’ to the file, you can also specify “text or binary” in which the file is to be opened.
The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.
On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files.
f = open(“test.txt”) # since no mode is specified the default mode it is used
#perform file operations
f.close( )
The above method is not entirely safe. If an exception occurs when you are performing some operation with the file, the code exits without closing the file. The best way to do this is using the “with” statement. This ensures that the file is closed when the block inside with is exited. You need not to explicitly call the close() method. It is done internally.

Question 2.
Write a Python program to modify an existing file.
Answer:
Coding:
import csv ,
row = [‘3: ‘Meena’Bangalore’]
with opent’student.csv; ‘r’) as readFile:
reader = csv.reader(readFile)
lines = list(reader) # list()- to store each
row of data as a list
lines [3] = row
with open (student.csv, ‘w’) as writeFile:
# returns the writer object which converts the user data with delimiter
writer = csv.writer(writeFile)
#writerows()method writes multiple rows to a csv file
writer, writerows(lines)
readFile.close()
writeFile. close()

Original File:

Modified File after the coding:

Question 3.
Write a Python program to read a CSV file with default delimiter comma (,).
Answer:
Coding:
#importing csv
import csv
#opening the csv file which is in different location with read mode with opent(‘c.\\pyprg\\samplel-csv’, ‘r’) as F:
#other way to open the file is f= (‘c:\ \ pyprg\ \ samplel.csv’, ‘r’)
reader = csv.reader(F)
# printing each line of the Data row by row
print(row)
F.close()
Output:
[‘SNO’, ‘NAME’, ‘CITY’]
[‘12101’, ‘RAM’, ‘CHENNAI’]
[‘12102′,’LAV ANYA’,’TIRCHY’]
[‘12103’, ‘LAKSHMAN’, ‘MADURAI’]

Question 4.
What is the difference between the write mode and append mode?
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the difference between reader() and DictReader() function?
Answer:

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate Excel file and CSV file.
Answer:

Question 2.
Tabulate the different mode with its meaning.
Answer:

Question 3.
Write the different methods to read a File in Python.
Answer:
There are two ways to read a CSV file.

1. Use the csv module’s reader function
2. Use the DictReader class.

csv module’s reader function:

• We can read the contents of CSV file with the help of csv.reader() method.
• The reader function is designed to take each line of the file and make a list of all columns.
• Using this method one can read data from csv files of different formats like quotes (” “), pipe (|) and comma (,).

Syntax for csv.reader(): .
csv.reader( fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
where

• file object: passes the path and the mode of the file
• delimiter: an optional parameter containing the standard dilects like , | etc can be omitted. .
• Fmtparams: optional parameter which help to override the default values of the dialects like skipinitialspace,quoting etc. can be omitted.

Program:
#importing csv
import csv
#opening the csv file which is in different
location with read mode
with opent(‘c.\ \pvprg\ \samplel-csv’, ‘r’) as F:
#other way to open the file is f= (‘c:\ \
pyprg\ \ samplel.csv’, ‘r’)
reader = csv.reader(F)
#printing each line of the Data row by row
print(row)
F.close()
Output:
[‘SNO’, ‘NAME’, ‘CITY’]
[‘12101’, ‘RAM’, ‘CHENNAI’]
[‘12102’, ‘LAVANYA’, ‘TIRCHY’]
[‘12103’, ‘LAKSHMAN’, ‘MADURAI’]

Reading CSV File into A Dictionary:

• To read a CSV file into a dictionary can be done by using DictReader class of csv module which works similar to the reader() class but creates an object which maps data to a dictionary.
• The keys are given by the field names as parameters.
• DictReader works by reading the first line of the CSV and using each comma-separated value in this line as a dictionary key.
• The columns in each subsequent row then behave like dictionary values and can be accessed with the appropriate key (i.e. fieldname).

Program:
import csv
filename = ‘c:\\pyprg\ \sample8.csv’
inputfile =csv.DictReader( opet(filename’r’))
for row in inputfile:
print(dict(row)) #dict() to print data
Output:
{‘ItemName’: ‘Keyboard ” ‘Quantity’: ’48’}
{‘ItemName ‘: ‘Monitor: ‘Quantity’: ’52’}
{‘ItemName ‘: ‘Mouse ” ‘Quantity’: ’20’}

Question 4.
Write a Python program to write a CSV File with custom quotes.
Answer:
Coding:
import csv
csvData = [[‘SNO’,’Items’], [‘l’/Pen’],
[‘2′,’Book’], [‘3′,’Pencil’]]
csv.register_dialect (‘myDialect’, delimiter = ‘ | ‘,quotechar = quoting = csv. QUOTE_ALL)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\\ch13\\ quote. csv’, ‘w’) as csvFile:
writer = csv.writer(csvFile, dialect=’myDialect’)
writer. writerows(csvData)
print (“writing completed”)
csvFile.close()

When you open the “quote.csv” file in notepad, We get following output:

Question 5.
Write the rules to be followed to format the data in a CSV file.
Answer:
1. Each record (row of data) is to be located on a separate line, delimited by a line break by pressing enter key.
Example:
xxx.yyy↵(↵denotes enter Key to be pressed)

2. The last record in the file mayor may not have an ending line break.
Example:
ppp,qqq↵
yyy,xxx

3. There may be an optional header line appearing as the first line of the file with the same format as normal record lines. The header will contain names corresponding to the fields in the file and should contain the same number of fields as the records in the rest of the file.
Example:
field_name 1,field_name2,field_name3
zzz,yyy,xxx CRLF(Carriage Return and Line Feed)

4. Within the header and each record, there may be one or more fields, separated by commas. Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored. The last field in the record must not be followed by a comma.
Example:
Red, Blue

5. Each field mayor may not be enclosed in double quotes. If fields are not enclosed with double quotes, then double quotes may not appear inside the fields
Example.
“Red”,”Blue”,”Green”↵      #Field data with” ‘
Black,White,Yellow   #Field data without double quotes

6. Fields containing line breaks (CRLF), double quotes, and commas should be enclosed in double-quotes.
Example:
Red, Blue, Green

7. If double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote appearing inside a field must be preceded with another double quote.
Example:
“Red,” “Blue”, “Green”

12th Computer Science Guide Python and CSV Files Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
CSV means ……………………… files
(a) common server values
(b) comma-separated values
(c) correct separator values
(d) constructor separated value
Answer:
(b) comma-separated values

Question 2.
Abbreviation of CSV
a) Condition systematic values
b) Column separated values
c) Comma solution values
d) Comma-separated values
Answer:
d) Comma-separated values

Question 3.
csv files cannot be opened with ………………………..
(a) notepad
(b) MS Excel
(c) open office
(d) HTML
Answer:
(d) HTML

Question 4.
Which of the following can protect if the data itself contains commas in a CSV file?
a) ”
b) ,,
c) ” ”
d) ‘
Answer:
c) ” ”

Question 5.
In a CSV file, each record is to be located on a separate line, delimited by a line break by pressing
a) Enter key
b) ESV key
c) Tab key
d) Shift key
Answer:
a) Enter key

Question 6.
Find the wrong statement.
(a) csv files can be opened with any text editor
(b) Excel files can be opened with any text editor
Answer:
(b) Excel files can be opened with any text editor

Question 7.
…………………… built-in function is used to open a file in Python.
a) readfn ()
b) open ()
c) reader ()
d) openfile ()
Answer:
b) open ()

Question 8.
…………… mode can be used when CSV files dealing with non-text files.
a) Write mode
b) Binary mode
c) Octal mode
d) Write mode
Answer:
b) Binary mode

Question 9.
The default file open mode is ……………….
a) rt
b) x
c) a
d) rw
Answer:
a) rt

Question 10.
Any field containing a newline as part of its data should be given in ……………………..
(a) quotes
(b) double-colon
(c) colon
(d) double quotes
Answer:
(d) double quotes

Question 11.
…………………..function is designed to take each line of the file and make a list of all columns?
a) read ()
b) reader ()
c) row ()
d) list ()
Answer:
b) reader ()

Question 12.
…………………. describes the format of the CSV file that is to be read.
a) line space
b) dialect
c) whitespace
d) delimiter
Answer:
b) dialect

Question 13.
Find the correct statement
(I) The last record in the file may or may not have an ending line break
(II) Header is a must with the same format as record lines.
(a) (I) is true, (II) is False
(b) (I) is False, (II) – True
(c) (I), (II) – both are true
(d) (I), (II) – both are false
Answer:
(a) (I) is true, (II) is False

Question 14.
……………. is used to add elements in CSV.
a) update ()
b) write ()
c) append ()
d) addition ()
Answer:
c) append ()

Question 15.
In CSV file,………………… function is used to sort more than one column.
a) sorter ()
b) multiplesort ()
c) itemsort ()
d) morecolumns ()
Answer:
a) sorter ()

Question 16.
In open command, file name can be represented in ………………………
(a) ” ”
(b) ”
(c) $
(d) both a & b
Answer:
(d) both a & b

Question 17.
………………… method writes a row of data into the specified CSV file.
a) rows ()
b) writerow ()
c) row_data ()
d) row_write ()
Answer:
b) writerow ()

Question 18.
……………. Action is used to print the data in dictionary form; t without order.
a) diet ()
b) dictionarys ()
c) read_dict ()
d) print_dict ()
Answer:
a) diet ()

Question 19.
…………………method will free up the resources that were tied with the file.
a) freeup ()
b) open_res ()
c) resource_close ()
d) close ()]
Answer:
d) close ()]

Question 20.
In-text mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of ……………………..
(a) int
(b) float
(c) char
(d) strings
Answer:
(d) strings

Question 21.
CSV files are saved with extension
a) .CV
b) .CSV
c) .CVSC
d) .CSE
Ans :
b) .CSV

Question 22.
……………. command arranges a CSV file list value in descending order
a) listname.sort ()
b) listname.ascd ()
c) list_name. sort(reverse))
d) sorting ()
Answer:
c) list_name. sort(reverse))

Question 23.
A ……………….. is a string used to terminate lines produced by the writer.
a) Linefeed
b) Delimiters
c) Line Terminator
d) SingleQuotes
Ans:
c) Line Terminator

Question 24.
Which format is not allowed to read data from cav files?
(a) quotes
(b) pipe
(c) comma
(d) Asterisk
Answer:
(d) Asterisk

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Compare text mode and binary mode.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is the syntax for csv.reader( )?
Answer:
The syntax for csv.reader( ) is
where csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
file object – passes the path and the mode of the file
delimiter – an optional parameter containing the standard dialects like etc can be omitted.
fmtparams – optional parameter which helps to override the default values of the dialects like skipinitialspace, quoting etc. Can be omitted.

Question 3.
What is the use of the CSV file?
Answer:

• CSV is a simple file format used to store tabular data, such as a spreadsheet or database.
• Since they’re plain text, they’re easier to import into a spreadsheet or another storage database, regardless of the specific software

Question 4.
Define: Garbage collector
Answer:
Python has a garbage collector to clean up unreferenced objects but, the user must not rely on it to close the file.

Question 5.
How to read from CSV file that contains space at the beginning using register dialect() method?
Answer:

• The whitespaces can be removed, by registering new dialects using csregister, dialect () class of csv module.
• A dialect describes the format of the csv file that is to be r 4, In dialects the parameter “skipinitialspace” is used for removing whitespaces after the delimiter.

Question 6.
Define dialect.
Answer:

• A dialect is a class of csv module which helps to define parameters for reading and writing CSV.
• It allows to create, store, and re-use of various formatting parameters for data.

Question 7.
Compare: sort() and sorted ().
Answer:

• The sorted () method sorts the elements of a given item in a specific order – ascending or descending.
• sort () method performs the same way as sorted ().
• Only difference, sort ( ) method doesn’t return any value and changes the original list
  itself. ‘

Question 8.
Explain How to read CSV file into a dictionary?
Answer:

• To read a CSV file into a dictionary can be done by using DictReader class of csv module which works similar to the reader ( )class but creates an object which maps data to a dictionary.
• The keys are given by the fieldnames as parameter.

Question 9.
What are the different formats to create csv files?
Answer:

1. CSV file – data with default delimiter comma (,)
2. CSV file – data with Space at the beginning
3. CSV file – data with quotes
4. CSV file – data with custom Delimiters

Question 10.
Give the differences between writerow() and writerows() method.
Answer:

Question 11.
Define: Modification
Answer:
Making some changes in the data of the existing file or adding more data is called a modification.

Question 12.
Write a note on Line Terminator.
Answer:

• A-Line Terminator is a string used to terminate lines produced by the writer.
• The default value is \r or \n. We can write a csv file with a line terminator in Python by registering new dialects using csv. register_dialect () class of csv module.

Question 13.
Explain How to write Dictionary into CSV file with custom dialects?
Answer:
Coding:
import csv
csv.registecdialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter = ‘I; quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\\chl3\\ vgrade.
csv, ‘w’) as csvfile
fieldnames = [‘Name’, ‘Grade’]
writer = csv. Diet Writer (csvfile, fieldnames = fieldnames, dialect =”myDialect”)
writer.writeheader()
writer.writerows([{‘Grade’: ‘B’, ‘Name’: Anu’},
{‘Gra dee:’ ‘nA/ ‘Name’: ‘Beena,’}
{Grade’: ‘C: ‘Name’: ‘Tarun’}])
print(“writing completed”)

Question 14.
How will you create CSV in text editor?
Answer:

• To create a CSV file in Notepad, First open a new file using
  File → New or Ctrl +N
• Then enter the data separating each value with a comma and each row with a new line.
• Example: consider the following details
  Topic1, Topic2, Topic3
  one, two, three
  Example1, Example2, Example3
• Save this content in a file with the extension.csv.

Question 15.
Explain how to create a new normal CSV file to store data
Answer:

• The csv.writer() method returns a writer object which converts the user’s data into delimited strings on the given file-like object.
• The writerow() method writes a row of data into the specified file.
• The syntax for csv.writer() is csv. writer(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
  where,

Coding:
import csv
csvData = [[‘Student’, ‘Age’], [‘Dhanush’, ’17’], [‘Kalyani’, ’18’], [‘Ram’, ’15’]]
with open(‘c:\ \ pyprg\ \chl3\ \ Pupil.csv’, ‘w’) as CF:
writer = csv.writer(CF)
# CF is the file object
writer.writerows(csvData)
# csvData is the List name
CF.close()

Question 16.
Explain how to write CSV Files With Quotes
Answer:
We can write the csv file with quotes, by registering new dialects using
csv.register_dialect() class of csv module.

Coding:
import csv
info = [[‘SNO’, ‘Person’, ‘DOB’],
[‘1′,’Madhu’, ’18/12/2001′],
[‘2’, ‘Sowmya’,’19/2/1998′],
[‘3’, ‘Sangeetha’,’20/3/1999′],
[‘4’, ‘Eshwar’, ’21/4/2000′],
[‘5’, ‘Anand’, ’22/5/2001′]]
csv.register_
dialect(‘myDialect’,quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
with open(‘c:\ \ pyprg\ \ chl3\ \ person, csv’, ‘w’) as f:
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect=’myDialect,)
for row in info:
writer.writerow(row)
f.close()

When you open “person.csv” file, we get following output:
” SNO”,” Person” /’DOB”
“l”,”Madhu”,”18/12/2001″
“2”,”So wmya”,”19/2/1998″
” 3″,” Sangeetha” ,”20/ 3/1999″
“4”/’Eshwar”/’21/4/2000″
“5”/’Anand”,”22/5/2001″

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain how to read a specific column in a CSV file.
Answer:
Coding for printing the selected column:
import csv
#opening the csv file which is in different location with read mode f=open(“c:\\pyprg\\13ample5.csv”/r/) #reading the File with the help of csv. reader()
readFile=csv.reader(f)
#printing the selected column
for col in readFile:
print col[0],col[3]
f.close ()

Sample5.csv File in Excel

OUTPUT

Question 2.
Explain how to read the CSV file and store it in a list.
Answer:
Coding for reading the CSV file and store it in a list:
import csv
# other way of declaring the filename
inFile= ‘c:\\pyprg\\sample.csv’
F=open (inFile/ r’)
reader = csv.reader(F)
# declaring array
array Value = [ ]
# displaying the content of the list for row
in reader:
arr ay Value. append (row)
print(row)
F.close()
OUTPUT:
[‘Topic1’, ‘Topic2’, ‘Topic3’]
[‘ one’, ‘two’, ‘three’]
[‘Example!.’, ‘Example2’, ‘Example3’]

Question 3.
Explain how to read the CSV file and sort the data in a particular column.
Answer:
Coding for reading the CSV file and sort the data in a particular column:
# sort a selected column given by user
leaving the header column
import csv
# other way of declaring the filename
inFile= ‘c:\\pyprg\\sample6.csv’
# opening the csv file which is in the same location of this
python file
F=open(inFile:r’)
# reading the File with the help of csv. readerO
reader = csv.reader(F)
# skipping the first row(heading)
next(reader)
# declaring a list
array Value = [ ]
a = int(input (“Enter the column number 1 to 3:-“))
# sorting a particular column-cost
for row in reader:
arrayValue.append(row[ a])
array Value, sort ()
for row in arrayValue:
print (row)
Eclose ()
OUTPUT:
Enter the column number 1 to 3:- 2
50
12
10

Question 4.
Explain how to read CSV file with a line Terminator.
Answer:
Coding:
import csv
Data = [[‘Fruit’, ‘Quantity’], [Apple, ‘5’],
[Banana, ‘7’]’ [‘Mango: ‘8’]]
csv.register_dialect(‘myfrialect; delimiter = ‘ |’, lineterminator = ‘\n’)
with open(‘ c: \ \ py pr g\ \ ch3\ \ line .csv: ‘w’) as f:
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect=’myDialect’)
writer.writerows(Data)
f.close ()
Output:

Question 5.
Write a program to set data at runtime and writing it in a CSV file.
Answer:
Coding:
import csv
with open (‘c\\pyprg\\ch13\\
vdynamicfile.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
w = csv.writer(f)
ans= ‘y’
while (ans==’y’):
name=input (” Name?:”)
date=input(“Date of birth:”)
Place=input (“Place:”)
W.writerow([name, date, place])
ans=input(“Do you want to enter more y/n?:”)
F=open(‘c:\ \ pyprg\ \ chl3\ \ dynamicfile. csv”,r’)
reader=csv.reader (F)
for row in reader:
print (row)
F.close()
OUTPUT:
Name?: Nivethitha
Date of birth: 12/12/2001
Place: Chennai
Do you want to enter more y/n?: y
Name?: Leena
Date of birth: 15/10/2001
Place: Nagercoil
Do you want to enter more y/n?: y
Name?: Padma
Date of birth: 18/08/2001
Place: Kumbakonam
Do you want to enter more y/n?: n
[‘Nivethitha’, ’12/12/2001′, ‘Chennai’]
[]
[‘Leena’, ’15/10/2001′, ‘Nagercoil’]
[]
[‘Padma’, ’18/08/2001′, ‘Kumbakonam’]

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus  Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 7 International Economics Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 7 International Economics

12th Economics Guide International Economics Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART- A

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
Trade between two countries is known as ………………… trade.
a) External
b) Internal
c) Inter-regional
d) Home
Answer:
a) External

Question 2.
Which of the following factors influence trade?
a) The stage of development of a product.
b) The relative price of factors of productions.
c) Government
d) All of the above
Answer:
d) All of the above

Question 3.
International trade differs from domestic trade because of
a) Trade restrictions
b) Immobility of factors
c) Different government polices
d) All the Above
Answer:
d) All the Above

Question 4.
In general, a primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because
a) Some nations prefer to produce one thing while others produce another
b) Resources are not equally distributed among all trading nations
c) Trade enhances opportunities to accumulate profits
d) Interest rates are not identical in all trading nations
Answer:
b) Resources are not equally distributed among all trading nations

Question 5.
Which of the following is a modern theory of international trade?
a) Absolute cost
b) Comparative cost
c) Factor endowment theory
d) none of these
Answer:
c) Factor endowment theory

Question 6.
Exchange rates are determined in
a) Money Market
b) foreign exchange market
c) Stock Markét
d) Capital Market
Answer:
b) foreign exchange market

Question 7.
Exchange rate for currencies is determined by supply and demand under the system of
a) Fixed exchange rate
b) Flexible exchange rate .
c) Constant
d) Government regulated
Answer:
b) Flexible exchange rate .

Question 8.
‘Net export equals ………………..
a) Export x Import
b) Export + Import
c) Export – Import
d) Exports of services only
Answer:
c) Export – Import

Question 9.
Who among the following enunciated the concept of single factoral terms of trade? .
a) Jacob Viner
b) G.S.Donens
c) Taussig
d) J.S.Mill
Answer:
a) Jacob Viner

Question 10.
Terms of Trade of a country show …………..
a) Ratio of goods exported and imported
b) Ratio of import duties
c) Ratio of prices of exports and imports
d) Both (a) and (c)
Answer:
c) Ratio of prices of exports and imports

Question 11.
Favirnrable trade means value of exports are ………………… than that of imports.
a) More
b) Less
c) More or Less
d) Not more than
Answer:
a) More

Question 12.
If there is an imbalance in the trade balance (more imports than exports), it can be reduced by ……………….
a) Decreasing customs duties
b) Increasing export duties
c) Stimulating exports
d) Stimulating imports
Answer:
c) Stimulating exports

Question 13.
BOP includes . :
a) Visible items only
b) invisible items only
c) both visible and invisible items
d) merchandise trade only
Answer:
c) both visible and invisible items

Question 14.
Components of balance of payments of a country includes
a) Current account
b) Official account
c) Capital account
d) All of above
Answer:
d) All of above

Question 15.
In the case of BOT,
a) Transactions of goods are recorded.
b) Transactions of both goods and services’ are recorded
c) Both capital and financiál accounts are included
d) All of these
Answer:
a) Transactions of goods are recorded.

Question 16.
Tourism and travel are classified in which of balance of payments accounts?
a) merchandise trade account
b) services account
c) unilateral transfers account
d) capital account
Answer:
b) services account

Question 17.
Cyclical disequlibrium in BOP occurs because of
a) Different paths of business cycle.
b) The income elasticity of demand or price elasticity of demand is different.
c) long – run changes in an economy
d) Both (a) and (b).
Answer:
d) Both (a) and (b).

Question 18.
Which of the following is not an example of foreign direct investment?
a) The construction of a new auto assembly plant overseas
b) The acquisition of an existing steel mill overseas
c) The purchase of bonds or stock issued by a textile company overseas
d)The creation of a wholly owned business firm overseas
Answer:
c) The purchase of bonds or stock issued by a textile company overseas

Question 19.
Foreign direct investments not permitted in India
a) Banking
b) Automatic energy
c) Pharmaceutical
d) Insurance
Answer:
b) Automatic energy

Question 20.
Benefits of FDI include, theoretically
a) Boost in Economic Growth
b) Increase in the import and export of goods and services
c) Increased employment and skill levels
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

PART – B

Answer the following questions.
Each question carries 2 marks.

Question 21.
What is International Economics?
Answer:

1. International Economics is that branch of economics which is concerned with the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries. Hence the subject matter is mainly related to foreign trade.
2. International Economics is a specialized field of economics which deals with the economic interdependence among countries and studies the effects of such interdependence and the factors that affect it.

Question 22.
Define international trade.
Answer:
It refers to the trade or exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.

Question 23.
State any two merits of trade.
Answer:

1. Trade is one of the powerful forces of economic integration.
2. The term ‘trade’ means the exchange of goods, wares or merchandise among people.

Question 24.
What is the main difference between Adam Smith and Ricardo with regard to the emergence of foreign trade?
Answer:
According to Adam Smith, the basis of international trade was absolute cost advantage whereas Ricardo demonstrates the comparative cost Advantage.

Question 25.
Define terms of Trade.
Answer:
Terms of Trade:

1. The gains from international trade depend upon the terms of trade which refers to the ratio of export prices to import prices.
2. It is the rate at which the goods of one country are exchanged for goods of another country’.
3. It is expressed as the relation between export prices and import prices.
4. Terms of trade improve when average price of exports is higher than the average price of imports.

Question 26.
What do you mean by balance of payments?
Answer:
BOP is a systematic record of a country’s economic and financial transactions with the rest of the world over a period of time.

Question 27.
What is meant by Exchange Rate?
Answer:
Meaning of Foreign Exchange (FOREX):

1. FOREX refers to foreign currencies. The mechanism through which payments are effected between two countries having different currency systems is called the FOREX system. It covers methods of payment, rules and regulations of payment and the institutions facilitating such payments.

2. “FOREX is the system or process of converting one national currency into another, and of transferring money from one country to another”.

PART -C

Answer the following questions.
Each question carries 3 marks.

Question 28.
Describe the subject matter of International Economics.
Answer:

1. Pure Theory of Trade:
   This component includes the causes for foreign trade, and the determination of the terms of trade and exchange rates.
2. Policy Issues:
   Under this part policy issues regarding international trade are covered.
3. International Cartels and Trade Blocs:
   This part deals with the economic integration in the form of international cartels, trade blocs and also the operation of MNCs.
4. International Financial and Trade Regulatory Institutions:
   The financial institutions which influence international economic transactions and relations shall also be the part of international economics.

Question 29.
Compare the Classical Theory of international trade with the Modern Theory of International trade.
Answer:

Question 30.
Explain the Net Barter Terms of Trade and Gross Barter Terms of Trade.
Answer:
Net Barter Terms of Trade and Gross Barter Terms of Trade was developed by Taussig in 1927.
Net Barter Terms of Trade: .
It is the ratio between the prices of exports and of imports is called the ” net bar-ter terms of trade”.
It is expressed as
Tn = (Px/Pm) x 100
Tn- Net Barter Terms of Trade
Px – Index number of export Prices
Pm – Index number of import prices .
Gross barter terms of trade:
It is an index of relationship between total physical quantity of imports and the total physical quantity of exports.
Tg = (Qm/ Qx) x 100
Qm – Index of import quantities
Qx – Index of export quantities

Question 31.
Distinguish between Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments.
Answer:
Balance of Trade and Balance of payments are two different concepts in the sub-ject of International trade.

Question 32.
What are import quotas?
Answer:
Import Control: Imports may be controlled by

1. Imposing or enhancing import duties
2. Restricting imports through import quotas
3. Licensing and even prohibiting altogether the import of certain non-essential items. But this would encourage smuggling.

Question 33.
Write a brief note on the flexible exchange rate.
Answer:
Under the flexible exchange rate also known as the floating exchange rate system exchange rates are freely determined in an open market by market forces of demand and supply.

Question 34.
State the objectives of Foreign Direct Investment.
Answer:
FDI has the following objectives.

1. Sales Expansion
2. Acquisition of resources
3. Diversification
4. Minimization of competitive risk

PART – D

Answer the following questions.
Each question carries 5 marks.

Question 35.
Discuss the differences between Internal Trade and International Trade.
Answer:

Question 36.
Explain briefly the Comparative Cost Theory.
Answer:

• David Ricardo formulated a systematic theory called’ Comparative cost Theory.
  Later it was refined by J.S.Mill, Marshall, Taussig and others.
• Ricardo demonstrates that the basis of trade is the comparative cost difference.
• In other words, trade can take place even if the absolute cost difference is absent but there is comparative cost difference.

Assumptions:

•  There are only two nations and two commodities.
• Labour is the only element of cost of production.
• All labourers are of equal efficiency.
• Labour is perfectly mobile within the country but perfectly immobile between countries.
• Production is subject to the law of constant returns.
• Foreign trade is free from all barriers.
• No change in technology.
• No transport cost.
• Perfect Competition.
• Full employment.
• No government intervention.
  

Illustration:

• Ricardo’s theory of comparative cost can be explained with a hypothetical example of production costs of cloth and wheat in America and India.
• However, India should concentrate on the production of wheat in which she enjoys a comparative cost advantage. \((80 / 120 \leq 90 / 100)\)
• For America the comparative Cost disadvantage is lesser in cloth production. Hence America will specialize in the production of cloth and export it to India is exchange for wheat.
• With trade, India can get I unit of cloth and I unit of wheat by using its 160 labour units. Otherwise, India will have to use 170 units of labour, America also gains from this trade.

With trade, America can get 1 unit of cloth and one unit of wheat by using its 200 units of labour. Otherwise, America will have to use 220 units of labour for getting 1 unit of cloth and 1 unit of wheat.

Criticism:

1. Labour cost is a small portion of the total cost. Hence, theory based on labor cost is unrealistic.
2. Labourers in different countries are not equal in efficiency.

Question 37.
Discuss the Modern Theory of International Trade.
Answer:
Introduction:
The Modern theory of international trade was developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin in 1919.
The Theory:
This model was based on the Ricardian theory of international trade. This theory says that the basis for international trade is the difference in factor endowments. It is otherwise called as ‘Factor Endowment’
This Theory attributes international differences in comparative costs to

1. The difference in the endowments of factors of production between countries, and
2. Differences in the factor proportions required in production.

Assumptions:

•  There are two countries, two commodities and two factors.
• Countries differ in factor endowments.
• Commodities are categorized in terms of factor density.
• Countries use same production technology.
• Countries have identical demand conditions.
• There is perfect competition.

Explanation:
According to Heckscher – Ohlin, a capital-abundant country will export capital-intensive goods, while the labour-abundant country will export the labor-intensive goods’.

Illustration:

In the above example, even though India has more capital in absolute terms, America is more richly endowed with capital because the ratio of capital in India is 0.8 which is less than that in America where it is 1.25. The following diagram illustrate the pattern of World Trade.

Limitations:

• Factor endowment of a country may change over time.
• The efficiency of the same factor may differ in the two countries.

Question 38.
Explain the types of Terms of Trade given by Viner.
Answer:
Terms of Trade related to the Interchange between Productive Resources:

1. The Single Factorial Terms of Trade:
Viner has devised another concept called “the single factor terms of trade” as an improvement upon the commodity terms of trade. It represents the ratio of the export price index to the import-price index adjusted for changes in the productivity of a country’s factors in the production of exports. Symbolically, it can be stated as
T_f = (P_x / P_m ) F_x
Where T_f stands for single factorial terms of trade index. F_x stands for productivity in exports (which is measured as the index of cost in terms of quantity of factors of production used per unit of export).

2. Double Factorial Terms of Trade:
Viner constructed another index called “Double factorial terms of Trade”. It is expressed as
T_ff = (P_x / P_m )(F_x / F_m)
which takes into account the productivity in the country’s exports, as well as the productivity of foreign factors.
Here, F_m represents the import index (which is measured as the index of cost in terms of quantity of factors of production employed per unit of imports).

Question 39.
Bring out the components of the balance of payments account.
Answer:
The components of the BOP account of a country are:

• The current account
• The capital account
• The official Reserve assets Account

The Current Account:
It includes all international trade transactions of goods and services, international service transactions, and international unilateral transfers.

The Capital Account:
Financial transactions consisting of direct investment and purchase of interest-bearing financial instruments, non-interest bearing demand deposits and gold fall under the capital account.

The official Reserve Assets Account:
Official reserve transactions consist of movements of international reserves by governments and official agencies to accommodate imbalances arising from the current and capital accounts.
The official reserve assets of a country include its gold stock, holdings of its convertible foreign currencies and Special Drawing Rights and its net position in the International Monetary Fund.

Question 40.
Discuss the various types of disequilibrium in the balance of payments.
Answer:
Types BOP Disequilibrium:
There are three main types of BOP Disequilibrium, which are discussed below.

1. Cyclical Disequilibrium,
2. Secular Disequilibrium,
3. Structural Disequilibrium.

1. Cyclical Disequilibrium:
Cyclical disequilibrium occurs because of two reasons. First, two countries may be passing through different phases of business cycle. Secondly, the elasticities of demand may differ between countries.

2. Secular Disequilibrium:
The secular or long-run disequilibrium in BOP occurs because of long-run and deep-seated changes in an economy as it advances from one stage of growth to another. In the initial stages of development, domestic investment exceeds domestic savings and imports exceed exports, as it happens in India since 1951.

3. Structural Disequilibrium:
Structural changes in the economy may also cause balance of payments disequilibrium. Such structural changes include the development of alternative sources of supply, the development of better substitutes, exhaustion of productive resources or changes in transport routes and costs.

Question 41.
How the Rate of Exchange is determined? Illustrate.
Answer:
The equilibrium rate of exchange is determined in the foreign exchange market in accordance with the general theory of value ie, by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply. Thus, the rate of exchange is determined at the point where demand for forex is equal to the supply of forex.

In the above diagram, Y-axis represents the exchange rate, that is the value of the rupee in terms of dollars. The X-axis represents demand and supply for forex. E is the point of equilibrium where DD intersects SS. The exchange rate is P2.

Question 42.
Explain the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and economic development.
Answer:

1. FDI is an important factor in the global economy.
2. Foreign trade and FDI are closely related. In developing countries like India
3. FDI in the natural resource sector, including plantations, increases trade volume.
4. Foreign production by FDI is useful to substitute foreign trade.
5. FDI is also influenced by the income generated from the trade and regional integration schemes.
6. FDI is helpful to accelerate the economic growth by facilitating essential imports needed for carrying out development programmes like capital goods, technical know-how, raw materials, and other inputs, and even scarce consumer goods.
7. FDI may be required to fill the trade gap.
8. FDI is encouraged by the factors such as foreign exchange shortage, desire to create employment, and acceleration of the pace of economic development.
9. Many developing countries strongly prefer foreign investment to imports.
10. However, the real impact of FDI on different sections of an economy.

12th Economics Guide International Economics Additional Important Questions and Answers

One mark

Question 1.
Foreign trade means ………………………..
(a) Trade between nations of the world
(b) Trade among different states
(c) Trade among two states
(d) Trade with one nation
Answer:
(a) Trade between nations of the world

Question 2.
Inter-regional trade is otherwise called as …………………………
a) Domestic trade
b) International trade
c) Internal trade
d) Trade
Answer :
b) International trade

Question 3.
‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’was published by ……………………
a)J.S.Mill
b) Marshall
c) Taussig
d) E)avid Ricardo
Answer:
d) David Ricardo

Question 4.
The exports of India are broadly classified into ……………………….. categories.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(c) Four

Question 5.
Net Barter Terms of Trade was developed by …………………..
a) Torrance
b) Taussig
c) Marshall
d) J. S.tMill
Answer:
b) Taussig

Question 6.
Favourable Balance of payment is expressed as …………..
a) R/P = 1
b) R/P < 1
c) R/P > 1
d)R/P# l
Answer:
c) R/P > 1

Question 7.
Flexible Exchange Rate is also called as ……………
a) Nominal Exchange Rate
b) Pegged Exchange Rate
c) Floating Exchange Rate
d) Fixed Exchange Rate
Answer:
c) Floating Exchange Rate

Question 8.
The New Export-Import policy was implemented in ………………………..
(a) 1990 – 1995
(b) 1991 – 1996
(c) 1992 – 1997
(d) 1993 – 1998
Answer:
(c) 1992 – 1997

Question 9.
Inflation and exchange rates are ……………….. related
a) Positive
b) directly
c) inversely
d) negatively.
Answer:
c) inversely

Question 10.
FPI is part of capital account of ………………
a) BOT
b) BOP
c) FDI
d) FIT
Answer:
b) BOP

Question 11.
……………………….. items means the imports and exports of services and other foreign transfer transactions.
(a) Invisible
(b) Visible
(c) Exports
(d) Imports
Answer:
(a) Invisible

Question 12.
Single Factorial Terms of Trade was devised by …………………
a) Marshall
b) David Ricardo
c) Jacob viner
d) Taussig
Answer:
c) Jacob Viner

II. Match the following

Question 1.
a) Internal trade – 1) Interregional trade
b) International trade – 2) David Ricardo
c) Absolute Cost Advantage – 3) Intraregional trade
d) Comparative cost Advantage – 4) Adam smith

Answer:
c) 3 1 4 2

Question 2.
a) Net Barter Terms of Trade – 1) T_f = (P_x / P_m) F_x
b) Gross Barter Terms of Trade – 2) T_f = (P_x / P_m) Q_x
c) Income Terms of Trade – 3) T_g = (Q_m / Q_x) x 100
d) Single factoral terms of Trade – 4) T_n = (P_x / P_m) x 100

Answer:
d) 4 3 2 1

Question 3.
a) Fixed Exchange Rate – 1) NEER
b) Flexible Exchange Rate – 2) REER
c) Nominal Effective Exchange Rate – 3) Pegged exchange rate
d) Real Effective Exchange Rate – 4) Floating exchange rate

Answer:
a) 3 4 12

III. Choose the correct pair

Question 1.
a) Inflation, Exchange Rate – Directly related
b) Interest rate, Exchange Rate – Inversely related
c) Public Debt – reduces inflation
d) Inflation – The exchange rate will be lower
Answer:
d) Inflation – The exchange rate will be lower

Question 2.
a) Foreign Exchange – FOREX
b) Foreign Direct Investment – FII
c) Foreign Portfolio Investment – FDI
d) Foreign Institutional Investment – FPI
Answer:
a) Foreign Exchange – FOREX

Question 3.
a) Economic Reforms – 1992
b) Unfavourable BOP – R / P > 1
c) Favourable BOP – R/P<1
d) Devaluation of Indian currency – 29th September 1949
Answer:
d) Devaluation of Indian currency – 29th September 1949

IV. Choose the Incorrect pair

Question 1.
a) Demonstration Effect – Propensity to import
b) Cyclical Disequilibrium – Elasticities of demand remain constant
c) Secular Disequilibrium – Domestic investment exceeds domestic savings
d) Structural Disequilibrium – exhaustion of productive resources.
Answer:
b) Cyclical Disequilibrium – Elastic cities of demand remain constant

Question 2.
a) Absolute cost Advantage – Adam smith
b) Comparative cost Advantage – Ricardo
c) International product life cycle – J.S.Mill
d) Factor Endowment theory – Heckscher and Ohlin
Answer:
c) International product life cycle – J.S.Mill

3. a) Net Barter Terms of Trade – Taussig
b) Income Terms of Trade – Taussig
c)The single factorial terms of trade – Viner
b) International product life cycle – Ray Vernon
Answer:
b) Income Terms of Trade – Taussig

V. Choose the correct statement

Question 1.
a) International Economics is concerned with the exchange of goods and services between the people.
b) Absolute cost Advantage theory is based on the assumption of two countries and single commodity.
c) David Ricardo published the book ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’.
d) Heckscher – ohlin theory of international trade is called as classical theory of international trade.
Answer:
c) David Ricardo published the book ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’.

Question 2.
a) The gains from international trade depend upon the terms of trade.
b) Gerald M. Meier classified Terms of trade into four categories.
c) Gross barter terms of trade is named as commodity terms of trade by Viner.
d) The single Factoral Terms of Trade was devised by Taussig.
Answer:
a) The gains from international trade depend upon the terms of trade.

Question 3.
a) When receipts exceed payments, the BOP is said to be unfavourable.
b) When receipts are less than payments, the BOP is said to be favourable.
c) The BOP is said to be balanced when the receipts and payments are just equal.
d) Cyclical disequilibrium is caused by structural changes.
Answer:
c) The BOP is said to be balanced when the receipts and payments are just equal.

VI. Choose the incorrect statement:

Question 1.
a) Demonstration effects raise the propensity to import causing adverse balance of payments.
b) A rise in interest rate reduces foreign investment.
c) Devaluation refers to a reduction in the external value of a currency in the terms of other currencies.
d) The mechanism through which payments are effected between two countries having different currency systems is called FOREX system.
Answer:
b) A rise in interest rate reduces foreign investment.

Question 2.
a) FOREX refers to foreign currencies.
b) Exchange rate may be defined as the price paid in the home currency for a unit of foreign currency.
c) The equilibrium exchange rate is that rate, which over a certain period of time, keeps the balance of payments in equilibrium. .
d) Flexible Exchange Rate is also known as pegged exchange rate.
Answer:
d) Flexible Exchange Rate is also known as pegged exchange rate.

Question 3.
a) Terms of Trade refers to the ratio of export prices to import prices.
b) International Economics is concerned with the exchange of goods and services between two or more countries.
c) Terms of trade is the rate at which the goods of one country are exchanged for goods of another country.
d) Indian rupee was devalued four times since 1947.
Answer:
d) Indian rupee was devalued four times since 1947

VII. Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) Nomina] Exchange rate
b) Flexible Exchange rate .
c) Real Exchange rate
d) Nominal Effective Exchange rate
Answer:
b) Flexible Exchange rate

Question 2.
a) The major sectors that benefited from FDI in India are:
a) atomic energy
b) Insurance
c) telecommunication
d) Pharmaceuticals.
Answer :
a) atomic energy

VIII. Analyse the Reason:
Question 1.
Assertion (A): Foreign investment mostly takes the form of direct investment,
Reason (R): FDI may help to increase the investment level and thereby the income and employment in the host country.
Answer:
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Terms of trade refers to the ratio of export prices to import prices.
Reason (R) : The gains from international trade depend upon the terms of trade.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : Trade between countries can take place even if the abso¬ lute cost difference is absent but there is the comparative cost difference.
Reason (R) : A country can gain from trade when it produces at relatively lower costs.
Answer:
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Options:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) Assertion (A) is true, Reason (R) is false.
d) Both (A) and (R) are false.

IX. 2 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Define “Domestic Trade”?
Answer:

1. It refers to the exchange of goods and services within the political and geographical boundaries of a nation.
2. It is a trade within a country.
3. This is also known as ‘domestic trade’ or ‘home trade’ or ‘intra-regional trade’.

Question 2.
Name the types of trade.
Answer:

1. Internal Trade
2. International Trade.

Question 3.
What is meant by Internal trade?
Answer:
Internal Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services within the political and geographical boundaries of a nation.

Question 4.
State Adam smith’s theory of Absolute cost Advantage.
Answer:
Adam smith stated that all nations can be benefited when there is free trade and specialisation in terms of their absolute cost advantage.

Question 5.
Write Modern Theory of International Trade Limitations?
Answer:
Limitations:

1. Factor endowment of a country may change over time.
2. The efficiency of the same factor (say labour) may differ in the two countries.
3. For example, America may be labour scarce in terms of number of workers. But in terms of efficiency, the total labour may be larger.

Question 6.
Give note on Income Terms of Trade.
Answer:
Income terms of trade is the net barter terms of trade of a country multiplied by its exports volume index.

Question 7.
What is Balance of Trade?
Answer:
Balance of Trade refers to the total value of a country’s exports of commodities and total value of imports of commodities.
8. Give note on Balance of Payments Disequilibrium.
The BOP is said to be balanced when the receipts (R) and Payments (P) are just equal.
R/P = 1

Question 8.
Write favourable and unfavourable balance of payments and equations?
Answer:
Favourable BoP: When receipts exceed payments, the BoP is said to be favourable. That is, R / P > 1.
Unfavourable BOP: When receipts are less than payments, the BoP is said to be unfavourable or adverse. That is, R / P < 1.

Question 9.
Define Equilibrium Exchange Rate.
Answer:
The equilibrium exchange rate is that rate, which over a certain period of time, keeps the balance of payments in equilibrium.
X. 3 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What are the factors determining Exchange Rate?
Answer:

1. Differentials in Inflation
2. Differentials in Interest Rates
3. Current Account Deficits
4. Public Debt
5. Terms of Trade
6. Political and Economic stability
7. Recession
8. Speculation.

Question 2.
Write Ricardo’s Theory of Comparative Cost Advantage Assumptions/
Answer:
Assumptions:

1. There are only two nations and two commodities (2 × 2 models)
2. Labour is the only element of the cost of production.
3. All labourers are of equal efficiency.
4. Labour is perfectly mobile within the country but perfectly immobile between countries.
5. Production is subject to the law of constant returns.
6. Foreign trade is free from all barriers.
7. No change in technology.
8. No transport cost.
9. Perfect competition.
10. Full employment.
11. No government intervention.

Question 3.
Name the Industrial sectors of India where FDI is not permitted.
Answer:

• Arms and ammunition
• Atomic energy
• Railways
• Coal and lignite
• Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamond, copper etc.

XI. 5 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Explain Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute Cost Advantage.
Answer:
Adam Smith explained the theory of absolute cost advantage in 1776.
Adam Smith argued that all nations can be benefited when there is free trade and specialisation in terms of their absolute cost advantage.

Adam smith’s theory:
According to Adam Smith, the basis of international trade was absolute cost advantage. Trade between two countries would be mutually beneficial when one country produces a commodity at an absolute cost advantage over the other country which in turn produces another commodity at an absolute
cost advantage over the first country.

Assumptions:

• There are two countries and two commodities
• Labour is the only factor of production
• Labour units are homogeneous
• The cost or price of a commodity is measured by the amount of labour required to produce it.
• There is no transport cost.

Illustration:


From the illustration, it is clear that India has an absolute advantage in the production of wheat over china and china has an absolute advantage in the production of cloth over India.
Therefore India should specialize in the production of wheat and import cloth from china. China should specialize in the production of cloth and import wheat from India and China.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the Gains from International Trade Categories?
Answer:
Gains from International Trade:

1. International trade helps a country to export its surplus goods to other countries and secure a better market for it.
2. Similarly, international trade helps a country to import goods which cannot be produced at all or can be produced at a higher cost.
3. The gains from international trade may be categorized under four heads.

I. Efficient Production:

1. International trade enables each participatory country to specialize in the production of goods in which it has absolute or comparative advantages.
2. International specialization offers the following gains.
   • Better utilization of resources.
   • Concentration in the production of goods in which it has a comparative advantage.
   • Saving in time.
   • Perfection of skills in production.
   • Improvement in the techniques of production.
   • Increased production.
   • Higher standard of living in the trading countries.

II. Equalization of Prices between Countries:
International trade may help to equalize prices in all the trading countries.

1. Prices of goods are equalized between the countries (However, in reality, it has not happened).
2. The difference is only with regard to the cost of transportation.
3. Prices of factors of production are also equalized (However, in reality, it has not happened).

III. Equitable Distribution of Scarce Materials:
International trade may help the trading countries to have equitable distribution of scarce resources.

IV. General Advantages of International Trade:

1. Availability of a variety of goods for consumption.
2. Generation of more employment opportunities.
3. Industrialization of backward nations.
4. Improvement in the relationship among countries (However, in reality, it has not happened).
5. Division of labour and specialisation.
6. Expansion in transport facilities.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 14 Importing C++ Programs in Python Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 14 Importing C++ Programs in Python

12th Computer Science Guide Importing C++ Programs in Python Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following is not a scripting language?
a) JavaScript
b) PHP
c) Perl
d) HTML
Answer:
d) HTML

Question 2.
Importing C++ program in a Python program is called
a) wrapping
b) Downloading
c) Interconnecting
d) Parsing
Answer:
a) wrapping

Question 3.
The expansion of API is
a) Application Programming Interpreter
b) Application Programming Interface
c) Application Performing Interface
d) Application Programming Interlink
Answer:
b) Application Programming Interface

Question 4.
A framework for interfacing Python and C++ is
a) Ctypes
b) SWIG
c) Cython
d) Boost
Answer:
d) Boost

Question 5.
Which of the following is a software design technique to split your code into separate parts?
a) Object oriented Programming
b) Modular programming
c) Low Level Programming
d) Procedure oriented Programming
Answer:
b) Modular programming

Question 6.
The module which allows you to interface with the Windows operating system is
a) OS module
b) sys module
c) csv module
d) getopt module
Answer:
a) OS module

Question 7.
getopt() will return an empty array if there is no error in splitting strings to
a) argv variable
b) opt variable
c) args variable
d) ifile variable
Answer:
c) args variable

Question 8.
Identify the function call statement in the following snippet.
if_name_ ==’_main_’:
main(sys.argv[1:])
a) main(sys.argv[1:])
b) _name_
c) _main_
d) argv
Answer:
a) main(sys.argv[1:])

Question 9.
Which of the following can be used for processing text, numbers, images, and scientific data?
a) HTML
b) C
c) C++
d) PYTHON
Answer:
d) PYTHON

Question 10.
What does _name_ contains ?
a) C++ filename
b) main() name
c) python filename
d) os module name
Answer:
c) python filename

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the theoretical difference between Scripting language and other programming languages?
Answer:
The theoretical difference between the two is that scripting languages do not require the 228 compilation step and are rather interpreted. For example, normally, a C++ program needs to be compiled before running whereas, a scripting language like JavaScript or Python needs not to be compiled. A scripting language requires an interpreter while a programming language requires a compiler.

Question 2.
Differentiate compiler and interpreter.
Answer:
Compiler:

1. It converts the whole program at a time
2. It is faster
3. Error detection is difficult. Eg. C++

Interpreter:

1. line by line execution of the source code.
2. It is slow
3. It is easy Eg. Python

Question 3.
Write the expansion of (i) SWIG (ii) MinGW
Answer:
i) SWIG – Simplified Wrapper Interface Generator
ii) MINGW – Minimalist GNU for Windows

Question 4.
What is the use of modules?
Answer:
We use modules to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files. Furthermore, modules provide reusability of code. We can define our most used functions in a module and import it, instead of copying their definitions into different programs.

Question 5.
What is the use of cd command? Give an example.
Answer:

• cd command is used to change the directory.
• cd command refers to the change directory and absolute path refers to the coupling path.

Syntax:
cd<absolute path>
Example:
“cd c:\program files\open office 4\program”

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate PYTHON and C++
Answer:
PYTHON:

1. Python is typically an “interpreted” language
2. Python is a dynamic-typed language
3. Data type is not required while declaring a variable
4. It can act both as scripting and general-purpose language

C++:

1. C++ is typically a “compiled” language
2. C++ is compiled statically typed language
3. Data type is required while declaring a variable
4. It is a general-purpose language

Question 2.
What are the applications of a scripting language?
Answer:

• To automate certain tasks in a program
• Extracting information from a data set
• Less code-intensive as compared to traditional programming language
• Can bring new functions to applications and glue complex systems together

Question 3.
What is MinGW? What is its use?
Answer:
MinGW refers to a set of runtime header files, used in compiling and linking the code of C, C++ and FORTRAN to be run on the Windows Operating System.

MinGw-W64 (a version of MinGW) is the best compiler for C++ on Windows. To compile and execute the C++ program, you need ‘g++’ for Windows. MinGW allows to compile and execute C++ program dynamically through Python program using g++.

Python program that contains the C++ coding can be executed only through the minGW-w64 project run terminal. The run terminal opens the command-line window through which the Python program should be executed.

Question 4.
Identify the modulo operator, definition name for the following welcome.display()
Answer:

Question 5.
What is sys.argv? What does it contain?
Answer:
sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments passed to the Python program, argv contains all the items that come along via the command-line input, it’s basically an array holding the command-line arguments of the program.
To use sys.argv, you will first have to import sys. The first argument, sys.argv[0], is always the name of the program as it was invoked, and sys.argv[l] is the first argument you pass to the program (here it is the C++ file).
For example:
main(sys.args[1]) Accepts the program file (Python program) and the input file (C++ file) as a list(array). argv[0] contains the Python program which is need not to be passed because by default _main_ contains source code reference and argv[l] contains the name of the C++ file which is to be processed.

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write any five features of Python.
Answer:

• Python uses Automatic Garbage Collection
• Python is a dynamically typed language.
• Python runs through an interpreter.
• Python code tends to be 5 to 10 times shorter than that written in C++.
• In Python, there is no need to declare types explicitly
• In Python, a function may accept an argument of any type, and return multiple values without any kind of declaration beforehand.

Question 2.
Explain each word of the following command.
Python < filename.py > – < i >< C++ filename without cpp extension >
Answer:
Python < filename.py > -i < C++ filename without cpp extension >

Example: Python pycpp.py -i pali

Question 3.
What is the purpose of sys, os, getopt module in Python. Explain
Answer:
Python’s sys module:
This module provides access to some variables used by the interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.

Python’s OS module:

• The OS module in Python provides a way of using operating system dependent functionality.
• The functions that the OS module allows you to interface with the Windows operating system where Python is running on.

Python getopt module:

• The getopt module of Python helps us to parse (split) command-line options and arguments.
• This module provides two functions to enable command-line argument parsing.

Question 4.
Write the syntax for getopt( ) and explain its arguments and return values
Answer:
Syntax of getopt():
, =getopt.
getopt(argv,options, [long options])
where

i) argv:
This is the argument list of values to be parsed (splited). In our program the complete command will be passed as a list.

ii) options:
This is string of option letters that the Python program recognize as, for input or for output, with options (like or ‘o’) that followed by a colon (r), Here colon is used to denote the mode.

iii) long_options :
This parameter is passed with a list of strings. Argument of Long options should be followed by an equal sign C=’). In our program the C++ file name will be passed as string and ‘I’ also will be passed along with to indicate it as the input file.

• getopt( ) method returns value consisting of two elements.
• Each of these values are stored separately in two different list (arrays) opts and args.
• opts contains list of splitted strings like mode, path.
• args contains any string if at all not splitted because of wrong path or mode.
• args will be an empty array if there is no error in splitting strings by getopt().

Example:
opts, args = getopt. getopt
(argv, “i:”, [‘ifile=’])

In our examples since the entire command line commands are parsed and no leftover argument, the second argument argswill be empty [ ].
If args is displayed using print () command it displays the output as [].

Question 5.
Write a Python program to execute the following C++ coding?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{ cout«“WELCOME”;
return (0);
}
The above C++ program is saved in a file welcome.cpp
Python program
Type in notepad and save as welcome.cpp
Answer:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
cout<<“WELCOME”;
retum(0);
}
Open Notepad and type python program and save as welcome.py
import sys,os,getopt
def main(argv):
cppfile =”
exefile = ”
opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv, “i:”, [ifile = ‘])
for o,a in opts:
if o in (“_i”,” ifile “):
cpp_file = a+ ‘.cpp’
exe_file = a+ ‘.exe’
run(cpp_file, exe_file)
def run(cpp_file, exe_file):
print(“compiling” +cpp_file)
os.system(‘g++’ +cpp_file + ‘_o’ + exe_file)
print(“Running” + exe_file)
print(“………………………….”)
print
os.system(exe_file)
print
if — name — == ‘–main –‘;
main(sys.argv[1:])
Output:
——————-
WELCOME
——————-

12th Computer Science Guide Importing C++ Programs in Python Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which one of the following language act as both scripting and general-purpose language?
(a) python
(b) c
(c) C++
(d) html
Answer:
(a) python

Question 2.
_______ can act both as scripting and general-purpose language.
a) Python
b) C
c) C++
d) Html
Answer:
a) Python

Question 3.
Identify the script language from the following.
(a) Html
(b) Java
(c) Ruby
(d) C++
Answer:
(c) Ruby

Question 4.
language use automatic garbage collection?
a) C++
b) Java
c) C
d) Python
Answer:
d) Python

Question 5.
is required for the scripting language.
a) Compiler
b) Interpreter
c) Python
d) Modules
Answer:
b) Interpreter

Question 6.
How many values can be returned by a function in python?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) many
Answer:
(d) many

Question 7.
is an expansion of MinGW
a) Minimalist Graphics for windows
b) Minimum GNU for windows
c) Minimalist GNU for Windows
d) Motion Graphics for windows
Answer:
c) Minimalist GNU for Windows

Question 8.
………….. is not a python module.
a) Sys
b) OS
c) Getopt
d) argv
Answer:
d) argv

Question 9.
Which of the following language codes are linked by MinGW on windows OS?
(a) C
(b) C++
(c) FORTRAN
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 10.
is both a python-like language for writing C extensions.
a) Boost
b) Cython
c) SWIG
d) Ctypes
Answer:
b) Cython

Question 11.
refers to a set of runtime header files used in compiling and linking the C++ code to be run or window OS.
a) SWIG
b) MinGW
c) Cython
d) Boost
Answer:
b) MinGW

Question 12.
Which is a software design technique to split the code into separate parts?
a) Procedural programming
b) Structural programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) Modular Programming
Answer:
d) Modular Programming

Question 13.
Which refers to a file containing python statements and definitions?
a) Procedures
b) Modules
c) Structures
d) Objects
Answer:
b) Modules

Question 14.
Which symbol inos. system ( ) indicates that all strings are concatenated and sends that as a list.
a) +
b) .
c) ()
d) –
Answer:
a) +

Question 15.
The input mode in the python command is given by ………………………….
(a) -i
(b) o
(c) -p
Answer:
(a) -i

Question 16
the command is used to clear the screen in the command window.
a) els
b) Clear
c) Clr
d) Clrscr
Answer:
a) els

Question 17.
The keyword used to import the module is
a) Include
b) Input
c) Import
d) None of these
Answer:
c) Import

Question 18.
Which in os.system( ) indicates that all strings are concatenated?
(a) +
(b) –
(c) #
(d) *
Answer:
(a) +

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Define wrapping.
Answer:
Importing a C++ program in a Python program is called wrapping up of C++ in Python.

Question 2.
Explain how to import C++ Files in Python.
Answer:
Importing C++ Files in Python:

• Importing a C++ program in a Python program is called wrapping up of C++ in Python.
• Wrapping or creating Python interfaces for C++ programs is done in many ways.

The commonly used interfaces are

• Python-C-API (API-Application Programming Interface for interfacing with C programs)
• Ctypes (for interfacing with c programs)
• SWIG (Simplified Wrapper Interface Generator- Both C and C++)
• Cython (Cython is both a Python-like language for writing C-extensions)
• Boost. Python (a framework for interfacing Python and C++)
• MinGW (Minimalist GNU for Windows)

Question 3.
Define: g++
Answer:
g++ is a program that calls GCC (GNU C Compiler) and automatically links the required C++ library files to the object code.

Question 4.
Write a note on scripting language?
Answer:
A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and communicating with other programming languages. Some of the most widely used scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, ASP, and Tel.

Question 5.
What is garbage collection in python?
Answer:

• Python deletes unwanted objects (built-in types or class instances) automatically to free the memory space.
• The process by which Python periodically frees and reclaims blocks of memory that no longer are in use is called Garbage Collection.

Question 6.
Define: GNU C compiler.
Answer:
g++ is a program that calls GCC (GNU C Compiler) and automatically links the required C++library files to the object code

Question 7.
Explain how to execute a C++ program through python using the MinGW interface? Give example
Answer:
Executing C++Program through Python: C:\Program Files\OpenOffiice 4\
Python.
cd<absolute path>

Question 8.
Write a note on

1. cd command
2. els command

Answer:

1. cd command: The cd command refers to changes directory and absolute path refers to the complete path where Python is installed.
2. els command: To clear the screen in the command window.

Question 9.
Define: Modular programming
Answer:

• Modular programming is a software design technique to split your code into separate parts.
• These parts are called modules. The focus for this separation should have modules with no or just a few dependencies upon other modules.

Question 10.
Define

1. sys module
2. OS module
3. getopt module

Answer:

1. sys module provides access to some variables used by the interpreter and to functions that interact with the interpreter.
2. OS module in Python provides a way of using operating system-dependent functionality.
3. The getopt module of Python helps you to parse (split) command-line options and arguments.

Question 11.
Explain how to import modules and access the function inside the module in python?
Answer:

• We can import the definitions inside a module to another module.
• We use the import keyword to do this.
• Using the module name we can access the functions defined inside the module.
• The dot (.) operator is used to access the functions.
• The syntax for accessing the functions from the module is < module name >

Example:
>>> factorial.fact(5)
120
Where
Factorial – Module name. – Dot Operator fact (5) – Function call

Question 12.
Explain Module with suitable example
Answer:

• Modules refer to a file containing Python statements and definitions.
• A file containing Python code, for e.g. factorial.py, is called a module and its module name would be factorial.
• We use modules to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files.
• Modules provide reusability of code.
• We can define our most used functions in a module and import it, instead of copying their definitions into different programs.

Example:
def fact(n): f=l
if n == 0:
return 0
elif n == 1:
return 1
else:
for i in range(l, n+1):
f= f*i
print (f)
Output:
>>>fact (5)
120

Question 13.
Write an algorithm for executing C++ program pali_cpp.cpp using python program.pall.py.
Answer:
Step 1:
Type the C++ program to check whether the input number is palindrome or not in notepad and save it as “pali_cpp.cpp”.
Step 2:
Type the Python program and save it as pali.py
Step 3:
Click the Run Terminal and open the command window
Step 4:
Go to the folder of Python using cd command
Step 5:
Type the command Python pali.py -i pali_ CPP

Question 14.
Explain _name_ is one such special variable which by default stores the name of the file.
Answer:

• _name_ is a built-in variable which evaluates the name of the current module.
• Example: if _name_ == ‘_main _’: main

Question 15.
How Python is handling the errors in C++.
Answer:
Python not only execute the successful C++ program, but it also helps to display even errors if any in C++ statement during compilation.
Example:
// C++ program to print the message Hello
/ / Now select File—^New in Notepad and type the C++ program #include using namespace std; int main()
{
std::cout«/,hello// return 0;
}
/ / Save this file as hello.cpp
#Now select File → New in Notepad and type the Python program as main.py
#Program that compiles and executes a .cpp file
The output of the above program :

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
a) Write a Python code to display all the records of the following table using fetchmany().

Python Program:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(” Academy.db”) cursor = connection.cursorQ student_data = [(‘3001″,”Chithirai”,”353″),
(‘3002″ ,”Vaigasii”,”411″),
(‘3003″,” Aani”,”374″),
(‘3004″,” Aadi”,”289″),
(‘3005″,”Aavanii”,”507″),
(‘3006″,”Purattasi”,”521″),]
for p in student_data:
format_str = “””INSERT INTO Student (Regno, Name, Marks) VALUES (“{regno}”,”{name}”,”{marks}”);”””
sql_command = format_str.format(regno=p[0], name=p[l], marks = p[4])
cursor.execute(sql_command)
cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM student”)
result = cursor. fetchmany(6)
print(*result,sep=:”\n”) connection.commit() connection.close()

b) Write a Python Script to display the following Pie chart.

Answer:
(Pie chart not given in question paper, Let us consider the following pie chart)
import matplotlib.pyplot as pit sizes = [89, 80, 90,100, 75]
labels = [“Tamil”, “English”, “Maths”, “Science”, “Social”]
plt.pie (sizes, labels = labels, autopet = “%.2f “)
plt.axes().set_aspect (“equal”)
plt.show()

Question 2.
Write a C++ program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not. Write a program to execute it?
Answer:
Example:- Write a C++ program to enter any number and check whether the number is palindrome or not using while loop.
/*. To check whether the number is palindrome or not using while loop.*/
//Now select File-> New in Notepad and type the C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; intmain( )
{
int n, num, digit, rev = 0;
cout << “Enter a positive number:”;
cin>>num;
n = num;
while(num)
{ digit=num% 10;
rev= (rev* 10) +digit;
num = num/10;
cout << “The reverse of the number is:”<<rev <<end1;
if (n ==rev)
cout<< “The number is a palindrome”;
else
cout<< “The number is a palindrome”;
return 0;
}
//save this file as pali_cpp.cpp
#Now select File → New in Notepad and type the Python program
#Save the File as pali.py.Program that complies and executes a .cpp file
import sys, os, getopt
def main(argv);
cpp_file=”
exe_file=”
opts.args = getopt.getopt(argv, “i:”,[‘ifile-])
for o, a in opts:
if o in (“-i”, “—file”):
cpp_file =a+ ‘.cpp’
exe_file =a+ ‘.exe’
run(cpp_file, exe_file)
def run(cpp_file, exe_file):
print(“Compiling” + eppfile)
os.system(‘g++’ + cpp_file +’ -o’ + exe file)
print(“Running” + exe_file)
print(“——————“)
print
os.system(exefile)
print
if_name_==’_main_’: #program starts executing from here
main(sys.argv[1:])
The output of the above program:
C:\Program Files\OpenOffice 4\program>Python c:\pyprg\pali.py -i c:\pyprg\pali_cpp
Compiling c:\pyprg\pali_cpp.cpp
Running c:\pyprg\pali_cpp.exe
———————————–
Enter a positive number: 56765
The reverse of the number is: 56765
The number is a palindrome
C:\Program Files\OpenOffice 4\program>Python c:\pyprg\pali.py -i c:\pyprg\pali_cpp Compiling c:\pyprg\pali_cpp.cpp Running c:\pyprg\pali_cpp.exe
Enter a positive number: 56756
The reverse of the number is: 65765
The number is not a palindrome
————————

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.1 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.1

Question 1.
Evaluate Δ (log ax).
Solution:
Δ log (ax) = log (ax + h) – log ax
= log [ \(\frac { ax+h }{ax}\) ] = log[\(\frac { ax }{ax}\) + \(\frac { h }{ax}\)]
= log [1 + \(\frac { h }{ax}\)]

Question 2.
If y = x³ – x² + x -1 calculate the values of y for x= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and form the forward differences table.
Solution:
Given y = x³ – x² + x – 1
when x = 0 y = -1
when x = 1
y = 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 = 0
when x = 2
y = 8 – 4 + 2 – 1 = 5
for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
when x = 3
y = 27 – 9 + 3 – 1 = 20
when x = 4
y = 64 – 16 + 4 – 1 = 51
when x = 5
y = 125 – 25 + 5 – 1 = 104

Question 3.
If h = 1 then prove that (E^-1 Δ)x³ = 3x² – 3x + 1
Solution:
h = 1 To prove (E^-1 ∆) x3 = 3×2 – 3x + 1
L.H.S = (E^-1 ∆) x³ = E^-1 (∆x³)
= E^-1[(x + h)³ – x³]
= E^-1( x + h)³ – E^-1(x³)
= (x – h + h)³ – (x – h)³
= x³ – (x – h)³
But given h = 1
So(E^-1 ∆) x³ = x³ – (x – 1)³
= x³ – [x³ – 3x² + 3x – 1]
= 3x² – 3x + 1
= RHS

Question 4.
If f(x) = x² + 3x than show that Δf(x) = 2x + 4
Solution:
Given f(x) = x³ + 3x; h = 1
Δf(x) = f (x + h) – f(x)
= (x + 1)² + 3 (x + 1) – (x² + 3x)
= x² + 2x + 1 + 3x + 3 – x² + 3x
= 2x + 4
∴ Δf(x) = 2x + 4

Question 5.
Evaluate Δ [ \(\frac { 1 }{(x+1)+(x+2)}\) ] by taking ‘1’ as the interval of differencing
Solution:

Question 6.
Find the missing entry in the following table

Solution:
Since only four values of f(x) are given the polynomial which fits the data is of degree three. Hence fourth differences are zeros.
(ie) Δ⁴ y₀ = 0
(E – 1)⁴ y₀ = 0
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1) y₀ = 0
E⁴y₀ – 4E³ y₀ + 6E²y₀ – 4E y₀ + 1y₀ = 0
y₄ – 4y₃ + 6y₂ – 4y₁+ y₀ = o
81 – 4y₃ + 6(9) – 4(3) + 1 = 0
81 – 4y₃ + 54 – 12 + 1 = 0
136 – 12 – 4y₃ = 0
4y₃ = 124
y₃ = \(\frac { 124 }{4}\)
∴ y₃ = 31

Question 7.
Following are the population of a district

Find the population of the year 1911
Solution:
Since only five values of fix) are given, the polynomial which fits the data is of degree four. Hence fifth differences are zeros.
(ie) Δ⁵ y₀ = 0
(E – 1)⁵ y₀ = 0
(E⁵ – 5E⁴ + 10E³ – 10E² + 5E – 1) y₀ = 0
E⁵y₀ – 5E⁴y₀ + 10E³y₀ – 10E²y₀ + 5E y₀ – y₀ = 0
y₅ – 5y₄ + 10y₃ – 10y₂ + 5y₁ – y₀ = 0
501 – 5 (467) + 10(y₃) -10 (421) + 5 (391) – 363 = 0
2456 – 6908 + 10y₃ = 0
-4452 + 10y₃ = 0 ⇒ 10y₃ = 4452
y = \(\frac { 4452 }{10}\) = 445.2
The population of the year 1911 is 445.2 thousands

Question 8.
Find the missing entries from the following.

Solution:
Since four values of f(x) are given we assume the polynomial of degree three. Hence fourth order differences are zeros.
(ie) Δ⁴y₀ = 0 (ie) (E – 1)⁴ y_k = 0
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1) y_k = 0 ……… (1)
Put k = 0 in (1)
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1) y₀ = 0
E⁴y₀ – 4E³y₀ + 6E³y₀ – 4Ey₀ + y₀ = 0
y₄ – 4y₃ + 6y₂ – 4y₁ + y₀ = 0
y₄ – 4 (15) + 6(8) – 4y₁ + 0 = 0
y₄ – 4y₁ = 12 …….. (2)
Put k = 1 in eqn (1)
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1) y₁ = 0
y₅ – 4y₄ + 6y₃ – 4y₂ + y₁ = 0
35 – 4 (y₄) + 6(15) – 4(8) + y₁ = 0
35 – 4y₄ + 90 – 32 + y₁ = 0
-4y₄ + y₁ + 125 – 32 = 0
-4y₄ + y₁ = -93 ………. (3)
Solving eqn (2) & (3)

Substitute y = 3 in eqn (2)
y₄ – 4(3) = 12
y₄ – 12 = 12
y₄ = 12 + 12
∴ y₄ = 24
The required two missing entries are 3 and 24.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 15 Data Manipulation Through SQL Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 15 Data Manipulation Through SQL

12th Computer Science Guide Data Manipulation Through SQL Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1
Which of the following is an organized collection of data?
a) Database
b) DBMS
c) Information
d) Records
Answer:
a) Database

Question 2.
SQLite falls under which database system?
a) Flat file database system
b) Relational Database system
c) Hierarchical database system
d) Object oriented Database system
Answer:
b) Relational Database system

Question 3.
Which of the following is a control structure used to traverse and fetch the records of the database?
a) Pointer
b) Key
c) Cursor
d) Insertion point
Answer:
c) Cursor

Question 4.
Any changes made in the values of the record should be saved by the command
a) Save
b) Save As
c) Commit
d) Oblige
Answer:
c) Commit

Question 5.
Which of the following executes the SQL command to perform some action?
a) execute()
b) Key()
c) Cursor()
d) run()
Answer:
a) execute()

Question 6.
Which of the following function retrieves the average of a selected column of rows in a table?
a) Add()
b) SUM()
c) AVG()
d) AVERAGE()
Answer:
c) AVG()

Question 7.
The function that returns the largest value of the selected column is
a) MAX()
b) LARGE ()
c) HIGH ()
d) MAXIMUM ()
Answer:
a) MAX()

Question 8.
Which of the following is called the master table?
a) sqlite_master
b) sql_master
c) main_master
d) master_main
Answer:
a) sqlite_master

Question 9.
The most commonly used statement in SQL is
a) cursor
b) select
c) execute
d) commit
Answer:
b) select

Question 10.
Which of the following clause avoid the duplicate?
a) Distinct
b) Remove
c) Wher
d) Group By
Answer:
a) Distinct

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Mention the users who use the Database.
Answer:
Users of databases can be human users, other programs, or applications.

Question 2.
Which method is used to connect a database? Give an example.
Answer:

• Connect()method is used to connect a database
• Connecting to a database means passing the name of the database to be accessed.
• If the database already exists the connection will open the same. Otherwise, Python will open a new database file with the specified name.

Example:
import sqlite3
# connecting to the database
connection = sqlite3.connect (“Academy.db”)
# cursor
cursor = connection. cursor()

Question 3.
What is the advantage of declaring a column as “INTEGER PRIMARY KEY”
Answer:
If a column of a table is declared to be an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, then whenever a NULL will be used as an input for this column, the NULL will be automatically converted into an integer which will one larger than the highest value so far used in that column. If the table is empty, the value 1 will be used.

Question 4.
Write the command to populate record in a table. Give an example.
Answer:

• To populate (add record) the table “INSERT” command is passed to SQLite.
• “execute” method executes the SQL command to perform some action.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect
(“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
CREATE TABLE Student ()
Rollno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
Sname VARCHAR(20), Grade CHAR(1),
gender CHAR(l), Average DECIMAL
(5,2), birth_date DATE);”””
cursor.execute(sql_command)
sqLcommand = “””INSERT INTO Student (Rollno, Sname, Grade, gender, Average, birth_date)
VALUES (NULL, “Akshay”, “B”, “M”, “87.8”, “2001-12-12″);”””
cursof.execute(sql_ command) sqLcommand .= “””INSERT INTO Student \ (Rollno, Sname, Grade, gender, Average, birth_date)
VALUES (NULL, “Aravind”, “A”, “M”, “92.50”,”2000-08-17″);””” cursor.execute (sql_ command)
#never forget this, if you want the changes to be saved:
connection.commit()
connection.close()
print(“Records are populated”)
OUTPUT:
Records are populated

Question 5.
Which method is used to fetch all rows from the database table?
Answer:
Displaying all records using fetchall( )
The fetchall( ) method is used to fetch all rows from the database table
result = cursor.fetchall( )

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is SQLite? What is its advantage?
Answer:

• SQLite is a simple relational database system, which saves its data in regular data files or even in the internal memory of the computer.
• SQLite is designed to be embedded in applications, instead of using a separate database server program such as MySQL or Oracle.
• SQLite is fast, rigorously tested, and flexible, making it easier to work.

Question 2.
Mention the difference between fetchone() and fetchmany().
Answer:

Question 3.
What is the use of the Where Clause? Give a python statement Using the where clause.
Answer:

• The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.
• The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.
connect(“Academy, db”)
cursor = connection. cursor()
cursor, execute (“SELECT DISTINCT (Grade) FROM student where gender=’M'”)
result = cursor. fetchall()
print(*result, sep=”\n”)
OUTPUT:
(‘B’,)
(‘A’,)
(‘C’,)
(‘D’,)

Question 4.
Read the following details. Based on that write a python script to display department wise records.
Database name: organization, db
Table name: Employee
Columns in the table: Eno,
EmpName,
Esal, Dept

Contents of Table: Employee

Coding:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3. connect
(” organization, db”)
cursor = connection, cursor ()
sqlcmd=””” SELECT *FROM
Employee ORDER BY Dept”””
cursor, execute (sqlcmd)
result = cursor, fetchall ()
print (“Department wise Employee List”)
for i in result:
print(i)
connection. close()
Output:
Department wise Employee List
(1003,’Helena’,32000, ‘Accounts’)
(1001,’Aswin’,28000,’IT’)
(1005,’Hycinth’,41000,’IT’)

Question 5.
Read the following details.Based on that write a python script to display records in desending order of Eno
Database name : organization.db
Table name : Employee
Columns in the table : Eno, EmpName, Esal, Dept
Contents of Table: Employee

Coding:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3 . connect
(“organization, db”)
cursor = connection, cursor ()
cursor, execute (“SELECT *
FROM Employee ORDER BY Eno DESC”)
result = cursor, fetchall ()
print (“Department wise
Employee List in descending order:”)
for i in result:
print(i)
connection.close()
Output:
Department wise Employee List in descending order:
(1005,’Hycinth’,41000,’IT’)
(1003,’Helena’,32000, ‘Accounts’)
(1001,’Aswin’,28000,’IT’)

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write in brief about SQLite and the steps used to use it.
Answer:
SQLite is a simple relational database system, which saves its data in regular data files or even in the internal memory of the computer. It is designed to be embedded in applications, instead of using a separate database server program such as MySQL or Oracle. SQLite is fast, rigorously tested, and flexible, making it easier to work. Python has a native library for SQLite. To use SQLite,
Step 1 import sqliteS
Step 2 create a connection using connect ( ) method and pass the name of the database File
Step 3 Set the cursor object cursor = connection.cursor( )

1. Connecting to a database in step2 means passing the name of the database to be accessed. If the database already exists the connection will open the same. Otherwise, Python will open a new database file with the specified name.
2. Cursor in step 3: is a control structure used to traverse and fetch the records of the database.
3. Cursor has a major role in working with Python. All the commands will be executed using cursor object only.

To create a table in the database, create an object and write the SQL command in it.
Example:- sql_comm = “SQL statement”
For executing the command use the cursor method and pass the required sql command as a parameter. Many commands can be stored in the SQL command can be executed one after another. Any changes made in the values of the record should be saved by the command “Commit” before closing the “Table connection”.

Question 2.
Write the Python script to display all the records of the following table using fetchmany()

Answer:
Database : supermarket
Table : electronics
Python Script:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect
(” supermarket. db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute
(“SELECT * FROM electronics “)
print(“Fetching all 5 records :”)
result = cursor.fetchmany(5)
print(*result,sep=” \ n”)
Output:
Fetching all 5 records :
(1003,’Scanner’ ,10500)
(1004,’Speaker’,3000)
(1005,’Printer’,8000)
(1008,’Monitor’,15000)
(1010,’Mouse’,700)

Question 3.
What is the use of HAVING clause. Give an example python script.
Answer:
Having clause is used to filter data based on the group functions. This is similar to WHERE condition but can be used only with group functions. Group functions cannot be used in WHERE Clause but can be used in HAVING clause.
Example
import sqlite3
connection= sqlite3.connect(“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection. cursor( )
cursor.execute(“SELECT GENDER,COUNT(GENDER) FROM Student GROUP BY GENDER HAVING COUNT(GENDER)>3 “)
result = cursor. fetchall( )
co= [i[0] for i in cursor, description]
print(co)
print( result)
OUTPUT
[‘gender’, ‘COUNT(GENDER)’]
[(‘M’, 5)]

Question 4.
Write a Python script to create a table called ITEM with the following specifications.
Add one record to the table.
Name of the database: ABC
Name of the table :- Item
Column name and specification :-
Icode : integer and act as primary key
Item Name : Character with length 25
Rate : Integer
Record to be added : 1008, Monitor, 15000
Answer:
Coding:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3 . connect (“ABC.db”)
cursor = connection, cursor ()
sql_command = ” ” ”
CREATE TABLE Item (Icode INTEGER,
Item_Name VARCHAR (25),
Rate Integer); ” ‘” ”
cursor, execute (sql_command)
sql_command = ” ” “INSERT INTO Item
(Icode,Item_name, Rate)VALUES (1008,
“Monitor”, “15000”);” ” ”
cursor, execute (sqlcmd)
connection, commit ()
print(“Table Created”)
cursor. execute(SELECT *FROM ITEM”)
result=cursor.fetchall():
print(“CONTENT OF THE TABLE
print(*result,sep=”\n”)
connection, close ()
Output:
Table Created
CONTENT OF THE TABLE :
(1008, ‘Monitor’, 15000)

Question 5.
Consider the following table Supplier and item.
Write a python script for
i) Display Name, City and Item name of suppliers who do not reside in Delhi.
ii) Increment the SuppQty of Akila by 40
Name of the database : ABC
Name of the table : SUPPLIER

i) Display Name, City and Itemname of suppliers who do not reside in Delhi:
Coding:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.
connection/’ABC.db”)
cursor = connection, cursor ()
sqlcmd=”””(“SELECT SUPPLIER. Name,SUPPLIER.City,Item.ItemName FROM SUPPLIER,Item WHERE SUPPLIER.City NOT IN(“Delhi”) and SUPPLIER.Icode=Item.Icode” ” ”
cursor, execute(sqlcmd)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(” Suppliers who do not reside in Delhi:”)
for r in result:
print(r)
conn.commit ()
conn, close ()
Output:
Suppliers who do not reside in Delhi:
(‘ Anu’ / Bangalore’/Mouse’)
(‘Shahid7,’Bangalore7,’Monitor’)
(‘Akila’/Hydrabad’,’Printer’)
(‘Girish’/Hydrabad’/Scanner’)
(‘Shylaja’/Chennai’/Monitor’)
(‘ La vanya’/ Mumbai’/ Printer’)

ii) Increment the SuppQty of Akila by 40: import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.
connection/’ABC.db”)
cursor = connection, cursor ()
sqlcmd=”””UPDATE SUPPLIER
SET Suppqty=Suppqty+40 WHERE
Name=’Akila”””
cursor, execute(sqlcmd)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print
(“Records after SuppQty increment:”)
for r in result:
print(r)
conn.commit ()
conn, close ()
Output:
Records after SuppQty increment:
(‘S001′ /PrasadVDelhi’,1008,100)
(‘S002′ ,’Anu’ /Bangalore’,1010,200)
(‘S003′ /Shahid’/Bangalore’, 1008,175)
(‘S004’/Akila’/Hydrabad’,1005,235)
(‘S005′ /Girish’/Hydrabad’, 003,25)
(‘S006′ /Shylaja’/Chennai’,1008,180)
(‘S007′ ,’Lavanya’,’Mumbai’,1005,325)

12th Computer Science Guide Data Manipulation Through SQL Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1.
…………………… command is used to populate the table.
a) ADD
b) APPEND
c) INSERT
d) ADDROW
Answer:
c) INSERT

Question 2.
Which has a native library for SQLite?
(a) C
(b) C++
(c) Java
(d) Python
Answer:
(d) Python

Question 3.
………………….. method is used to fetch all rows from the database table.
a) fetch ()
b) fetchrowsAll ()
c) fectchmany ()
d) fetchall ()
Answer:
d) fetchall ()

Question 4.
………………….. method is used to return the next number of rows (n) of the result set.
a) fetch ()
b) fetchmany ()
c) fetchrows ()
d) tablerows ()
Answer:
b) fetchmany ()

Question 5.
How many commands can be stored in the sql_comm?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) Many
Answer:
(d) Many

Question 6.
…………………..clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
a) WHERE
b) EXTRACT
c) CONNECT
d) CURSOR
Answer:
a) WHERE

Question 7.
…………………..clause is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.
a) SORT
b) ORDER BY
c) GROUP BY
d) ASC SORT
Answer:
b) ORDER BY

Question 8.
………………….. clause is used to filter database on the group functions?
a) WHERE
b) HAVING
c) ORDER
d) FILTER
Answer:
b) HAVING

Question 9.
What will be the value assigned to the empty table if it is given Integer Primary Key?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) -1
Answer:
(b) 1

Question 10.
The sqlite3 module supports ………………. kinds of placeholders:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5
Answer:
b) 2

Question 11.
……………… has a native library of SQlite.
a) Python
b) C++
c) Java
d) C
Answer:
a) Python

Question 12.
All the SQlite commands will be executed using……………… object only
a) connect
b) cursor
c) CSV
d) python
Answer:
b) cursor

Question 13.
Which method returns the next row of a query result set?
(a) Fetch ne( )
(b) fetch all( )
(c) fetch next( )
(d) fetch last( )
Answer:
(a) Fetch ne( )

Question 14.
…………… function returns the number of rows in a table satisfying the criteria specified in the WHERE clause.
a) Distinct
b) count
c) Having
d) Counter
Answer:
b) count

Question 15.
Count () returns …………… if there were no matching rows.
a) 0
b) 1
c) NOT NULL
d) NULL
Answer:
a) 0

Question 16.
…………… contains the details of each column headings
a) cursor, description
b) cursor.connect
c) cursor.column
d) cursor.fieldname
Answer:
a) cursor, description

Question 17.
Which one of the following is used to print all elements separated by space?
(a) ,
(b) .
(c) :
(d) ;
Answer:
(a) ,

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write the SQLite steps to connect the database.
Answer:
Step 1: Import sqlite3
Step 2: Create a connection using connect o method and pass the name of the database file.
Step 3 : Set the cursor object cursor = connection, cursor ()

Question 2.
Mention the frequently used clauses in SQL?
Answer:

1. DISTINCT
2. WHERE
3. GROUP BY
4. ORDER BY
5. HAVING

Question 3.
Write a Python code to create a database in SQLite.
Answer:
Python code to create a database in SQLite:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect (“Academy.db”)
cursor + connection.cursorQ

Question 4.
Define: sqlite_master
Answer:
sqlite_master is the master table which holds the key information about the database tables.

Question 5.
Give a short note on GROUP BY class.
Answer:

• The SELECT statement can be used along with the GROUP BY clause.
• The GROUP BY clause groups records into summary rows. It returns one record for each group.
• It is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN. SUM, AVG) to group the result -set by one or more columns.

Question 6.
Write short notes on

1. COUNT ()
2. AVG ()
3. SUM ()
4. MAX ()
5. MIN ()

Answer:

1. COUNT ( ) function returns the number of rows in a table.
2. AVG () function retrieves the average of a selected column of rows in a table.
3. SUM () function retrieves the sum of a selected column of rows in a table.
4. MAX( ) function returns the largest value of the selected column.
5. MIN( ) function returns the smallest value of the selected column.

Question 7.
Write a program to count the number of male and female students from the student table
Example
Answer:
import sqlite3
connection= sqlite3.connect(“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor( )
cursor.execute(“SELECT gender,count(gender) FROM student Group BY gender”)
result = cursor. fetchall( )
print(*result,sep=”\n”)
OUTPUT
(‘F’, 2)
(‘M’, 5)

Question 8.
Explain Deletion Operation with a suitable example.
Answer:
Deletion Operation:
Similar to Sql command to delete a record, Python also allows to delete a record.
Example: Coding to delete the content of Rollno 2 from “student table”

Coding:
# code for delete operation
import sqlite3
# database name to be passed as parameter
conn = sqlite3.connect(“Academy.db”)
# delete student record from database
conn.execute(“DELETE from Student
where Rollno=’2′”)
conn.commitQ
print(“Total number of rows deleted conn.total_changes)
cursor =conn.execute(“SELECT * FROM
Student”)
for row in cursor:
print(row)
conn.close()
OUTPUT:
Total number of rows deleted : 1
(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12’)
(3, ‘BASKAR’, ‘C’, ‘M’, 75.2, ‘1998-05-17’)
(4, ‘SAJINI’, ‘A’, ‘F, 95.6, ‘2002-11-01’)
(5, ‘VARUN’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 80.6, ‘2001-03-14’)
(6, ‘Priyanka’, ‘A’, ‘F, 98.6, ‘2002-01-01’)
(7, ‘TARUN’, ‘D’, ‘M’, 62.3, ‘1999-02-01’)

Question 9.
Explain Table List with suitable example.
Answer:
Program to display the list of tables created in a database:
Coding:
import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect(‘Academy.db’)
cursor = con.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type=’table’;”) print(cursor.fetchall())
OUTPUT:
[(‘Student’,), (‘Appointment’,), (‘Person’,)]

Question 10.
Write a short note on cursor. fetchall(),cursor.fetchone(),cursor. fetchmany()
Answer:
cursor.fetchall():
cursor.fetchall() method is to fetch all rows from the database table .
cursor.fetchone():
cursor.fetchone() method returns the next row of a query result set or None in case there is no row left. cursor.fetchmany:
cursor.fetchmany() method that returns the next number of rows (n) of the result set

Question 11.
How to create a database using SQLite? Creating a Database using SQLite:
Answer:
# Python code to demonstrate table creation and insertions with SQL
# importing module import sqlite3
# connecting to the database connection = sqlite3.connect (“Academy.db”)
# cursor
cursor = connection.cursor()
In the above example a database with the name “Academy” would be created. It’s similar to the sql command “CREATE DATABASE Academy;”

Question 12.
Explain fetchall() to display all records with suitable examples?
Answer:
Displaying all records using fetchall():
The fetchall() method is used to fetch all rows from the database table.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(” Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT FROM student”)
print(“fetchall:”)
result = cursor.fetchall()
for r in result:
print(r)
OUTPUT:
fetchall:
(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12’)
(2, ‘Aravind’, ‘A’, ‘M’, 92.5, ‘2000-08-17’)
(3, ‘BASKAR’, ‘C’, ‘M’, 75.2, ‘1998-05-17’)
(4, ‘SAJINT, ‘A’, ‘F’, 95.6, ‘2002-11-01’)
(5, ‘VARUN’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 80.6, ‘2001-03-14’)
(6, ‘PRIYA’, ‘A’, ‘F’, 98.6, ‘2002-01-01’)
(7, ‘TARUN’, ‘D’, ‘M’, 62.3, ‘1999-02-01’)

Question 13.
Explain fetchone() to display a single record(one row) with a suitable example?
Answer:
Displaying A record using fetchone():
The fetchoneQ method returns the next row of a query result set or None in case there is no row left.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.
connect(” Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM student”)
print(“\nfetch one:”)
res = cursor.fetchone()
print(res)
OUTPUT:
fetch one:
(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12’)

Question 14.
Explain fetchone() to display all records with suitable examples?
Answer:
Displaying all records using fetchone(): Using while ioop and fetchone() method we can display all the records from a table.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3 .connect(” Academy. db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(”SELECT * FROM student”)
print(“fetching all records one by one:”)
result = cursor.fetchone()
while result is not None:
print(result)
result = cursor.fetchone()
OUTPUT:
fetching all records one by one:
(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12’)
(2, ‘Aravind’, ‘A’, ‘M’, 92.5, ‘2000-08-17’)
(3, ‘BASKAR’, ‘C’, ‘M’, 75.2, ‘1998-05-17’)
(4, ‘SAJINI’, ‘A’, ‘F’, 95.6, ‘2002-11-01’)
(5, ‘VARUN’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 80.6, ‘2001-03-14’)
(6, ‘PRIYA’, ‘A’, ‘F’, 98.6, ‘2002-01-01’)
(7, ‘TARUN’, ‘D’, ‘M’, 62.3, ‘1999-02-01’)
Chapter 15.indd 297 70-02-2019 15:40:10

Question 15.
Explain fetchmany() to display a specified number of records with suitable example?
Answer:
Displayingusing fetchmany():
Displaying specified number of records is done by using fetchmany(). This method returns the next number of rows (n) of the result set.

Example : Program to display the content of tuples using fetchmany()
import sqlite3 .
connection = sqlite3. connect
(” Academy, db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute
(“SELECT FROM student”)
print(“fetching first 3 records:”)
result = cursor.fetchmany(3)
print(result)
OUTPUT:
fetching first 3 records:
[(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12′),
(2,’ Aravin d’, ‘A’, ‘M’, 92.5, /2000-08-17′),
(3, ‘BASKAR’, ‘C’, ‘M’, 75.2, ‘1998-05-17’)]

II. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain clauses in SQL with suitable examples.
Answer:

• SQL provides various clauses that can be used in the SELECT statements.
• These clauses can be called through a python script.
• Almost all clauses will work with SQLite.

The various clauses is:

• DISTINCT
• WHERE
• GROUPBY
• ORDER BY.
• HAVING

Data of Student table:
The columns are Rollno, Sname, Grade,
gender, Average, birth_date
(1, ‘Akshay’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 87.8, ‘2001-12-12’)
(2, ‘Aravind’, ‘A’, ‘M’, 92.5, ‘2000-08-17’)
(3, ‘BASKAR’, ‘C’, ‘M’, 75.2, ‘1998-05-17’)
(4, ‘SAJINT, ‘A’, ‘F’, 95.6, ‘2002-11-01’)
(5, ‘VARUN’, ‘B’, ‘M’, 80.6, ‘2001-03-14’)
(6, ‘PRIYA’, ‘A’, ‘F’, 98.6, ‘2002-01-01’)
(7, ‘TARUN’, ‘D’, ‘M’, 62.3, ‘1999-02-01’)

i) SQL DISTINCT CLAUSE

• The distinct clause is helpful when there is a need of avoiding the duplicate values present in any specific columns/ table.
• When we use a distinct keyword only the unique values are fetched.

Example:
Coding to display the different grades scored by students from “student table”:

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(” Academy, db”)
cursor = connection.cursorQ cursor.execute(“SELECT DISTINCT (Grade) FROM student”)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print (result)
OUTPUT:
[(‘B’,), (‘A’,), (‘C’,), (‘D’,)]

Without the keyword “distinct” in the “Student table” 7 records would have been displayed instead of 4 since in the original table there are actually 7 records and some are with duplicate values.

ii) SQL WHERE CLAUSE
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.

Example:
Coding to display the different grades scored by male students from “student table”.
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connec
(“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(” SELECT DISTINCT i (Grade) FROM student where gender=’M”)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print(*result/sep=”\n”)
OUTPUT:
(‘B’,)
(‘A’,)
(‘C’,)
(‘D’,)

iii) SQL GROUP BY Clause :

• The SELECT statement can be used along with the GROUP BY clause.
• The GROUP BY clause groups records into summary rows.
• It returns one records for each group,
• It is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

Example:
Coding to count the number of male and ; female from the student table and display j the result.

Coding:
import sqlite3;
connection = sqlite3.connect(“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT gender,count(gender) FROM student Group BY gender”)
result = cursor.fetchall() j
print(*result,sep=”\n”)
OUTPUT:
(‘F’, 2)
(‘M’, 5)

iv) SQL ORDER BY Clause

• The ORDER BY clause can be used along with the SELECT statement to sort the data of specific fields in an ordered way.
• It is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.

Example
Coding to display the name and Rollno of the students in alphabetical order of names . import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(” Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT Rollno,sname FROM student Order BY sname”)
result = cursor.fetchall()
print (*result, sep=” \ n”)
OUTPUT
(1, ‘Akshay’)
(2, ‘Aravind’)
(3, ‘BASKAR’)
(6, ‘PRIYA’)
(4, ‘SAJINI’)
(7, ‘TARUN’)
(5, ‘VARUN’)

v) SQL HAVING Clause

• Having clause is used to filter data based on the group functions.
• Having clause is similar to WHERE condition but can be used only with group functions.
• Group functions cannot be used in WHERE Clause but can be used in HAVING clause.

Example:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect(” Academy, db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute(“SELECT GENDER,COUNT(GENDER) FROM Student GROUP BY GENDER HAVING COUNT(GENDER)>3”)
result = cursor.fetchall()
co = [i[0] for i in cursor, description]
print(co)
print(result)
OUTPUT:
[‘gender7,’ COUNT (GENDER)’ ]
[(‘M’, 5)]

Question 2.
Write a python program to accept 5 students’ names, their ages, and ids during run time and display all the records from the table?
Answer:
In this example we are going to accept data using Python input() command during runtime and then going to write in the Table called “Person”
Example
# code for executing query using input data
import sqlite3
#creates a database in RAM
con =sqlite3.connect(“Academy,db”)
cur =con.cursor( )
cur.execute(“DROP Table person”)
cur.execute(“create table person (name, age, id)”)
print(“Enter 5 students names:”)
who =[input( ) for i in range(5)]
print(“Enter their ages respectively:”)
age =[int(input()) for i in range(5)]
print(“Enter their ids respectively:”)
p_d =[int(input( ))for i in range(5)]
n =len(who)
for i in range(n):
#This is the q-mark style:
cur.execute(“insert into person values(?,?,?)”, (who[i], age[i], p_id[i]))
#And this is the named style:
cur.execute(“select *from person”)
#Fetches all entries from table
print(“Displaying All the Records From Person Table”)
print (*cur.fetchall(), sep=’\n’)
OUTPUT
Enter 5 students names:
RAM
KEERTHANA
KRISHNA
HARISH
GIRISH
Enter their ages respectively:
28
12
21
18
16
Enter their ids respectively:
1
2
3
4
5
Displaying All the Records From Person Table
(‘RAM’, 28, 1)
(‘KEERTHANA’, 12, 2)
(‘KRISHNA’, 21, 3)
(‘HARISH’, 18,4)
(‘GIRISH’, 16, 5)

Question 3.
Write a Python program to store and retrieve the following data in SQLite3.
Database Schema:

Date to be inserted as tuple:

Answer:
Python Program:
import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect (“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor()
cursor.execute (“””DROP TABLE Student;”””)
sql_command = “”” CREATE TABLE Student ( Rollno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY ,
Sname VARCHAR(20), Grade CHAR(l), gender CHAR(l), Average DECIMAL (5, 2));””” cursor.execute(sql_command)
sql_command = “””INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1001, “KULOTHUNGAN”, “M”, “75.2”);”””
sql_command = “””INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1002, “KUNDAVAI”, “F”, “95.6”);”””
sql_command = “””INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1003, “RAJARAJAN”, “M”, “80.6”);”””
sql_command = “””INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1004, “RAJENDRAN”, “M”, “98.6”);”””
sql_command = “””INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1005, “AVVAI”, “F”, “70.1”);”””
cursor.execute (sql_ command)
connection.commit()
connection.close()

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 3 Scoping Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 3 Scoping

12th Computer Science Guide Scoping Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following refers to the visibility of variables in one part of a program to another part of the same program.
a) Scope
b) Memory
c) Address
d) Accessibility
Answer:
a) Scope

Question 2.
The process of binding a variable name with an object is called
a) Scope
b) Mapping
c) late binding
d) early binding
Answer:
b) Mapping

Question 3.
Which of the following is used in programming languages to map the variable and obj ect?
a) ::
b) :=
c) =
d) ==
Answer:
c) =

Question 4.
Containers for mapping names of variables to objects is called
a) Scope
b) Mapping
c) Binding
d) Name spaces
Answer:
d) Name spaces

Question 5.
Which scope refers to variables defined in current function?
a) Local Scope
b) Global scope
c) Module scope
d) Function Scope
Answer:
a) Local Scope

Question 6.
The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called
a) Procedural Programming
b) Modular programming
c) Event Driven Programming
d) Object oriented Programming
Answer:
b) Modular programming

Question 7.
Which of the following security technique that regulates who can use resources in a computing environment?
a) Password
b) Authentication ‘
c) Access control
d) Certification
Answer:
c) Access control

Question 8.
Which of the following members of a class can be handled only from within the class?
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
d) Private members

Question 9.
Which members are accessible from outside the class?
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
a) Public members

Question 10.
The members that are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub classes is called
a) Public members
b) Protected members
c) Secured members
d) Private members
Answer:
b) Protected members

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is a scope?
Answer:
Scope refers to the visibility of variables, parameters, and functions in one part of a program to another part of the same program.

Question 2.
Why scope should be used for variables. State the reason
Answer:

• Every variable defined in a program has global scope.
• Once defined, every part of your program can access that variable.
• But it is a good practice to limit a variable’s scope to a single definition.
• This way, changes inside the function can’t affect the variable on the outside of the function in unexpected ways.

Question 3.
What is Mapping?
Answer:
The process of binding a variable name with an object is called mapping. = (equal to sign) is used in programming languages to map the variable and object.

Question 4.
What do you mean by Namespaces?
Answer:
Names paces are containers for mapping names of variables to objects.

Question 5.
How Python represents the private and protected Access specifiers?
Answer:
Private members of a class are denied access from the outside of the class. They can be handled only within the class.
Protected members of a class are accessible from within the class and are also available to its sub-classes. No other process is permitted access to it.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Define Local scope with an example.
Answer:
Local scope:

• Local scope refers to variables defined in the current function.
• Always, a function will first lookup for a variable name in its local scope.
• Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.

Example:

• On execution of the above code, the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

Question 2.
Define Global scope with an example
Answer:
Global variable:

• A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as Global variable.
• Global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the, function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10, because a is defined in global scope.

Question 3.
Define Enclosed scope with an example
Answer:
Enclosed Scope:

• A variable which is declared, inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
• When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first searches Local, and then searches Enclosing scopes.

Example:

Question 4.
Why access control is required?
Answer:
Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a computing environment.
It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the object. In other words, access control is a selective restriction of access to data.
In Object-oriented programming languages, it is implemented through access modifies.
Classical object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, control the access to class members by the public, private, and protected keywords.

Question 5.
Identify the scope of the variables in the following pseudo-code and write its output
color:= Red
mycolor():
b:=Blue
myfavcolor():
g:=Green
printcolor, b, g
myfavcolor()
printcolor, b
mycolor()
print color
Answer:
Scopes:
g – Local scope
b – Enclosed scope
color – Global scope
Output:
Red Blue Green
Red Blue
Red

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the types of scopes for variable or LEGB rule with example.
Answer:
Types of Scope:
There are four types of Scope namely
Local Scope, Global Scope, Enclosed Scope and Built-in Scope:
Local Scope:

• Local scope refers to variables defined in the current function.
• Always, a function will first lookup for a variable name in its local scope.
• Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

Global Scope:

• A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as a global variable.
• This means global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.

Example:

• On execution of the above code the variable ‘a’ which is defined inside the function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10; because a is defined in global scope.
• Enclosed Scope:
• All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) with in another function is called nested function.
• A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.
• When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first search Local, and then search Enclosing scopes.

Example:

• In the above example Displ() is defined with in Disp().
• The variable ‘a’ defined in Disp( ) can be even used by Displ( ) because it is also a member of Disp().

Built-in Scope:

• The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter.
• Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming
  language has a Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.

LEGB rule:

• The LEGB rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution.
• The scopes are listed below in terms of hierarchy (highest to lowest).

Scope also defines the order in which variables have to be mapped to the object in order to obtain the value.

Example:
1. x:= ‘outer x variable’
2. display ():
3. x:= ‘inner x variable’
4. print x
5. display()

• When the above statements have executed the statement (4) and (5) display the result as

Output:
outer x variable
inner x variable

• Above statements give different outputs because the same variable name ‘x’ resides in different scopes, one inside the function display() and the other in the upper level.
• The value ‘outer x variable’ is printed when x is referenced outside the function definition.
• Whereas when display() gets executed, ‘inner x variable’ is printed which is the x value inside the function definition.
• From the above example, we can guess that there is a rule followed, in order to decide from which scope a variable has to be picked.

Question 2.
Write any Five Characteristics of Modules
Answer:

• Modules contain instructions, processing logic, and data.
• Modules can be separately compiled and stored in a library.
• Modules can be included in a program.
• Module segments can be used by invoking a name and some parameters.
• Module segments can be used by other modules.

Question 3.
Write any five benefits of using modular programming.
Answer:

• Less code to be written.
• A single procedure can be developed for reuse, eliminating the need to retype the code many times.
• Programs can be designed more easily because a small team deals with only a small part of the entire code.
• Modular programming allows many programmers to collaborate on the same application.
• The code is stored across multiple files.
• Code is short, simple, and easy to understand.
• Errors can easily be identified, as they are localized to a subroutine or function.
• The same code can be used in many applications.
• The scoping of variables can easily be controlled.

12th Computer Science Guide Scoping Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Names paces are compared with ……………………….
(a) Programs
(b) Dictionaries
(c) Books
(d) Notebooks
Answer:
(b) Dictionaries

Question 2.
The scope of a ……………. is that part of the code where it is visible
a) Variable
b) Keyword
c) Function
d) Operator
Answer:
a) Variable

Question 3.
Find the value of a.
1. a: = 5
2. b: = a
3. a: = 3
(a) 0
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 4.
The inner function can access the variable of the outer function. This is called ………… scope.
a) Local
b) Enclosed
c) Function
d) Global
Answer:
b) Enclosed

Question 5.
The duration for which a variable is alive is called its ……………………………
(a) Scale
(b) Life time
(c) Static
(d) Function
Answer:
(b) Lifetime

Question 6.
InObjectOrientedProgrammingLanguageAccesscontrolisimplementedthrough ………….
a) Access modules
b) Access modifiers
c) Access variables
d) Keywords
Answer:
b) Access modifiers

Question 7.
………… is a selective restriction of access to data in a program?
a) Control variable
b) Access control
c) System authentication
d) Module
Answer:
b) Access control

Question 8.
How many types of variable scopes are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 9.
How many variables can be mapped to the same instance?
a) 2
b) 3
c) Multiple
d) 4
Answer:
c) Multiple

Question 10.
A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as …………………………… variable.
(a) L
(b) E
(c) G
(d) B
Answer:
(c) G

Question 11.
Which of the following rule is used to decide the order in which the scopes are to be searched for scope resolution?
a) LGEB
b) LEGB
c) LBEG
d) LGBE
Answer:
b) LEGB

Question 12.
How many types of variable scope are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 6
Answer:
c) 4

Question 13.
A variable which is declared outside all the functions in a program is known as
a) Local
b) Enclosed
c) Global
d) Extern
Answer:
c) Global

Question 14.
The scope of a nested function is …………………………… scope
(a) Local
(b) Global
(c) Enclosed
(d) Built-in
Answer:
(c) Enclosed

Question 15.
Which of the following programming enables programmers to divide up the work and retry pieces of the program independently?
a) Procedural Programming
b) Modular Programming
c) Object-Oriented Programming
d) Structural Programming
Answer:
b) Modular Programming

Question 16.
Which of the following contain instructions, processing logic, and data?
a) Scopes
b) Indentation
c) Modules
d) Access control
Answer:
c) Modules

Question 17.
Which of the following members of a class are denied access from outside the class?
a) Protected
b) Private
c) Public
d) Enclosed
Answer:
b) Private

Question 18.
Variables of built-in scopes are loaded as …………………………… files.
(a) Exe
(b) Linker
(c) Object
(d) Library
Answer:
(d) Library

Question 19.
By default the Python class members are
a) Private
b) Protected
c) Public
d) Global
Answer:
c) Public

Question 20.
By default the C++ and Java class members are
a) Protected
b) Private
c) Public
d) Local
Answer:
b) Private

Question 21.
…………….. are composed of one or more independently developed Modules
a)’Access control
b) Programs
c) Encapsulation
d) Members of a class
Answer:
b) Programs

Question 22.
Identify which is not a module?
(a) Algorithm
(b) Procedures
(c) Subroutines
(d) Functions
Answer:
(a) Algorithm

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Define variable.
Answer:
Variable are addresses (references, or pointers, to an object in memory.

Question 2.
Define lifetime?
Answer:
The duration for which a variable is alive is called its ‘lifetime’.

Question 3.
Define Modular programming.
Answer:
The process of subdividing a computer program into separate sub-programs is called modular programming.

Question 4.
Define: module
Answer:

• A module is a part of a program.
• Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules

Question 5.
Define nested function.
Answer:
A function (method) within another function is called a nested function.

Question 6.
Write a note on module
Answer:

• A module is a part of a program.
• Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules.
• A single module can contain one or several statements closely related to each other.
• Modules work perfectly on an individual level and can be integrated with other modules.
• A software program can be divided into modules to ease the job of programming and debugging as well.
• A program can be divided into small functional modules that work together to get the output.
• The process of subdividing a computer program into separate subprograms is called Modular programming.
• Modular programming enables programmers to divide up the work and debug pieces of the program independently.
• The examples of modules are procedures, subroutines, and functions.

Question 7.
Write a note on modules?
Answer:
A module is a part of a program. Programs are composed of one or more independently developed modules. A single module can contain one or several statements closely related to each other. Modules work perfectly on an individual level and can be integrated with other modules.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain how Access Specifiers are activated in Python, C++, and Java:
Answer:

• Python prescribes a convention of prefixing the name of the variable/ method with a single or double underscore to emulate the behaviour of protected and private access specifiers.
• C++ and Java, control the access to class members by the public, private, and protected
  keywords.
• All members in a Python class are public by default whereas by default in C++ and java all members are private.
• Any member can be accessed from outside the class environment in Python which is not. possible in C++ and java.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Differential Equations Miscellaneous Problems Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Differential Equations Miscellaneous Problems

Question 1.
Suppose that Qd = 30 – 5P + 2\(\frac { dp }{dt}\) + \(\frac { d^2p }{dt^2}\) and Qs = 6 + 3P Find the equilibrium price for market clearance.
Solution :
Qd = 30 – 5P + 2\(\frac { dp }{dt}\) + \(\frac { d^2p }{dt^2}\) and
Qs = 6 + 3P
For market clearance, the required condition is
Qd = Qs

The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m – 8 = 0
(m + 4) (m – 2) = 0
m = -4, 2
Roots are real and different
C.F = Ae^m₁x + Be^m₂x
C.F = Ae^-4t + Be^2t

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I
y = Ae^-ut + Be^2t + 3

Question 2.
Form the differential equation having for its general solution y = ax² + bx
Solution:
y = ax² + bx ……….. (1)
Since we have two arbitary constants, differentiative twice.

Question 3.
Solve yx²dx + e^-x dy = 0
Solution:
yx²dx + e^-x dy = 0
e^-x dy = -yx²dx
\(\frac { 1 }{y}\) dy = -x² e^x dx
Integrating on both sides

Question 4.
Solve (x² + y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0
Solution:
(x² + y²) dx + 2xy dy = 0
2xy dy = – (x² + y²) dx
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { -(x^2+y^2) }{2xy}\) ………. (1)
This is a homogeneous differential equation

\(\frac { 1 }{3}\) log(3v² + 1) = – logx + logc
log (3v² + 1)^1/3 + log x = log c
logx (3v² + 1)^1/3 = log c
⇒ x (3v² + 1)^1/3 = c
⇒ x[\(\frac { 3y^2 }{x^2}\) + 1]^1/3 = c

Question 5.
Solve x \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + 2y = x⁴
Solution:

This solution is
y(I.F) = ∫Qx (I.F) dx + c
y(x²) = ∫(x³ × x²) dx + c
yx² = ∫x⁵ dx + c
⇒ yx² = \(\frac { x^6 }{6}\) + c

Question 6.
A manufacturing company has found that the cost C of operating and maintaining the equipment is related to the length’m’ of intervals between overhauls by the equation m² \(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + 2mc = 2 and c = 4 and whem m = 2. Find the relationship between C and m.
Solution:
m² \(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + 2mc = 2
÷ each term by m²
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + \(\frac { 2mc }{m^2}\) = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + \(\frac { 2c }{m}\) = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
This is a first order linear differential equation of the form
\(\frac { dc }{dm}\) + Pc = Q where P = \(\frac { 2 }{m}\) and Q = \(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\)
∫Pdm = 2 ∫\(\frac { 1 }{m}\)dm = 2 log m = log m²
I.F = e^∫Pdm = e^logm² = m²
General solution is
C (I.F) = ∫Q × (IF) dm + k
C(m²) = ∫\(\frac { 2 }{m^2}\) × (m²) dm + k
C(m²) = ∫2dm + k
Cm² = 2m + k ……….. (1)
when C = 4 and m = 2, we have
(4) (2)² = 2(2) + k
16 = 4 + k = 12
Equation (1)
Cm² = 2m + 12
Cm² = 2(m + 6)

Question 7.
Solve (D² – 3D + 2) y = e^4x
Solution:
(D² – 3D + 2) y = e^4x
The auxiliary equation is m² – 3m + 2 = 0
(m – 1) (m – 2) = 0
m = 1, 2
The roots are real and different
C.F = Ae^m₁x + Be^m₁x
C.F = Ae^x + Be^2x

The general solution is y = C.F + P.I
y = Ae^x + Be^2x + \(\frac { e^{4x} }{6}\) ………. (1)
When x = 0; y = 0

Question 8.
Solve \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + y cos x = 2 cos x
Solution:
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + y cos x = 2 cos x
This is of the form \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) + Py = Q
Here P = cos x and Q = 2 cos x
∫Pdx = ∫cos x dx = sin x
I.F = e^∫pdx = e^{sin x}
The solution is
y (I.F) = ∫Q (I.F) dx + c
ye^{sin x} = ∫(2 cos x) e^{sin x} dx

Question 9.
Solve x²ydx – (x³ + y³) dy = 0
Solution:
x²ydx = (x³ + y³) dy = 0
x²ydx = (x³ + y³) dy
\(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = \(\frac { x^2y }{(x^3+y^3)}\) ……… (1)
This is a homogeneous differential equation, same degree in x and y

Question 10.
Solve \(\frac { dy }{dx}\) = xy + x + y + 1
Solution:

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 2 Data Abstraction Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 2 Data Abstraction

12th Computer Science Guide Data Abstraction Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following functions build the abstract data type?
a) Constructors
b) Destructors
c) recursive
d) Nested
Answer:
a) Constructors

Question 2.
Which of the following functions retrieve information from the data type?
a) Constructors
b) Selectors
c) recursive
d) Nested
Answer:
b) Selectors

Question 3.
The data structure which is a mutable ordered sequence of elements is called
a) Built-in
b) List
c) Tuple
d) Derived data
Answer:
b) List

Question 4.
A sequence of immutable objects is called
a) Built-in
b) List
c) Tuple
d) Derived data
Answer:
c) Tuple

Question 5.
The data type whose representation is known is called
a) Built-in data type
b) Derived data type
c) Concrete data type
d) Abstract data type
Answer:
c) Concrete data type

Question 6.
The data type whose representation is unknown are called
a) Built-in data type
b) Derived data type
c) Concrete data type
d) Abstract data type
Answer:
d) Abstract data type

Question 7.
Which of the following is a compound structure?
a) Pair
b) Triplet
c) single
d) quadrat
Answer:
a) Pair

Question 8.
Bundling two values together into one can be considered as
a) Pair
b) Triplet
c) single
d) quadrat
Answer:
a) Pair

Question 9.
Which of the following allows to name the various parts of a multi-item object?
a) Tuples
b) Lists
c) Classes
d) quadrats
Answer:
c) Classes

Question 10.
Which of the following is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets?
a) Tuples
b) Lists
c) Classes
d) quadrats
Answer:
b) Lists

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is abstract data type?
Answer:
Abstract Data type (ADT) is a type (or class) for objects whose behavior is defined by a set of values and a set of operations. The definition of ADT only mentions what operations are to be performed but not how these operations will be implemented.

Question 2.
Differentiate constructors and selectors.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is a Pair? Give an example.
Answer:

• Pair is a compound structure which is made up of a list of Tuple
• The way of bundling two values together into one can be considered as a Pair.
• Example: Pr = [10,20]
  a,b :=Pr
  In the above example ‘a’ becomes 10,’ b’ becomes 20.

Question 4.
What is a List? Give an example.
Answer:
The list is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas.
An example for List is [10, 20].

Question 5.
What is a Tuple? Give an example.
Answer:

• A tuple is a comma-separated sequence of values surrounded by parentheses.
• Example: colour^ (‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘Green’)

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate Concrete Data Type and Abstract Data Type
Answer:

Question 2.
Which strategy is used for program designing? Define that Strategy.
Answer:
We are using here a powerful strategy for designing programs: ‘wishful thinking’.
Wishful Thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by . appealing to reality.

Question 3.
Identify Which of the following are constructors and selectors?
(a) N1=number()
(b) accetnum(n1)
(c)  displaynum(n1)
(d)  eval(a/b)
(e) x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n)
(f) display()
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the different ways to access the elements of a list. Give example
Answer:
List is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas. An example for List is [10, 20].
The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways. The first way is via our familiar method of multiple assignments, which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.
1st: = [10, 20]
x, y: = 1st
In the above example, x will become 10 and y will become 20.
A second method for accessing the elements in a list is by the element selection operator, also expressed using square brackets. Unlike a list literal, a square – bracket expression directly following another expression does not evaluate to a list value but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding expression.
1st [0]
10
1st [1]
20

Question 5.
Identify Which of the following are List, Tuple and class ?
(a) arr [1, 2, 34]
(b) arr (1, 2, 34)
(c) student [rno, name, mark]
(d) day= (‘sun’, ‘mon’, ‘tue’, ‘wed’)
(e) x= [2, 5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2]
(f) employee [eno, ename, esal, eaddress]
Answer:

IV. Answer the following questions (5Marks)

Question 1.
How will you facilitate data abstraction? Explain it with a suitable example.
Answer:
To facilitate data abstraction we need to create two types of functions namely

1. Constructors
2. Selectors

Constructors:
Constructors are functions that build the abstract data type.
Selectors:
Selectors are functions that retrieve information from the data type.
Example:

• We have an abstract data type called a city.
• This city object will hold the city’s name, and its latitude and longitude.
• To create a city object, you’d use a function like
  city =makecity (name, lat, Ion)
• Here makecity (name, lat, Ion) is the constructor which creates the object city.
• To extract the information of a city object, we would use functions(Selectors) like getname( city)
  getlat( city)
  getlon(city)
• In the above example, makecity (name, lat, Ion) is the constructor and getname(city),getlat( city) and getlon(city) are the selectors.
• Because the above functions extract the information of the city object.

Question 2.
What is a List? Why List can be called as Pairs. Explain with suitable example
Answer:

• Some languages like Python provides a compound structure called Pair which is made up of List or Tuple.
  The first way to implement pairs is with the List construct.

List:

• The list is constructed by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas.
• Such an expression is called a list literal. The list can store multiple values.
• Each value can be of any type and can even be another list.
• Example :List := [10,20],
  The elements of a list can be accessed in two ways.
• The first way is via our familiar method of multiple assignments, which unpacks a list into its elements and binds each element to a different name.
  1st := [10,20]
  x, y := 1st
  In the above example, x will become x and y will become 20.
• A second method for accessing the elements in a list is by the element selection operator, also expressed using square brackets.
• Unlike a list literal, a square-brackets expression directly following another expression does not evaluate a list value but instead selects an element from the value of the preceding expression.
  1st[0]
  10
  Ist[l]
  20
• In both the example mentioned above mathematically we can represent list similar to a set as 1st[(0,10),(l,20)]
  List [(0,10), (1,20)] – Where
  
• Any way of bundling two values together into one can be considered as a pair.
• Lists are a common method to do so. Therefore List can be called as Pairs.

Example: Representing rational numbers using list:

• We can now represent a rational number as a pair of two integers in pseudo-code: a numerator and a denominator.
  rational(n, d):
  return [n, d]
  numer(x):
  return x[0]
  denom(x):
  return x[l]

Question 3.
How will you access the multi-item? Explain with example.
Answer:
We can use the structure construct (In OOP languages it’s called class construct) to represent multi-part objects where each part is named (given a name).

Consider the following pseudo-code:
class Person:
creation()
firstName :=””
lastName :=””
id :=””
email :=””
The new data type Person is pictorially represented as

The class (structure) construct defines the form for multi-part objects that represent a person.

• Its definition adds a new data type, in this case, a type named Person.
• Once defined, we can create new variables (instances) of the type.
• In this example, Person is referred to as a class or a type, while pi is referred to as an object or an instance.

12th Computer Science Guide Data Abstraction Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
How many types of functions are needed to facilitate abstraction?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 2.
Expansion of CDT is ………….
a) Collective Data Type
b) Class Data Type
c) Concrete Data Type
d) Central Data Type
Answer:
c) Concrete Data Type

Question 3.
To facilitate data abstraction we need to create types of functions
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
a) 2

Question 4.
……………………………. is the representation for ADT.
(a) List
(b) Classes
(c) Int
(d) Float
Answer:
(b) Classes

Question 5.
Which of the following is contracted by placing expressions within square brackets separated by commas?
a) Tuple
b) List
c) Set
d) Dictionary
Answer:
b) List

Question 6.
The list is constructed by using …………….. and …………….
a) ();
b) [ ],
c) < >.;
d) [ ]
Answer:
b) [ ],

Question 7.
Identify the constructor from the following
(a) City = makecity(name, lat, lon)
(b) getname(city)
(c) getlat(city)
(d) getlon(city)
Answer:
(a) City = makecity(name, lat, lon)

Question 8.
Which of the following extract the information of the object?
a) Constructors
b) Selectors
c) Functions
d) Destructors
Answer:
b) Selectors

Question 9.
Which of the following is used to build the abstract data type?
a) Destructors
b) Constructors
c) Selectors
d) All of these
Answer:
b) Constructors

Question 10.
How many ways of representing pair data types are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 11.
The process of providing only the essentials and hiding the details is known as …………….
a) Functions
b) Encapsulation
c) Abstraction
d) Pairs
Answer:
c) Abstraction

Question 12.
A D T expansion is …………….
a) Abstract Data Type
b) Absolute Data Type
c) Abstract Data Template
d) Application Development Template
Answer:
a) Abstract Data Type

Question 13.
How many objects can be created from a class?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) many
Answer:
(d) many

Question 14.
A powerful concept that allows programmers to treat codes as objects?
a) Encapsulation
b) Inheritance
c) Data Abstraction
d) Polymorphism
Answer:
c) Data Abstraction

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the two parts of a program?
Answer:
The two parts of a program are, the part that operates on abstract data and the part that defines a concrete representation.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the representation of Abstract data type using rational numbers.
Answer:

• Any program consists of two parts – the part that operates on abstract data and the part that defines a concrete representation, which is connected by a small set of functions that implement abstract data in terms of the concrete representation.
• To illustrate this technique, let us consider an example to design a set of functions for manipulating rational numbers.

Example:

• A rational number is a ratio of integers, and rational numbers constitute an important sub-class of real numbers.
• A rational number such as 8/3 or 19/23 is typically written as : < numerator > /< denominator > where both the < numerator > and < denominator > are placeholders for integer values.
• Both parts are needed to exactly characterize the value of the rational number.
• Actually dividing integers produces a float approximation, losing the exact precision of integers.
• However, you can create an exact representation for rational numbers by combining together the numerator and denominator.
  – – constructor
  – – constructs a rational number with numerator n, denominator d
  rational (n, d)
  – – selector
  numer(x) → returns the numerator of rational number x
  denom(y) → returns the denominator of rational number y.
• We have the operations on rational numbers defined in terms of the selector functions numer and denom, and the constructor function rational, but you haven’t yet defined these functions.
• We have to glue together a numerator and a denominator into a compound value
• The pseudo-code for the representation of the rational number using the above constructor and selector is
  x,y:=8,3
  rational (n,d)
  numer(x)/numer(y)
  – – output: 2.6666666666666665

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Banking
Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 6 Banking

12th Economics Guide Banking Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – A

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
A Bank is a
a) Financial institutions
b) Corporate
c) An Industry
d) Service institutions
Answer:
a) Financial institutions

Question 2.
A commercial Bank is an institution that provides services
a) Accepting deposits
b) Providing loans
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Both a and b

Question 3.
The Functions of commercial banks are broadly classified into
a) Primary Functions
b) Secondary Functions
c) Other Functions
d) a, b, and c
Answer:
d) a, b, and c

Question 4.
Bank credit refers to
a) Bank loañs
b) Advances
c) Bank loans and advances
d) Borrowing
Answer:
c) Bank loans and advances

Question 5.
Credit creation means.
a) Multiplication of loans and advances
b) Revenue
c) Expenditure
d) Debt
Answer:
a) Multiplication of loans and advances

Question 6.
NBFI does not have.
a) Banking license
b) government approval
c) Money market approval
d) Finance ministry approval
Answer:
a) Banking license

Question 7.
Central bank is …………………… authority of any country.
a) Monétary
b) Fiscal
c) Wage
d) National Income
Answer:
a) Monétary

Question 8.
Who will act as the banker to the Government of India?
a) SBI
b) NABARD
c) ICICI
d) RBI
Answer:
d) RBI

Question 9.
Lender of the last resort is one of the functions of.
a) Central Bank
b) Commercial banks
c) Land Development Banks
d) Co – operative banks
Answer:
a) Central Bank

Question 10.
Bank Rate means.
a) Re – discounting the first class securities
b) Interest rate
c) Exchange rate
d) Growth rate Repo Rate means.
Answer:
a) Re – discounting the first class securities

Question 11.
Repo Ràte means.
a) Rate at which the Commercial Banks are willing to lend to RBI
b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks
c) Exchange rate of the foreign bank
d) Growth rate of the economy .
Answer:
b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks

Question 12.
Moral suasion refers.
a) Optimization
b) Maximization,
c) Persuasion
d) Miñimization
Answer:
c) Persuasion

Question 13.
ARDC started functioning from
a) June 3 1963
b) July 5, 1963
c)July 1,1963
d) July 1, 1963
Answer:
d) July 1, 1963

Question 14.
NABARD was set up in .
a) July 1962
b) July 1972
c) July 1982
d) July 1992
Answer:
c) July 1982

Question 15.
EXIM bank was established in ……………..
a) June 1982
b) April 1982
c) May 1982
d) March 1982
Answer:
d) March 1982

Question 16.
The State Financial Corporation Act was passed by .
a) Governnent of India
b) Government of Tamilnadu
c) Government of Union Territòries
d) Local Government
Answer:
a) Governnent of India

Question 17.
Monetary policy is formulated by.
a) Co – operative banks
b) Commercial banks
c) Central bank
d) Foreign banks
Answer:
c) Central bank

Question 18.
Online Banking is also known as
a) E Banking.
b) Internet Banking
c) RTGS
d) NEFT
Answer:
b) Internet Banking

Question 19.
Expansions of ATM.
a) Automated Teller Machine
b) Adjustment Teller Machine
c) Automatic Teller mechanism
d) Any Time Money
Answer:
a) Automated Teller Machine

Question 20.
2016 Demonetization of currency includes denominations of
a) ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000
b) ₹ 1000 and ₹ 2000
c) ₹ 200 and ₹ 500
d) All the above
Answer:
a) ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000

PART – B

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 21.
Define Commercial banks.
Answer:
Commercial bank refers to a bank, or a division of a large bank, which more specifically deals with deposit and loan services provided to corporations or large/middle-sized business – as opposed to individual members of the public/small business.

Question 22.
What is credit creation?
Answer:
Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances. Commercial banks receive deposits from the public and use these deposits to give loans.

Question 23.
Define central bank.
Answer:
A central bank is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.

Question 24.
Distinguish between CRR and SLR.
CRR is the percentage of money, which a bank has to keep with RBI in the form of cash.
SLR is the proportion of liquid assets to time and demand liabilities.

Question 25.
Write the meaning of Open market operations
Answer:

1. In a narrow sense, the Central Bank starts the purchase and sale of Government securities in the money market.
2. In Broad Sense, the Central Bank purchases and sells not only Government securities but also other proper eligible securities like bills and securities of private concerns.
3. When the banks and the private individuals purchase these securities they have to make payments for these securities to the Central Bank.

Question 26.
What is rationing of credit?
Answer:
Rationing of credit is an instrument of credit control. It aims to control and regulate the purposes for which credit is granted by commercial banks.

Question 27.
Mention the functions of the agriculture credit department.
Answer:
Functions of Agriculture Credit Department:

1. To maintain an expert staff to study all questions on agricultural credit;
2. To provide expert advice to Central and State Government, State Co-operative Banks, and other banking activities.
3. To finance the rural sector through eligible institutions engaged in the business of agricultural credit and to co-ordinate their activities.

PART – C

Answer the following questions in one paragraph.

Question 28.
Write the mechanism of crédit creation by commercial banks.
Answer:

• Bank credit refers to bank loans and advances. Money is said to be created when the banks, through their lending activities, make a net addition to the total supply of money in the economy.
• Likewise, money is said to be destroyed when the loans are repaid by the borrowers. Consequently the credit creáted are wiped out.
• Banks have the power to expand or contract demand deposits. This power of the commercial banks to create deposits through their loans and advances is known as credit creation.

Question 29.
Give a brief note on NBFI.
Answer:
Non – Banking Financial Institution (NBFI):
1. A non – banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC) is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by the central bank.

2. The NBFIs do not carry on pure banking business, but they will carry on other financial transactions. They receive deposits and give loans. They mobilize people’s savings and use the funds to finance expenditure on investment activities. In short, they are institutions which undertake borrowing and lending. They operate in both the money and the capital markets.

3. NBFIs can be broadly classified into two categories. Viz.., (1) Stock Exchange; and (2) Other Financial institutions. Under the latter category comes Finance Companies, Finance Corporations, ChitFunds, Building Societies, Issue Houses, Investment Trusts and Unit Trusts and Insurance Companies.

Question 30.
Bring out the methods of credit control.
Answer:
Credit Control Measures

Question 31.
What are the functions of NABARD?
Answer:
Functions of NABARD:
NABARD has inherited its apex role from RBI i.e, it is performing all the functions performed
by RBI with regard to agricultural credit.

1. NABARD acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage, and village industries, handicrafts and rural crafts and real artisans and other allied economic activities with a view to promoting integrated rural development.

2. NABARD gives long-term loans (upto 20 Years) to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the share capital of cooperative credit societies.

3. NABARD gives long-term loans to any institution approved by the Central Government or contribute to the share capital or invests in securities of any institution concerned with agriculture and rural development.

4. NABARD has the responsibility of coordinating the activities of Central and State Governments, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) and other all India and State level institutions entrusted with the development of small scale industries, village and cottage industries, rural crafts, industries in the tiny and decentralized sectors, etc.

5. It maintains a Research and Development Fund to promote research in agriculture and rural development.

Question 32.
Specify the function of IFCI.
Answer:
The functions of the Industrial Finance Corporation of India are

• Long term loans; both in rupees and foreign currencies.
• Underwriting of equity, preference and debenture issues.
• Subscribing to equity, preference and debenture issues. .
• Guaranteeing the deferred payments in respect of machinery imported from abroad or purchased in India.
• Guaranteeing of loans raised in foreign currency from foreign financial institutions.

Question 33.
Distinguish between money market and capital market.
Answer:

Question 34.
Mention the Objectives of demonetizations.
Answer:
Objectives of Demonetisation:

1. Removing Black Money from the country.
2. Stopping of Corruption.
3. Stopping Terror Funds.
4. Curbing Fake Notes.

Demonetisation is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency. The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation, often to be replaced with new coins or notes.

PART – D

Answer the following questions in about a page.

Question 35.
Explain the role of Commercial Banks in economic development.
Answer:
Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development of a Country Role of Commercial Banks:

1. Capital Formation
2. Creation of Credit
3. Channelizing the funds
4. Encouraging Rights Type of Industries
5. Banks Monetize Debt
6. Finance to Government
7. Employment Generation
8. Bank Promote Entrepreneurship

1. Capital Formation:

• Banks play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the economic development of a country.
• They mobilize the small savings of the people scattered over a wide area through their network of branches all over the country and make it available for productive purposes.

2. Creation of Credit:

• Banks create credit for the purpose of providing more funds for development projects.
• Credit creation leads to increased production, employment, sales and prices and thereby they bring about faster economic development.

3. Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment:

• Banks invest the savings mobilized by them for productive purposes.
• Capital formation is not the only function of commercial banks.

4. Encouraging Right Type of Industries:

• Many banks help in the development of the right type of industries by extending loan to right type of persons.
• In this way, they help not only for industrialization of the country but also for the economic development of the country.
• They grant loans and advances to manufacturers whose products are in great demand.

5. Banks Monetize Debt:

• Commercial banks transform the loan to be repaid after a certain period into cash, which can be immediately used for business activities.
• Manufacturers and wholesale traders cannot increase their sales without selling goods on credit basis.

6. Finance to Government:

• The government is acting as the promoter of industries in underdeveloped countries for which finance is needed for it.
• Banks provide long – term credit to Government by investing their funds in Government securities and short-term finance by purchasing Treasury Bills.

7. Employment Generation:

• After the nationalization of big banks, banking industry has grown to a great extent.
• Bank’s branches are opened frequently, which leads to the creation of new employment opportunities.

8. Banks Promote Entrepreneurship:

• In recent days, banks have assumed the role of developing entrepreneurship particularly in developing countries like India by inducing new entrepreneurs to take up well-formulated projects and provision of counseling services like technical and managerial guidance.

Question 36.
Elucidate the functions of commercial Banks.
Answer:
The functions of commercial Banks are classified as primary secondary and other functions.
(a) Primary Functions:

1. Accepting Deposits:
It implies that Commercial banks are mainly dependent on public deposits. There are two types of deposits, which are :

• Demand Deposits:
  It refers to deposits that can be with drawn by individuals without any prior notice to the bank
• Time Deposit:
  It refers to deposits that are made for certain committed period of time.

2. Advancing Loans:
It refers to granting loans to individuals and businesses. Commercial banks grant loans in the form of overdraft, cash credit and discounting bills of exchange.

b) Secondary Functions:

1. Agency Functions
It implies that commercial banks act as agents of customers by performing various functions. They are

• Collecting cheques
• Collecting Income
• Paying Expenses

2) General utility Function
It implies that commercial banks provide some utility to customers by performing various functions .

• Providing Locker Facilities
• Issuing Traveler’s cheques
• Dealing in Foreign Exchange

3) Transferring Funds :
It refers to transferring of funds from one bank to another. Funds are transferred by means of draft, telephonic transfer, and electronic transfer.

4) Letter of credit:
Commercial banks issue letters of credit to their customers to certify their creditworthiness.

• Underwriting securities
• Electronic Banking

(c) Other Functions:

1. Money supply
   It refers to one of the important functions of commercial banks that help in increasing money supply. With this function without printing additional money, the supply of money is increased.
2. Credit creation
   Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances.
3. Collection of statistics
   Banks collect and publish statistics relating to trade, commerce, and industry.

Question 37.
Describe the functions of Reserve Bank of India.
Answer:
Functions of Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India):
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.

1. Monetary Authority:
It controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rate, maintain healthy balance of payment, attain financial stability, control inflation, strengthen banking system.

2. The issuer of currency:
The objective is to maintain the currency and credit system of the country. It is the sole authority to issue currency. It also takes action to control the circulation of fake currency.

3. The issuer of Banking License:
As per Sec 22 of Banking Regulation Act, every bank has to obtain a banking license from RBI to conduct banking business in India.

4. Banker to the Government:
It acts as banker both to the central and the state governments. It provides short-term credit. It manages all new issues of government loans, servicing the government debt outstanding and nurturing the market for government securities. It advises the government on banking and financial subjects.

5. Banker’s Bank:
RBI is the bank of all banks in India as it provides loan to banks, accept the deposit of banks, and rediscount the bills of banks.

6. Lender of last resort:
The banks can borrow from the RBI by keeping eligible securities as collateral at the time of need or crisis, when there is no other source.

7. Act as clearing house:
For settlement of banking transactions, RBI manages 14 clearing houses. It facilitates the exchange of instruments and processing of payment instructions.

8. Custodian of foreign exchange reserves:
It acts as a custodian of FOREX. It administers and enforces the provision of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999. RBI buys and sells foreign currency to maintain the exchange rate of Indian rupee v/s foreign currencies.

9. Regulator of Economy:
It controls the money supply in the system, monitors different key indicators like GDP, Inflation, etc.

10. Managing Government securities:
RBI administers investments in institutions when they invest specified minimum proportions of their total assets/liabilities in government securities.

11. Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems:
The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act) gives RBI oversight authority for the payment and settlement systems in the country. RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms.

12. Developmental Role:
This role includes the development of the quality banking system in India and ensuring that credit is available to the productive sectors of the economy. It provides a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.

It also includes establishing institutions designed to build the country’s financial infrastructure. It also helps in expanding access to affordable financial services and promoting financial education and literacy.

13. Publisher of monetary data and other data:
RBI maintains and provides all essential banking and other economic data, formulating and critically evaluating the economic policies in India. RBI collects, collates and publishes data regularly.

14. Exchange manager and controller:
RBI represents India as a member of the International Monetary Fund [IMF], Most of the commercial banks are authorized dealers of RBI.

15. Banking Ombudsman Scheme:
RBI introduced the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in 1995. Under this scheme, the complainants can file their complaints in any form, including online and can also appeal to the Ombudsman against the awards and the other decisions of the Banks.

16. Banking Codes and Standards Board of India:
To measure the performance of banks against Codes and standards based on established global practices, the RBI has set up the Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI).

Question 38.
What are the objectives of Monetary policy? Explain.
Answer:
1) Neutrality of money :
Neutralists hold the view that monetary authority should aim at neutrality of money in the economy. Monetary changes could be the root cause of all economic fluctuations.

2) Exchange Rate stability :
Exchange rate stability was the traditional objective of monetary authority. This was the main objective under Gold standard among different countries. Instability in the Exchange rates results in unfavourable balance of payments. Therefore, stable exchange rates are advocated.

3) Price stability:
Price stability is considered the most genuine objective of monetary policy Stable prices repose public confidence. It promotes business activity and ensures equitable distribution of income and wealth. As a result, there is general wave of prosperity and welfare in the community.
But, price stability does not mean “price rigidity or price stagnation”

4) Full employment:
Full employment was considered as the main goal of monetary policy. With the publication of keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and money in 1936, the objective of full employment gained full support as the chief objective of monetary policy.

5) Economic Growth:
Monetary policy should promote sustained and continuous economic growth by maintaining equilibrium between the total demand for money and total production capacity and further creating favourable conditions for saving and investment.
For bringing equality between demand and supply, a flexible monetary policy is the best course.

6) Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments:
Equilibrium in the balance of payments is another objective of monetary policy which emerged significantly in the post-war years. Monetary authority makes efforts to maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments.

12th Economics Guide Banking Additional Important Questions and Answers

One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Reserve Bank of India was nationalised in …………………………
(a) 1947
(b) 1948
(c) 1949
(d)1950
Answer:
(c) 1949

Question 2.
Under British rule the first bank of India was …………………….
a) Bank of Bengal
b) Bank of Hindustan
c) Bank of Bombay
d) Bank of Madras
Answer:
b) Bank of Hindustan

Question 3.
The ……………………… Bank of India was changed into SBI
a) Mumbai
b) Chennai
c) Imperial
d) Presidency
Answer:
c) Imperial

Question 4.
Primary functions of the commercial bank is …………………………
(a) Accepting deposits from the public
(b) Making loans and advances to public
(c) Discounting bills of exchange
(d) Inter bank borrowing
Answer:
(a) Accepting deposits from the public

Question 5.
RBI commenced its operations on …………………………..
a) April 1,1934
b) April 1,1935
c) January 1,1949
d) April 1,1937
Answer:
b) April 1,1935

Question 6.
The coins are issued by …………………………
(a) Ministry of Finance
(b) RBI
(c) Central Bank
(d) State Bank
Answer:
(a) Ministry of Finance

Question 7.
The name Rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word …………….
a) Nomia
b) Rupay
c) Raupya
d) None of the above
Answer:
c) Raupya

Question 8.
The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called …………….
a) Reverse Repo Rate
b) Repo rate
c) Cash Reserve Ratio
d) Bank rate
Answer:
a) Reverse Repo Rate

Question 9.
Open Market operations enable the ………………………… to reduce the money supply in the economy.
(o) Commercial bank
(b) SBI
(c) ICICI
(d) RBI
Answer:
(d) RBI

Question 10.
Each Indian bank note has its amount written in …………….. language.
a) 15
b) 20
c) 17
d) 14
Answer:
c) 17

Question 11.
Regional Rural Banks were set up on ……………………
a) 1950
b) 1967
c)1970
d) 1975
Answer :
d) 1975

Question 12.
Industrial credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) was set up on ………………
a) January 5, 1955
b) January 5,1973
c) February 15, 1976
d) February 5,1955
Answer:
a) January 5,1955

Question 13.
“Monetary History of the United states, 1867 -1960” was written by ………………
a) Milton Friedman
b) Irving Fisher
c) Walker
d) Culbertson.
Answer:
a) Milton Friedman

Question 14.
The qualitative credit control methods are also called …………………………
(a) Selective cash control
(b) Selective expenditure control
(c) Selective credit control
(d) Selective money control
Answer:
(c) Selective credit control

Question 15.
…………………. is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender.
a) Fiscal policy
b) Demonitisation
c) Monetary policy
d) Money market.
Answer:
b) Demonetisation

II. Match the following:

Question 1.
A) Bank of Bengal – 1) 1843
B) Bank of Bombay – 2) 1809
C) Bank of Madras – 3) 1935
D) Reserve Bank of India – 4)1840

Answer:
a) 2 4 1 3

Question 2.
A) NEFT – 1) Automated Teller Machine
B) RTGS – 2) Payment Bank
C) ATM – 3) National Electronic Fund Transfer
D) Paytm – 4) Real Time Gross Settlement.

Answer:
c) 3 4 1 2

Question 3.
A) Expansionary monetary policy – 1) Milton Friedman
B) Contractionary monetary policy – 2) Cassel, Keynes
c) Monetary policy – 3) Cheap money policy
D) Price stability – 4) Dear money policy

Answer :
a) 3 4 1 2

III. Choose the correct pair

Question 1.
a) Nobel prize – J.M. Keynes
b) Monetary policy – Macro-Economic Policy
c) Money Market – Long term credit instruments
d) Capital Market – Short term credit instruments
Answer :
b) Monetary policy – Macro-Economic Policy

Question 2.
a) RBI – 1945
b) ARDC – 1968
c) RRB – 1975
d) NABARD – 1984
Answer:
c) RRB -1975

Question 3.
a) Neutrality of Money – Cassel, Keynes
b) Price stability – Wicksteed, Robertson
c) E-banking – Internet banking
d) Merger of banks – 2018
Answer:
c) E-banking – Internet banking

IV. Choose the incorrect pair
Question 1.
a)NABARD – Agricultural credit
b) All-India level Institutions – IFCI, ICICI, IDBI
c) State level Institutions – SFC, SIDC
d) RRB – Industrial Development Bank
Answer:
d) RRB – Industrial Development Bank

Question 2.
a) First Central Bank – The Ricks Bank
b) Commercial banks – Service motivated
c) Time Deposit – Recurring deposit
d) Primary Deposit -. Passive Deposits
Answer:
b) Commercial banks – Service motivated

Question 3.
a) Reserve Bank of India Act – 1935
b) Foreign Exchange Management Act – 1999
c) Banking Ombudsman Scheme -‘1995
d) Banking Regulation Act – 1949
Answer:
a) Reserve Bank of India Act -1935

V. Choose the correct statement.

Question 1.
a) Central Government is the sole authority to issue currency in India.
b)Variable cash Reserve Ratio as an objective of monetary policy was first suggested by J.M.Keynes.
c) SBI represents India as a member of the International Monetary Fund.
d )Variable cash Reserve Ratio was first followed by RBI.
Answer:
b) Variable cash Reserve Ratio as an objective of monetary policy was first suggested by J.M.Keynes.

Question 2.
a) RRBS provides credit and other facilities to urban Industries.
b)Contractionary Monetary policy decreases unemployment.
c) Expansionary Monetary policy is a cheap money policy.
d) Price stability means price rigidity or price stagnation.
Answer:
c) Expansionary Monetary policy is a cheap money policy.

Question 3.
a) The Minimum amount for NEFT transfer is 2 lakhs.
b) RTGS means National electronic fund transfer.
c) Capital market is concerned with raising capital by dealing in shares, bonds, and other long-term investments.
d) The rate at which the RBI is willing to borrow from the commercial banks is called Repo Rate.
Answer:
c) Capital market is concerned with raising capital by dealing in shares, bonds, and other long-term investments.

VI. Choose the incorrect statement

Question 1.
a) Variable cash Reserve Ratio was first introduced by J.M.Keynes.
b) Bank rate is otherwise called Discount Rate.
c) Commercial Banks are profit-motivated.
d) Public deposits are classified as Demand deposits, Time deposits, and Primary deposits.
Answer:
d) Public deposits are classified as Demand deposits, Time deposits, and Primary deposits.

Question 2.
a) Commercial banks provide long-term credit to maintain liquidity of assets.
b) Credit creation literally means the multiplication of loans and advances.
c) Rationing of credit is the oldest method of credit Control.
d) The modern banks create deposits in two ways such as primary deposit and derived deposit.
Answer:
a) Commercial banks provide long-term credit to maintain liquidity of assets.

Question 3.
a) The Agricultural Refinance Development Corporation was established on July 1, 1963.
b) Non – Banking Financial Institutions are supervised by the Central Bank.
c) If the Central Bank wants to control credit, it will raise the bank rate.
d) The share capital of NABARD was equally contributed by the RBI and the GOI.
Answer:
b) Non – Banking Financial Institutions are supervised by the Central Bank.

VII. Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) State Financial Corporations.
b) Industrial Finance Corporation of India
c) Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
d) Industrial Development Bank of India.
Answer:
a) State Financial Corporations.

Question 2.
a) Bank Rate Policy
b) Open Market Operations
c) Rationing of Credit
d) Variable Reserve Ratio
Answer:
c) Rationing of Credit

Analyse the reason:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Reserve Bank of India had set up a separate Agricultural Credit Department.
Reason (R): RBI’s responsibility in the field of agriculture had been creased due to the predominance of agriculture in the Indian economy and the inadequacy of the formal agencies to cater to the huge requirements of the sector.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A): and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A): A central bank is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates.
Reason (R): Central bank through monetary policy controls the supply of money.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 3.
Assertion (A) : RBI was given oversight authority for the payment and settlement systems in the country. .
Reason (R) : The payment and settlement systems Act came into force in 2007.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Option:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
d) Both (A) and (R) are false.

IX. 2 Mark Questions

Question 1.
When and where was the first central bank established?
Answer:

• The Ricks Banks of Sweden, which had sprung from a private bank established in 1656 is the oldest central bank in the world.
• The Bank of England (1864) is the first bank of issues.

Question 2.
What are the functions of primary deposits?
Answer:
Primary Deposits:

1. It is out of these primary deposits that the bank makes loans and advances to its customers.
2. The initiative is taken by the customers themselves. In this case, the role of the bank is passive.
3. So these deposits are also called “Passive deposits”.

Question 3.
Name the classification of NBFIs.
Answer:

• Stock Exchange
• Other financial institutions Under the latter category comes Finance companies, Finance corporations, Chit funds, Building societies, etc.

Question 4.
Name the institutions for industrial finance.
Answer:
All-India level Institution:

• Industrial Finance Corporation of India
• Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India
• Industrial Development Bank of India.

State-level Institutions:

• State Financial Corporations
• State Industrial Development Corporation

Question 5.
Write RBI granting Regional Rural Banks concessions?
Answer:
The RBI has been granting many concessions to RRBs:

1. They are allowed to maintain the cash reserve ratio at 3 percent and statutory liquidity ratio at 25 percent; and
2. They also provide refinance facilities through NABARD.

Question 6.
State the specific objectives of monetary policy.
Answer:

• Neutrality of Money
• Stability of Exchange Rates
• Price stability
• Full employment
• Economic Growth
• Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments.

Question 7.
What is E-Banking?
Answer:
Online banking also known as internet banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website.

Question 8.
What do you know about Automated Teller Machine?
Answer:
ATMs were first introduced in 1967. Biometric authentication is already used in India, and its recognition is in place at Qatar National Bank ATMs.

Question 9.
Write a note on Paytm.
Answer:
Payments bank or Paytm is one of India’s e-commerce payment system and digital wallet company. It was established on August 2015, by the license of RBI.

Question 10.
Write a note on Debit Card.
Answer:
A Debit card is a card allowing the holder to transfer money electronically from their bank account when making a purchase.

Question 11.
What is demonetization?
Answer:
Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation, often to be replaced with new coins or notes.

X. 3 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What are the functions of RBI agricultural credit?
Answer:
Role of RBI in agricultural credit:

1. RBI has been playing a very vital role in the provision of agricultural finance in the country.
2. The Bank’s responsibility in this field had been increased due to the predominance of agriculture in the Indian economy and the inadequacy of the formal agencies to cater to the huge requirements of the sector.
3. In order to fulfill this important role effectively, the RBI set up a separate Agriculture Credit Department.
4. However, the volume of informal loans has not declined sufficiently.

Question 2.
Write a note on Regional Rural Banks.
Answer:

• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) was setup by the Government of India in 1975.
• The main objective of the RRBs is to provide credit and other facilities particularly to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans, and smalls entrepreneurs so as to develop agriculture, trade, commerce, industry, and other productive activities in the rural areas.
• RBI provides refinance facilities to RRBs through NABARD.

Question 3.
Explain the functions of ICICI.
Answer:
ICICI was set up on 5th January 1955. The principal purpose of this institution is to channelize the world bank funds to the industry in India and also to help build up a capital market.

Functions:

1. Assistance to industries
2. Provision of foreign currency loans
3. Merchant banking
4. Letter of credit
5. Project promotion
6. Housing loans
7. Leasing operations

Question 4.
What is E-Banking?
Answer:

1. Online banking, also known as internet banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution’s website.
2. The online banking system typically connects to or be part of the core banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking which was the traditional way customers accessed banking services.

Question 5.
Differentiate NEFT and RTGS.
Answer:

XI. 5 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate.
Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the functions of the Industrial Development Bank of India.
Answer:

• The functions of IDBI fall into two groups.
  • Assistance to other financial institutions.
  • Direct assistance to industrial concerns either on its own or in participation with other institutions.
• The IDBI can provide refinance in respect of term loans to industrial concerns given by the IFC, the SFCs, other financial institutions notified by the government, scheduled banks, and state cooperative banks.
• A special feature of the IDBI is the provision for the creation of a special fund known as the Development assistance fund.
• The fund is intended to provide assistance to industries which require heavy investments with a low anticipated rate of return.

Question 3.
Explain the State level institutions of Industrial Finance.
Answer:
1. State Financial Corporation (SFCs):
The government of India passed 1951 the State Financial corporations Act and SFCs were set up in many states. The SFCs are mainly intended for the development of small and medium industrial units within their respective states. However, in some cases, they extend to neighbouring states as well.

SFCs depend upon the IDBI for refinancing in respect of the term loans granted by them. Apart from these, the SFCs can also make temporary borrowings from the RBI and borrowings from IDBI and by the sale of bonds.

2. State Industrial Development Corporations(SIDCOs):
The Industrial Development Corporations have been set up by the state governments and they are wholly owned by them. These institutions are not merely financing agencies, are entrusted with the responsibility of accelerating the industrialization of their states.