Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 6 Control Structures Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 6 Control Structures

12th Computer Science Guide Control Structures Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
How many important control structures are there in Python?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer:
a) 3

Question 2.
elif can be considered to be abbreviation of
a) nested if
b) if..else
c) else if
d) if..elif
Answer:
c)else if

Question 3.
What plays a vital role in Python programming?
a) Statements
b) Control
c) Structure
d) Indentation
Answer:
d) Indentation

Question 4.
Which statement is generally used as a placeholder?
a) continue
b) break
c) pass
d) goto
Answer:
c) pass

Question 5.
The condition in the if statement should be in the form of
a) Arithmetic or Relational expression
b) Arithmetic or Logical expression
c) Relational or Logical expression
d) Arithmetic
Answer:
c) Relational or Logical expression

Question 6.
Which is the most comfortable loop?
a) do..while
b) while
c) for
d) if..elif
Answer:
c) for

Question 7.
What is the output of the following snippet?
i=l
while True:
if i%3 ==0:
break
print(i/end=”)
i +=1
a) 12
b) 123
c) 1234
d) 124
Answer:
a) 12

Question 8.
What is the output of the following snippet?
T=1
while T:
print(True)
break
a) False
b) True
c) 0
d) no output
Answer:
b) True

Question 9.
Which amongst this is not a jump statement ?
a) for
b) goto
c) continue
d) break
Answer:
a) for

Question 10.
Which punctuation should be used in the blank?
if < condition >
statements-block 1
else:
statements-block 2
a) ;
b) :
c) ::
d) !
Answer:
b) :

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
List the control structures in Python.
Answer:
There are three important control structures

1. Sequential
2. Alternative or Branching
3. Iterative or Looping

Question 2.
Write note on break statement.
Answer:

• The break statement terminates the loop containing it.
• Control of the program flows to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.
• When the break statement is executed, the control flow of the program comes out of the loop and starts executing the segment of code after the loop structure.
• If break statement is inside a nested loop (loop inside another loop), break will terminate the innermost loop.

Question 3.
Write is the syntax of if..else statement
Answer:
Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2

Question 4.
Define control structure.
Answer:
A program statement that causes a jump of control from one part of the program to another is called a control structure or control statement.

Question 5.
Write note on range () in loop
Answer:
Usually in Python, for loop uses the range() function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values. range() generates a list of values starting from start till stop – 1.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a program to display
Answer:
A
AB
ABC
ABCD
ABCDE
For i in range (1,6,1):
ch=65
for j in range (ch,ch+i,1):
a=chr(j)
print (a, end =’ ‘)
print ()

Question 2.
Write note on if..else structure.
Answer:
The if-else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block. Following is the syntax of ‘if-else’ statement.
Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2

Question 3.
Using if..else..elif statement write a suitable program to display largest of 3 numbers.
Answer:
a = int (input (“Enter number 1″)
b = int (input (” Enter number 2″)
c = int (input (” Enter number 3″)
if a > b and a > c:
put (” A is greatest”)
elif b > a and b > c:
print (“B is greatest”)
else:
print (“C is greatest”)

Question 4.
Write the syntax of while loop.
Answer:
The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:
Syntax:
while:
statements block 1
[else:
statements block 2]

Question 5.
List the differences between break and continue statements.
Answer:

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a detail note on for loop
Answer:
for loop:

• for loop is the most comfortable loop. It is also an entry check loop.
• The condition is checked in the beginning and the body of the loop
  (statements-block 1) is executed if it is only True otherwise the loop is not executed.

Syntax:
for counter_variable in
sequence:
statements – block 1
[else: # optional block statements – block 2]

• The counter, variable mentioned in the syntax is similar to the control variable that we used in the for loop of C++ and the sequence refers to the initial, final and increment value.
• Usually in Python, for loop uses the range () function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values, range () generates a list of values starting from start till stop-1.

The syntax of range() follows:
range (start, stop, [step])
Where,
start – refers to the initial value
stop – refers to the final value
step – refers to increment value,
this is optional part.

Examples for range():
range (1,30,1) – will start the range of values from 1 and end at 29 range (2,30,2) – will start the range of values from 2 and end at 28 range (30,3,-3) – will start the range of values from 30 and end at 6E range (20) – will consider this value 20 as the end value ( or upper limit) and starts the range count from 0 to 19 (remember always range () will work till stop -1 value only)

Example-Program:
#Program to illustrate the use of for loop – to print single digit even number
for i in range (2,10,2):
print (i, end=”)

Output:
2468

Question 2.
Write a detail note on if..else..elif statement with suitable example.
Answer:

• When we need to construct a chain of if statement(s) then ‘elif’ clause can be
  used instead of ‘else’.
  Syntax:
  if < condition -1>:
  statements-block 1
  elif< condition -2>:
  statements-block 2
  else:
  statements-block n
• In the syntax of if..elif ..else mentioned above, condition -1 is tested if it is true then statements-block 1 is executed, otherwise, the control checks condition-Z, if it is true statements- block2 is executed and even if it fails statements-block n mentioned in else part is executed.
• ‘elif’ clause combines if..else- if ..else statements to one if..elif … else, “elif’ can be considered to be abbreviation of ‘else if’. In an’if’ statement there is no limit of ‘elif’ clause that can be used, but an clause if used should be placed at the end.

Example:

# Program to illustrate the use of nested if statement
Average – Grade
> =80 and above A
> =70 and above B
> =60 and <70 C
> =50 and <60 D
Otherwise E

Example-program
m1 = int (input(“Enter mark in first subject:”))
m2 = int (input(” Enter mark in second subject:”))
avg = (ml+ml)/2
if avg> =80:
print (“Grade: A”)
elif avg> =70 and avg< 80:
print (“Grade: B”)
elif avg> =60 and avg< 60:
print (“Grade: C”)
elif avg> =50 and avg< 60: .
print (“Grade: D”)
else:
print(“Grade: E”)

Output 1:
Enter mark in first
subject: 34
Enter mark in second
subject: 78
Grade: D

Question 3.
Write a program to display all 3 digit odd numbers.
Answer:
Odd Number (3 digits)
for a in range (100, 1000)
if a % 2 = = 1:
print b
Output:
101, 103, 105, 107, .. …… 997, 999

Question 4.
Write a program to display multiplication table for a given number.
Answer:
Coding:
num=int(input(“Display Multiplication Table of “))
for i in range(1,11):
print(i, x ,num, ‘=’, num*i)
Output:
Display Multiplication Table of 2
1 x 2 = 2
2 x 2 = 4
3 x 2 = 6
4 x 2 = 8
5 x 2 = 10
6 x 2 = 12
7 x 2 =14
8 x 2 = 16
9 x 2 =18
10 x 2 = 20
>>>

12th Computer Science Guide Control Structures Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer ( I Mark)

Question 1.
Executing a set of statements multiple times are called…………………………..
(a) Iteration
(b) Looping
(c) Branching
(d) Both a and b
Answer:
(d) Both a and b

Question 2.
………… important control structures are available in python.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) many
Answer:
b) 3

Question 3.
Identify which is not a control structure?
(a) Sequential
(b) Alternative
(c) Iterative
(d) Break
Answer:
(d) Break

Question 4.
To construct a chain of if statement, else can be replaced by
a) while
b) ifel
c) else if
d) elif
Answer:
d) elif

Question 5.
Branching statements are otherwise called……………………………
(a) Alternative
(b) Iterative
(c) Loop
(d) Sequential
Answer:
(a) Alternative

Question 6.
Which statement is used to skip the remaining part of a loop and start with the next iteration?
a) continue
b) break
c) pass
d) condition
Answer:
a) continue

Question 7.
In the …………….. loop, the condition is any valid Boolean expression returning True or false.
a) if
b) else
c) elif
d) while
Answer:
d) while

Question 8.
How many blocks can be given in Nested if.. elif.. else statements?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) n
Answer:
(d) n

Question 9.
A loop placed within another loop is called as …………… loop structure.
a) entry check
b) exit check
c) nested
d) conditional
Answer:
c) nested

Question 10.
What types of Expressions can be given in the while loop?
(a) Arithmetic
(b) Logical
(c) Relational
(d) Boolean
Answer:
(d) Boolean

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a note on sequential statements?
Answer:
A sequential statement is composed of a sequence of statements which are executed one after another. A code to print your name, address, and phone number is an example of a sequential statement.

Question 2.
Write the syntax of for loop.
Answer:
Syntax:
for counter_variable in sequence:
statements-block 1
[else: # optional block
statement-block 2]

Question 3.
Define loops?
Answer:
Iteration or loop are used in a situation when the user needs to execute a block of code several times or till the condition is satisfied. A loop statement allows executing a statement or group of statements multiple times.

Question 4.
What is meant by Nested loop structure?
Answer:

• A loop placed within another loop is called a nested loop structure.
• A while; within another while; for within another for;
• For within while and while within for to construct nested loops.

Question 5.
Give the syntax of range O in for loop?
Answer:
The syntax of range ( ) is as follows:
range (start, stop, [step] )
Where,
start – refers to the initial value
stop – refers to the final value
step – refers to increment value, this is an optional part.

Question 6.
Write a note on the pass statement.
Answer:

• pass statement in Python programming is a null statement.
• pass statement when executed by the interpreter it is completely ignored.
• Nothing happens when the pass is executed, it results in no operation.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the types of alternative or branching statements provided by Python?
Answer:
The types of alternative or branching statements provided by Python are:

1. Simple if statement
2. if..else statement
3. if..elif statement

1) Simple if statement
Simple if is the simplest of all decision-making statements. The condition should be in the form of relational or logical expression.
Syntax:
if:
statements-block1
Example:
x=int (input(“Enter your age :”))
if x > =18:
print (“You are; eligible for voting”)
Output:
Enter your age :34
You are eligible for voting

2) if..else statement
The if.. else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block. Following is the syntax of ‘if..else statement.
Syntax:
if:
statements-block 1
else:
statements-block 2
Example:
a = int(input(” Enter any number :”))
if a%2==0:
print (a, ” is an even number”) else:
print (a, ” is an odd number”)
Output 1:
Enter any number:56
56 is an even number
Output 2:
Enter any number:67
67 is an odd number
Flowchart- if..else statement Execution

3) Nested if..elif…else statement:

• When we need to construct a chain of if statement(s) then ‘elif’ clause can be used instead of ‘else.
• ‘elif’ clause combines if..else-if.. elsestatements to one if ..elif… else. elif can be considered to be abbreviation of else if.
• In an ‘if statement there is no limit of ‘elif clause that can be used, but an ‘else clause if used should be placed at the end.

Syntax:
if<statements-block 1>:
elif :
statements-block 2
else:
statements-block n
Example:
a = int (input (“Enter number 1″)
b = int (input (” Enter number 2″)
c = int (input (” Enter number 3″)
if a > b and a > c:
put (” A is greatest”)
elif b > a and b > c:
print (“B is greatest”)
else:
print (“C is greatest”)

Question 2.
Explain while loop with example.
Answer:

• While loop belongs to entry check loop type, that is it is not executed even once
  if the condition is tested False in the beginning.
• In the while loop, the condition is any valid Boolean expression returning
  True or False.
• The else part of while is optional part of while. The statements blocki is kept
  executed till the condition is True.
• If the else part is written, it is executed when the condition is tested False.

Syntax:
while< condition >:
statements block 1
[else:
statements block 2]
Flowchart-while loop execution:

Example:

Question 3.
Explain the Jump statement in python.
Answer:

• The jump statement in Python is used to unconditionally transfer the control from one part of the program to another.
• There are three keywords to achieve jump statements. in Python: break, continue, pass.

Flowchart -Use of break, continue statement in loop structure:

• break statement:
• The break statement terminates the loop containing it.
• Control of the program flows to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.
• A while or for loop will iterate till the condition is tested false, but one can even transfer the control out of the loop (terminate) with help of a break statement.
• When the break statement is executed, the control flow of the program comes out of the loop and starts executing the segment of code after the loop structure.
• If the break statement is inside a nested loop (loop inside another loop), the break will terminate the innermost loop. Syntax for break statement:
  break
  Example: for word in “Jump Statement”:
  ifword = = “e”:
  break print (word, end= “)
  Output: Jump Stat
  Flowchart- Working of break statement:

Working of break statement

continue statement: Continue statement unlike the break statement is used to skip the remaining part of a loop and start with the next iteration.

Syntax of continue statement:
continue Example:
for word in “Jump Statement”:
if word = = “e”:
continue print (word, end=”)
print (“\n End of the program”)

Output:
Jump Statement
End of the program

pass statement:

• pass statement is generally used as a placeholder.
• When we have a loop or function that is to be implemented in the future and not now, we cannot develop such functions or loops with empty body segments because the interpreter would raise an error.
• So, to avoid this we can use a pass statement to construct a body that does nothing.

Syntax of pass statement:
pass

Example:
forval in “Computer”:
pass
print (“End of the loop, loop structure will be built in future”)
Output: End of the loop, loop structure will be built in future

Question 4.
What kind of Nested ioop structure can be created?
Answer:

• A loop placed within another loop is called a nested loop structure.
• A while; within another while; for within another for;
• for within while and while within to construct nested loops.

HANDS-ON PRACTICE

Question 1.
Write a program to check whether the given character is a vowel or not.
Answer:
Coding:
ch=input (“Enter a character :”)
# to check if the letter is vowel
if ch in (‘a’, ‘A’, e , E , i , I , o ,O , u’, ‘U’):
print (ch/ is a vowel’)
Output:
Enter a character:e
e is a vowel

Question 2.
(i) Write a program to display all 3 digit even numbers.
(ii) Write the output for the following program.
Answer:
i=1
while (i<=6):
for j in range (1, i):
print(j, end=’\t’)
print (end=’ \ n’)
i+=1
i) Python Program:
for i in range(100,1000,2):
Print(i)
ii) Output: 1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

Question 3.
Write a program to check if a number is Positive, Negative or zero.
Answer:
Coding:
num = float(input(” Enter a number: “))
if num > 0:
print(“Positive number”)
elifnum == 0:
print(“Zero”)
else:
print(“Negative number”)
Output:
Enter a number:5
Positive number

Question 4.
Write a program to display Fibonacci series 0112345 (up to n terms)
Answer:
Coding:
Number = int(input(“\n Please Enter the Range Number: “))
i = 0
First_ Value = 0
Second-Value = 1
while(i < Number):
if(i <= 1):
Next = i else:
Next = First-Value + Second_Value
First_Value = Second_Value
Second_Value = Next
print(Next)
i = i + 1
Output:
Please Enter the Range Number: 4
0
1
1
2
3

Question 5.
Write a program to display sum of natural numbers, up to n.
Answer:
Coding:
number = int(input(“Please Enter any Number:”))
total = 0
for value in range(l, number + 1):
total = total + value
print(“The Sum of Natural Numbers is total)
Output:
Please Enter any Number:5
The Sum of Natural Numbers is : 15

Question 6.
Write a program to check if the given number is a palindrome or not.
Answer:
Coding:
n=int(input(“Enter number:”))
temp=n
rev=0
while(n>0):
dig=n%10
rev=rev*10+dig
n=n//10
if(temp==rev):
print(“The number is a palindrome!”)
else:
print(“The number isn’t a palindrome!”)
Output:
isn’t a palindrome!

Question 7.
Write a program to print the following pattern
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
Answer:
Coding:
number = int(input(“Please Enter Pattern Number: “))
for i in range(number,0,-l):
for j in range(1,i+1,1):
print(“*”, end”)
print()
Output:
Please Enter Pattern Number:5
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*

Question 8.
Write a program to check if the year is leap year or not.
Answer:
Coding:
def leap_year(y):
.’ if (y % 400 = = 0):
print(y, “is the leap year”)
elif(y%4 = = 0):
print(y, “is the leap year”)
else:
print(y, “is not a leap year”)
year = int(input(“Enter a year…”)
print(leap_year(year))
Output:
Enter a year… 2007
2007 is the leap year

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Miscellaneous Problems Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Miscellaneous Problems

Question 1.
If f (x) = e^ax then show that f(0), Δf(0), Δ²f(0) are in G.P
Solution:
Given f(x) = e^ax
f(0) = e° = 1 ……… (1)
Δf(x) = e^a(x+h) – e^ax
= e ^ax+ah – e^ax
= e^ax. e^ah – e^ax
= e^ax (e^ah – 1)
Δf(0) = e° (e^ah – 1)
= (e^ah – 1) …….. (2)
Δ²f(x)= Δ [Δf(x)]
= Δ [e^a(x+h) – e^ax]
[e^a(x+h+h) – e^a(x+h)] – [e^a(x+h) – e^ax]
= e^a(x+2h) – e^a(x+h) – e^a(x+h) + e^ax
Δ²f(0) = Δ [Δf(x)]
= e^a(2h) – e^a(h) – e^a(h) + e⁰
= e^2ah – e^ah – e^ah + 1
= (e^ah)² – 2e^ah + 1
= [e^ah – 1]² ………… (3)
from (1), (2) & (3)
[t₂]² =[Δf(0)]² = (e^ah – 1)²
t₁ × t₃ = f(0) × Δ²f(0)
= (1)(e^ah – 1)² = (e^ah – 1)²
⇒ [Δf(0)]² = f(0) × Δ²f(0)
∴ f(0), Δf(0), Δ²f(0) an is G.P.

Question 2.
Prove that
(i) (1 + Δ) (1 – ∇) = 1
(ii) Δ∇ = Δ – ∇
(iii) EV = Δ = ∇E
Solution:
(i) LHS = (1 + Δ) (1 – ∇)
= (E) (E^-1) = E^1-1
= E° = 1
= RHS
Hence proved.

(ii) LHS = Δ∇
= (E – 1)(1 – E^-1)
= E – EE^-1 + E^-1
= E – 1 – 1 – E^-1
= E – 2 – E^-1 ………… (1)
RHS = Δ – ∇
= (E – 1) -(1 – E^-1)
= E – 1 – 1 + E^-1
= E – 2 + E^-1 ………. (2)
from (1) & (2) LHS = RHS
Hence proved.

(iii) E∇ = EE^-1Δ [∵ ∇ = E^-1Δ]
= Δ ……… (1)
∇E = E^-1 ΔE
= E^-1 EΔ
= Δ ………. (2)
from (1) (2)
E∇ = Δ = ∇E

Question 3.
A second degree polynomial passes though the point (1, -1) (2, -1) (3, 1) (4, 5). Find the polynomial.
Solution:
Points are (1, -1), (2, -1), (3, 1) and (4, 5)

we will use Newton’s backward interpolation formula to find the polynomial.

= 5 + (x – 4) (4) + (x – 4) (x – 3) + 0
= 5 + 4x – 16 + x² – 7x + 12
y(x) = x² – 3x + 1

Question 4.
Find the missing figures in the following table

Solution:
Here y₀ = 7; y₁ = 11; y₂ = ?; y₃ = 18; y₄ = ?; y₅ = 32
Since only four values of f(x) are given, the polynomial which fits the data is of degree three. Hence fourth differences are zeros.
Δ⁴y_k = 0
(ie) (E – 1)⁴ y_k = 0
(i.e) (E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1)y_k = 0 ……….. (1)
Put k = 0 in (1)
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1)y₀ = 0
E⁴ y₀ – 4E³ y₀ + 6E² y₀ – 4E y₀ + y₀ = 0
y₄ – 4y₃ + 6y₂ – 4y₁ + y₀ = 0
y₄ – 4(18) + 6y₂ – 4(11) + 7 = 0
y₄ – 72 + 6y₂ – 44 + 7 = 0
y₄ + 6y₂ = 109
(2)
Put k = 1 in (1)
(E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1)y₁ = 0
[E⁴ y₁ – 4E y₁ + 6E² y₁ – 4Ey₁ + y] = 0
y₅ – 4y₄ + 6y₃ – 4y₂ + y₁ = 0
32 – 4 (y₄) + 6(18) — 4(y₂) + 11 = 0
32 – 4y₄ + 108 – 4y₂ + 11 = 0
-4y₄ – 4y₂ + 151 = 0
4y₄ + 4y₂ = 151 ,……. (3)
Solving equation (1) & (2)

Substitute y₂ = 14.25 in eqn (1)
y₄ + 6(14.25) = 109
y₄ + 25.50 = 109
y₄ = 109 – 85.5
∴ y₄ = 23.5
∴ Required two missing values are 14.25 and 23.5.

Question 5.
Find f (0.5) if f(-1) = 202, f(0) = 175, f(1) = 82 and f(2) = 55
Solution:
From the given data

Here we have to apply Newton’s forward interpolation formula, since the value of f(x) is required near the beginning of the table.
y_{(x= x0+nh)} =f(x₀) + \(\frac { n }{1!}\) Δf(x₀) + \(\frac { n(n-1) }{2!}\) Δ²f(x₀) + \(\frac { n(n-1)(n-2) }{3!}\) Δ³f(x₀) + ………
Given:
x = 0.5 and h = 1
x₀ + nh = x
-1 + n(1) = 0.5
n = 1 + 0.5
∴ n = 1.5

= 202 – 40.5 – 24.75 – 8.25
= 202 – 73.5
f(0.5) = 128.5

Question 6.
From the following data find y at x = 43 and x = 84

Solution:
To find y at x = 43
Since the value of y is required near the beginning of the table, we use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.

= 184 + (0.3) (20) + (0.3) (-0.7)
= 184 + 6.0 – 0.21
= 190 + 0.21
y_(x=43) = 189.79
To find y at x = 84
Since the value of y is required at the end of the table, we apply backward interpolation formula.

x_n + nh = x
90 + n(10) = 84
10n = 84 – 90
10n = -6
∴ n = -0.6
y_(x=84) = 304 + \(\frac { (0.6) }{1!}\) (28) + \(\frac {(0.6)(-0.6 + 1) }{2!}\)(2) +
= 304 + (0.6) (28) + \(\frac { (-0.6)(0.4) }{2}\) + 2
= 304 – 16.8 – 0.24
= 304 – 17.04
= 286.96

Question 7.
The area A of circle of diameter ‘d’ is given for the following values

Find the approximate values for the areas of circles of diameter 82 and 91 respectively.
Solution:
To find A at D = 82
Since the value of A is required near the beginning of the table. We use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.

= 5026 + 259.2 – 4.8 – 0.128 – 0.1664
= 5285.2 – 5.0944
= 5280.1056
A = 5280.11
To find Δ at D = 91
Since the value of A is required near the beginning of the table. We use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula.

= 7854 – 1378.8 + 28.8 + 0.096 + 0.0576
= 7882.9536 – 1378.8
= 6504.1536
= 6504.15

Question 8.
If u₀ = 560, u₁ = 556, u₂ = 520, u₄ = 385, show that u₃ = 465
Solution:
U₀ = 560; U₁ = 556; U₂ = 520; U₄ = 385
Since only four values of U are given, the polynomial which fits the data is of degree three. Hence fourth differences are zeros.
Δ⁴U₀
(E – 1)⁴ U₀ = 0
⇒ (E⁴ – 4E³ + 6E² – 4E + 1) U₀ = 0
⇒ E⁴U₀ – 4E³U₀ + 6E²U₀ – 4EU₀ + U₀ = 0
U₄ – 4U₃ + 6U₂ – 4U₁ + U₀ = 0
385 – 4(U₃) + 6 (520) – 4 (556) + 560 = 0
385 – 4(U₃) + 3120 – 2224 + 560 = 0
1841 – 4U₃ = 0
4U₃ = 1841 ⇒ U₃ = \(\frac { 1841 }{4}\)
U₃ = 460.25

Question 9.
From the following table obtain a polynomial of degree y in x

Solution:
We will use Newton’s backward interpolation formula to find the polynomial.

To find y in terms of x
x_n + nh = x
5 + n(1) = x
∴ n = x – 5

= 1 + 2x – 10 + 2 (x² – 9x + 20) + \(\frac { 4 }{3}\) (x – 5) (x² – 7x + 12) + \(\frac { 2 }{3}\)(x² – 9x + 20)(x² – 5x + 6)
= 1 + 2x – 10 + 2x² – 18x + 40 + \(\frac { 4 }{3}\)
[x³ – 7x² + 12x – 5x² + 35x – 60] + \(\frac { 2 }{3}\) [x⁴ – 5x³ + 6x² – 9x³ + 45x² – 54x + 20x² – 100x + 120]

Question 10.
Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula find a polynominal which passes through the points (0, -12), (1, 0), (3, 6) and (4, 12).
Solution:
We can construct a table using the given points.

Here x₀ = 0; x₁ = 1; x₂ = 3; x₃ = 4,
y₀ = -12; y₁ = 0; y₂ = 6; y₃ = 12

= (x³ – 7x² + 12x – x² + 7x – 12) – (x³ – 5x² + 4x) + (x³ – 4x² + 3x)
= (x³ – 8x² + 19x – 12) – (x³ – 5x² + 4x) + (x³ – 4x² + 3x)
= x³ – 8x² + 19x – 12 – x³ + 5x² – 4x + x³ – 4x² + 3x
∴ y = x³ – 7x² + 18x – 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 9 Fiscal Economics Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 9 Fiscal Economics

12th Economics Guide Fiscal Economics Text Book Questions and Answers

PART-A

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
The modern state is
a) Laissez-faire state
b) Aristocratic state
c) Welfare state
d) Police state
Answer:
c) Welfare state

Question 2.
One of the following is NOT a feature of private finance
a) Balancing of income and expenditure
b) Secrecy
c) Saving some part of income
d) Publicity
Answer:
d) Publicity

Question 3.
The tax possesses the following characteristics
a) Compulsory
b) No quid pro quo
c) Failure to pay is offence
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

Question 4.
Which of the following canons of taxation was not listed by Adam smith?
a) Canon of equality
b) Canon of certainty
c) Canon of convenience
d) Canon of simplicity
Answer:
d) Canon of simplicity

Question 5.
Consider the following statements and identify the correct ones.
i. Central government does not have exclusive power to impose tax which is not mentioned in state or concurrent list.
ii.The Constitution also provides for transferring certain tax revenues from union list to states.
a) i only
b) ii only
c) both
d) none
Answer:
b) ii only

Question 6.
GST is equivalence of
a) Sales tax
b) Corporation tax
c) Income tax
d) Local tax
Answer:
a) Sales tax

Question 7.
The direct tax has the following merits except
a) equity
b) convenient
c) certainty
d) civic consciousness
Answer:
b) convenient

Question 8.
Which of the following is a direct tax?
a) Excise duty
b) Income tax
c) Customs duty
d) Service tax
Answer:
b) Income tax

Question 9.
Which of the following is not a tax under Union list?
a) Personal Income tax
b) Corporation tax
c) Agricultural Income tax
d) Excise duty
Answer:
c) Agricultural Income tax

Question 10.
” Revenue Receipts” of the government do not include
a) Interest
b) Profits and dividents
c) Recoveries and loans
d) Rent from property
Answer:
d) Rent from property

Question 11.
The difference between revenue expenditure and revenue receipts is
a) Revenue deficit
b) Fiscal deficit
c) Budget deficit
d) primary deficit
Answer:
a) Revenue deficit

Question 12.
The difference between total expenditure and total receipts including loans and other liabilities is called
a) Fiscal deficit
b) Budget deficit
c) Primary deficit
d) Revenue deficit
Answer:
a) Fiscal deficit

Question 13.
The primary purpose of deficit financing is
a) Economic development
b) Economic stability
c) Economic equality
d) Employment generation
Answer:
a) Economic development

Question 14.
Deficit budget means
a) An excess of government’s revenue over expenditure
b) An excess of government’s current expenditure over its current revenue
c) An excess of government’s total expenditure over its total revenue
d) None of above
Answer:
c) An excess of government’s total expenditure over its total revenue

Question 15.
Methods of repayment of public debt is
a) Conversion
b) Sinking fund
c) Funded debt
d) All these
Answer:
d) All these

Question 16.
Conversion of public debt means exchange of
a) new bonds for the old ones
b) low interest bonds for higher interest bonds
c) Long term bonds for short term bonds
d) All the above
Answer:
b) low interest bonds for higher interest bonds

Question 17.
The word budget has been derived from the French word ” bougette” which means
a) A small bag
b) An empty box
c) A box with papers
d) None of the aboye
Answer:
a) A small bag

Question 18.
Which one of the following deficits does not consider borrowing as a receipt?
a) Revenue deficit
b) Budgetary deficit
c) Fiscal deficit
d) Primary deficit
Answer:
c) Fiscal deficit

Question 19.
Finance commission determines
a) The finances of Government of India
b) The resources transfer to the states
c) The resources transfer to the various departments
d) None of the above
Answer:
b) The resources transfer to the states

Question 20.
Consider the following statements and identify the right ones.
i. The finance commission is appointed by the president
ii. The tenure of finance commission is five years.
a) i only
b) ii only
c) both
d) none
Answer:
c) both

PART -B

Two Mark Questions

Question 21.
Define Public finance.
Answer:
Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of state revenue and expenditure. – Adam Smith

Question 22.
What is public revenue?
Answer:
Public Revenue:
Public revenue deals with the methods of raising public revenue such as tax and non-tax, the principles of taxation, rates of taxation, impact, incidence and shifting of taxes and their effects.

Question 23.
Differentiate tax and fee.
Answer:
A tax is a compulsory payment made to the government. But, there is no compulsion involved in the case of fees.

Question 24.
Write a short note on a Zero-based budget.
Answer:
Zero Base Budget:

1. The Government of India presented Zero-Base-Budgeting (ZBB first) in 1987-88.
2. It involves fresh evaluation of expenditure in the Government budget, assuming it as a new item.
3. The review has been made to provide justification or otherwise for the project as a whole in the light of the socio-economic objectives which have been already set up for this project and as well as in view of the priorities of the society.

Question 25.
Give two examples for direct tax.
Answer:

1. Income Tax
2. Corporation Tax.

Question 26.
What are the components of GST?
Answer:

• CGST – collected by the central government on an intrastate sale SGST – collected by the state government on an intrastate sale.
• IGST – collected by the central government for interstate sale.

Question 27.
What do you mean by public debt?
Answer:

1. The state has to supplement the traditional revenue sources with borrowing from individuals, and institutions within and outside the country.
2. The amount of borrowing is huge in the underdeveloped countries to finance development activities.
3. The debt burden is a big problem and most of the countries are in a debt trap.

PART -C

Three Mark Questions
Question 28.
Describe canons of Taxation.
Answer:
According to Adam Smith, there are four canons or maxims of taxation. They are as follows:
Canons of Taxation:

1. Economical
2. Equitable
3. Convenient
4. Certain
5. (Efficient and Flexible)

1. Canon of Ability:

• The Government should impose a tax in such a way that the people have to pay taxes according to their ability.
• In such a case, a rich person should pay more tax compared to a middle-class person or a poor person.

2. Canon of Certainty:

• The Government must ensure that there is no uncertainty regarding the rate of tax or the time of payment.
• If the Government collects taxes arbitrarily, then these will adversely affect the efficiency of the people and their working ability too.

3. Canon of Convenience:

• The method of tax collection and the timing of the tax payment should suit the convenience of the people.
• The Government should make convenient arrangements for all the taxpayers to pay the taxes without difficulty.

4. Canon of Economy:

• The Government has to spend money for collecting taxes, for example, salaries are given to the persons who are responsible for collecting taxes.
• The taxes, where collection costs are more are considered bad taxes.
• Hence, according to Smith, the Government should impose only those taxes whose collection costs are very less and cheap.

Question 29.
Mention any three similarities between public finance and private finance.
Answer:

1. Rationality: Both public finance and private finance are based on rationality. Maximization of welfare and least cost factor combination underlie both.
2. Limit to borrowing: Both have to apply restraint with regard to borrowing. There is a limit to deficit financing by the state also.
3. Resource utilization: Both the private and public sectors have limited resources at their disposal and make optimum use of it.

Question 30.
What are the functions of a modern state?
Answer:
The functions of a modem state are.

• Defense – To protect the people
• Judiciary – Rendering Justice and settlement of disputes
• Enterprises – Regulation and control of the private enterprise
• Social welfare – provision of social goods.
• Infrastructure – Creating social and economic infrastructure
• Macroeconomic policy
• Social Justice – Redistribution of income
• Control of monopoly

Question 31.
State any three characteristics of taxation.
Answer:
Characteristics of Tax:

1. A tax is a compulsory payment made to the government. People on whom a tax is imposed must pay the tax. Refusal to pay the tax is a punishable offense.
2. There is no quid pro quo between a taxpayer and public authorities. This means that the taxpayer cannot claim any specific benefit against the payment of a tax.
3. Every tax involves some sacrifice on part of the taxpayer.
4. A tax is not levied as a fine or penalty for breaking the law.

Question 32.
Point out any three differences between direct tax and indirect tax.
Answer:

Question 33.
What is the primary deficit?
Answer:
Primary Deficit:

1. Primary deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
2. It shows the real burden of the government and it does not include the interest burden on loans taken in the past.
3. Thus, primary deficit reflects the borrowing requirement of the government exclusive of interest payments.
4. Primary Deficit (PD) = Fiscal deficit (PD) – Interest Payment (IP)

Question 34.
Mention any three methods or redemption of public debt.
Answer:

1. Budgetary surplus: When the government presents a surplus budget, it can be utilized for repaying the debt.
2. Terminal Annuity: In this method, the government pays off the public debt on the basis of terminal annuity in equal annual installments.
3. Reduction in Rate of Interest: Another method of debt redemption is the compulsory reduction in the rate of interest, during the time of financial crisis.

PART – D

Five Mark Questions

Question 35.
Explain the scope of public finance.
Answer:
In modern times, the subject ‘Public Finance includes five major subdivisions, they are

• Public Revenue:
  Public revenue deals with the methods of raising public revenue such as tax and non-tax, the principles of taxation, rates of taxation, impact, incidence and shifting of taxes and their effects.
• Public Expenditure:
  This part studies the fundamental principles that govern government expenditure, effects of public expenditure, and control of public expenditure.
• Public Debt:
  Public debt deals with the methods of raising loans from internal and external sources. The burden, effects, and redemption of public debt fall under this head.
• Financial Administration:
  This part deals with the study of the different aspects of public budget. The budget is the Annual master financial plan of the government.
• Fiscal policy:
  Taxes, Subsidies, public debt and public expenditure are the instruments of fiscal policy.

Question 36.
Bring out the merits of indirect taxes over direct taxes.
Answer:
Merits of Direct Taxes:
(I) Equity:

1. Direct taxes are progressive i.e. rate of tax varies according to tax base.
2. For example, income tax satisfies the canon of equity.

(II) Certainty:

1. Canon of certainty can be ensured by direct taxes.
2. For example, an income tax payer knows when and at what rate he has to pay income tax.

(III) Elasticity:

1. Direct taxes also satisfy the canon of elasticity.
2. Income tax is income elastic in nature. As income level increases, the tax revenue to the Government also increases automatically.

(IV) Economy:

1. The cost of collection of direct taxes is relatively low.
2. The tax payers pay the tax directly to the state.

Merits of Indirect Taxes:

(I) Wider Coverage:

1. All the consumers, whether they are rich or poor, have to pay indirect taxes.
2. For this reason, it is said that indirect taxes can cover more people than direct taxes.
3. For example, in India everybody pays indirect tax as against just 2 percent paying income tax.

(I) Equitable:
The indirect tax satisfies the canon of equity when higher tax is imposed on luxuries used by rich people.

(II) Economical:

1. Cost of collection is less as producers and retailers collect tax and pay to the Government.
2. The traders act as honorary tax collectors.

(IV) Checks harmful consumption:

1. The Government imposes indirect taxes on those commodities which are harmful to health
2. e.g. tobacco, liquor etc.
3. They are known as sin taxes.

(V) Convenient:

1. Indirect taxes are levied on commodities and services.
2. Whenever consumers make a purchase, they pay tax along with the price.
3. They do not feel the pinch of paying tax.

Question 38.
State and Explain instruments of fiscal policy:
Answer:
Fiscal policy is implemented through fiscal instruments also called’ fiscal tools’ or fiscal levers.

1. Taxation:
Taxes transfer income from the people to the Government. Taxes are either direct or indirect. An increase in tax reduces disposable income. So taxation should be raised to control inflation. During the depression, taxes are to be reduced.

2. Public Expenditure:
Public expenditure raises wages and salaries of the employees and thereby the aggregate demand for goods and services. Hence public expenditure is raised to fight recession and reduced to control inflation.

3. Public debt:
When government borrows by floating a loan, there is transfer of funds from the public to the Government At the time of interest payment and repayment of public debt, funds are transferred from Government to public.

Question 39.
Explain the principles of federal finance.
Answer:
Principles of Federal Finance:
In the case of a federal system of finance, the following main principles must be applied:

1. Principle of Independence.
2. Principle of Equity.
3. Principle of Uniformity.
4. Principle of Adequacy.
5. Principle of Fiscal Access.
6. Principle of Integration and coordination.
7. Principle of Efficiency.
8. Principle of Administrative Economy.
9. Principle of Accountability.

1. Principle of Independence:
(i) Under the system of federal finance, a Government should be autonomous and free about the internal financial matters concerned.

(ii) It means each Government should have separate sources of revenue, authority to levy taxes, to borrow money and to meet the expenditure.

3. The Government should normally enjoy autonomy in fiscal matters.

2. Principle of Equity:
From the point of view of equity, the resources should be distributed among the different states so that each state receives a fair share of revenue.

3. Principle of Uniformity:
In a federal system, each state should contribute equal tax payments for federal finance.

4. Principle of Adequacy of Resources:

1. The principle of adequacy means that the resources of each Government i.e. Central and State should be adequate to carry out its functions effectively.
2. Here adequacy must be decided with reference to both current as well as future needs.
3. Besides, the resources should be elastic in order to meet the growing needs and unforeseen expenditure like war, floods etc.

5. Principle of Fiscal Access:
(i) In a federal system, there should be possibility for the Central and State Governments to develop new source of revenue within their prescribed fields to meet the growing financial needs.

(ii) In nutshell, the resources should grow with the increase in the responsibilities of the . Government.

6. Principle of Integration and coordination:

1. The financial system as a whole should be well integrated.
2. There should be perfect coordination among different layers of the financial system of the country.
3. Then only the federal system will survive.
4. This should be done in such a way to promote the overall economic development of the country.

7. Principle of Efficiency:

1. The financial system should be well organized and efficiently administered.
2. Double taxation should be avoided.

8. Principle of Administrative Economy:

1. Economy is the important criterion of any federal financial system.
2. That is, the cost of collection should be at the minimum level and the major portion of revenue should be made available for the other expenditure outlays of the Governments.

9. Principle of Accountability:
Each Government should be accountable to its own legislature for its financial decisions i.e. the Central to the Parliament and the State to the Assembly.

Question 40.
Describe the various types of deficit in budget.
Answer:
1. Revenue Deficit:
It refers to the excess of the government revenue expenditure over revenue re
ceipts. It does not consider capital receipts and capital expenditure. Revenue deficit implies that the government is living beyond its means to conduct day- today operations.
Revenue deficit (RD) =
Total Revenue Expenditure (RE) – Total Revenue Receipts (RR)
When RE – RR >0

2. Budget Deficit:
Budget deficit is the difference between total receipts and total expenditure.
Budget deficit = Total Expenditure – Total Revenue

3. Fiscal deficit ,
Fiscal deficit (FD) =
Budget deficit + Governments Market borrowing and liabilities.

4. Primary deficit:
Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit (FD) – Interest payment (IP)
It shows the real burden of the government and it does not include the interest burden on loans taken in the past. Thus, primary deficit reflects borrowing requirement of the government exclusive of interest payment.

Question 41.
What are the reasons for the recent growth in public expenditure?
Answer:
Causes for the Increase in Government Expenditure:
The modem state is a welfare state. In a welfare state, the government has to perform several functions viz Social, economic and political. These activities are the cause for increasing public expenditure.

(I) Population Growth:
1. During the past 67 years of planning, the population of India has increased from 36.1 crore in 1951, to 121 crore in 2011.

2. The growth in population requires massive investment in health and education, law and order, etc.

3. Young population requires increasing expenditure on education & youth services, whereas the aging population requires transfer payments like old age pension, social security & health facilities.

(II) Defence Expenditure:

1. There has been enormous increase in defence expenditure in India during planning period.
2. The defence expenditure has been increasing tremendously due to modernisation of defence equipment.
3. The defence expenditure of the government was 10,874 crores in 1990-91 which increased significantly to 2,95,511 crores in 2018-19.

(III) Government Subsidies:
1. The Government of India has been providing subsidies on a number of items such as food, fertilizers, interest on priority sector lending, exports, education, etc.

2. Because of the massive amounts of subsidies, public expenditure has increased manifold.

(IV) Debt Servicing:
The government has been borrowing heavily both from internal and external sources, As a result, the government has to make huge amounts of repayment towards debt servicing.

(V) Development Projects:
1. The government has been undertaking various development projects such as irrigation, iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc.

2. The development projects involve huge investments.

(VI) Urbanisation:

1. There has been an increase in urbanization.
2. In 1950 – 51 about 17% of the population was urban-based.
3. Now the urban population has increased to about 43%.
4. There are more than 54 cities above one million population.
5. The increase in urbanization requires heavy expenditure on law and order, education and civic amenities.

(VII) Industrialisation:

1. Setting up of basic and heavy industries involves a huge capital and long gestation period.
2. It is the government which starts such industries in a planned economy.
3. The underdeveloped countries need a strong infrastructure like transport, communication, power, fuel, etc.

(VIII) Increase in grants in aid to state and union territories:
There has been a tremendous increase in grant-in-aid to state and union territories to meet natural disasters.

12th Economics Guide Fiscal Economics Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best Answer

Question 1.
“Public finance is one of those subjects that lie on the borderline between Economics and ……………………….
(a) Finance
(b) Investment
(c) Politics
(d) Money
Answer:
(c) Politics

Question 2.
…………… includes Public Revenue, Expenditure, Debt and Financial Administration.
a) Public Expenditure
b) Public Revenue
c) Public Finance
d) Public Debt
Answer:
c) Public Finance

Question 3.
The compulsory charge levied by the government is ……………………….
(a) Tax
(b) Loan
(c) Licence
(d) Gifts and grants
Answer:
(a) Tax

Question 4.
As per the 2011 census, the population of India is …………..crore’
a) 112
b) 121
c) 211
d) 36.7
Answer:
b) 121

Question 5.
………………………. means different sources of government income.
(a) Public finance
(b) Public revenue
(c) Public expenditure
(d) Public credit
Answer:
(b) Public revenue

Question 6.
………………… is a compulsory payment by the citizens to the government to meet the public expenditure.
a) Revenue
b) Tax
c) Debt
d) None of the above
Answer:
b) Tax

Question 7.
The revenue obtained by the government from sources other than tax is called
a) Non – Tax Revenue
b) Tax
c) Debt
d) Income tax
Answer:
a) Non – Tax Revenue

Question 8.
………………………. deals with the study of income, expenditure, borrowing, and financial administration of the government.
(a) Public Finance
(b) Public Revenue
(c) Public Expenditure
(d) Public Debt
Answer:
(a) Public Finance

Question 9.
The process of repaying a public debt is called …………………
a) Sinking fund
b) Conversion
c) Redemption
d) Annuity
Answer:
c) Redemption

Question 10.
The modem state is a state.
(a) Revenue
(b) Defence
(c) Government
(d) Welfare
Answer:
(d) Welfare

Question 11.
The Government of India presented Zero – Base Budgeting in …………
a) 1987 -88
b) 1986 – 87
c) 1950 – 51
d) 1978 – 79
Answer:
a) 1987 – 88

Question 12.
In ………………….. budget, the estimated government expenditure is more than expected revenue.
a) Surplus
b) Balanced
c) Deficit
d) Performance
Answer:
c) Deficit

Question 13.
The first finance commission was set up in ……………………
a) 1950
b) 1951
c) 1956
d) 1960
Answer:
b) 1951

Question 14.
…………………….. such as irrigation, iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc.
(a) Development projects
(b) Investment projects
(c) Finance project
(d) Monetary projects
Answer:
(a) Development projects

Question 15.
The rate of tax increases with the increase in the tax base
a) Regressive tax
b) Progressive tax
c) Direct tax
d) Indirect tax
Answer:
b) Indirect tax

Question 16.
……………………….. is an Indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services.
(a) Direct Tax
(b) Regressive Tax
(c) GST
(d) Progressive Tax
Answer:
(c) GST

Question 17.
………………………… institutions like UTI, LIC, GIC, etc. also buy the Government bonds.
(a) Financial
(b) Non – Financial
(c) Government
(d) Private
Answer:
(a) Financial

II. Match the following.

Question 1.
A) Public finance – 1) Tax for tax
B) Tax – 2) Fiscal Economics
C) Cess – 3) GST
D) Indirect tax – 4) Compulsory payment

Answer:
b) 2 3 1 4

Question 2.
A) GST – 1) a small leather Bag
B) VAT – 2) Quasi-judicial Body
C) Bougett – 3) Goods and services tax
D) Finance commission – 4) Value Added Tax

Answer:
c) 3 4 12

Question 3.
A) Panchayat – 1) Keynes
B) District Boards – 2) Adam smith
C) New Economics – 3) Revenue village
D) Canons of Taxation – 4) Zila Parishad

Answer :
a) 3 4 12

III. Choose the Correct Pair:

Question 1.
a) Article 282 – Finance commission
b) 15th Finance commission – November 2018
c) State Tax – Customs Tax
d) Central Government Tax – Income tax
Answer:
d) Central Government Tax – Income tax

Question 2.
a) Balanced Budge – Government Income > Expenditure
b) Performance Budget – Outcome Budget
c) Supplementary Budget – Lame-duck budget
d)Bougett – a small box
Answer:
b) Performance Budget – Outcome Budget

Question 3.
a) Sinking Fund – Walpole
b) Debt conversion – J.M. Keynes
c) Article 112 – State Budget
d) Article 202 – Union Budget
Answer:
a) Sinking Fund – Walpole

IV. Choose the Incorrect Pair:

Question 1.
a) CGST – Collected by the Central Government
b) SGST – Collected by the state Government
c) IGST – Collected by both central and state Government
d) GST – Indirect tax
Answer:
c) IGST – Collected by both central and state Government

Question 2.
a) Revenue Deficit Total Revenue Expenditure – Total Revenue Receipts
b) Budget Deficit Total Expenditure – Total Revenue
c) Fiscal Deficit Budget deficit + Government‘s market borrowings and liabilities.
d) Primary Deficit – Fiscal Deficit + Interest Payment
Answer:
d) Primary Deficit Fiscal Deficit + Interest Payment

Question 3.
a) Article 269 – Taxes levied and collected by the union but Assigned to the states.
b) Article 268 – Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the states. .
c) Article 270 – Taxes which are levied, collected, and appropriated by the union.
d) Article 280 – Functions of the Finance committee.
Answer:
c) Article 270- Taxes which are levied, collected, and appropriated by the union.

V. Choose the Correct Statement:

Question 1.
a) Public finance and private finance are similar in operational aspects.
b) “Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state revenue and expenditure” – Huge Dalton.
c) The Government of India presented Zero – Base – Budgeting in 1987 – 88.
d) Direct taxes are levied on goods and services.
Answer:
c) The Government of India presented Zero – Base – Budgeting in 1987 – 88.

Question 2.
a) Direct tax is levied on a person’s income and wealth.
b) Direct taxes are regressive in nature.
c) In Indirect tax, the tax burden can be easily shifted to another person.
d) Direct tax is imposed on those commodities which are harmful to health.
Answer:
a) Direct tax is levied on a person’s income and wealth.

Question 3.
a) GST – Central Goods and service tax
b) CGST – Goods and Service Tax
c) SGST – State Goods and Service Tax
d) IGST – Union Territory Goods and Service Tax
Answer :
c) SGST – State Goods and Service Tax

VI. Choose the Incorrect Statement:

Question 1.
a) Taxes on commodities like tobacco, liquor, etc is called sintax.
b) VAT is a one-point tax without cascading effect.
c) Revenue expenditure is classified as plan revenue expenditure and non-plan revenue expenditure.
d) According to the Indian constitution, all money bills must be initiated in the Lower House.
Answer:
b) VAT is a one-point tax without cascading effect.

Question 2.
a) Revenue deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.
b) Local finance refers to the finance of local bodies in India.
c) During the depression, the Government, increase its spending and reduce taxation.
d) Progressive rates in taxation help to reduce the gap between rich and poor
Answer:
a) Revenue deficit is equal to fiscal deficit minus interest payments.

Question 3.
a) Fluctuations in international trade cause movements in the exchange rate.
b) Taxation reduces disposable income and so aggregate demand.
c) Dalton emphasized government intervention to get the economies out of the Depression.
d) Government expenditure, taxation, and borrowing are the fiscal tools.
Answer:
c) Dalton emphasized government intervention to get the economies out of the Depression.

VII. Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) Canon of Ability
b) Canon of flexibility,
c) Canon of certainty
d) Canon of Economy
Answer:
b) Canon of flexibility

Question 2.
a) Public revenue
b) Public expenditure
c) Financial Administration
d) Social Justice
Answer:
d) Social Justice

Question 3.
The characteristics of Direct Tax are:
a) Progressive in nature.
b) Incidence and impact on different person.
c) Tax Evasion is possible
d) Helps to control inflation.
Answer:
b) Incidence and impact on different person.

VIII. Choose the Incorrect Statement:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Dalton says under indirect taxes 2 + 2 is not 4 but 3 or even less than 3.
Reason (R): The rise in indirect taxes increases the price and reduces the demand for goods. Therefore the Government is uncertain about the expected revenue collection.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Tax is a compulsory payment by the citizens to the government to meet the public expenditure.
Reason (R): It is legally imposed by the government on the taxpayer and in no case, taxpayer can refuse to pay taxes to the government.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Option:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true but (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
c) Both (A) and (R) are false.
d) (A) is true but (R) is false.

IX. Two Mark Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Public Finance?
Answer:

1. Public finance is a study of the financial aspects of Government.
2. It is concerned with the revenue and expenditure of the public authorities and with the adjustment of the one to the other.

Question 2.
What is Private finance?
Answer:
Private finance is the study of income, expenditure, borrowing, and financial administration of individual or private companies.

Question 3.
Define “Public Expenditure”?
Answer:
Public expenditure can be defined as, “The expenditure incurred by public authorities like central, state and local governments to satisfy the collective social wants of the people is known as public expenditure”.

Question 4.
Name the classification of Public Revenue.
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the classification of Public Revenue?
Answer:
Public revenue can be classified into two types.

1. Tax Revenue
2. Non-Tax Revenue

Question 6.
What are the canons or maxims of taxation?
Answer:

• Economical
• Equitable
• Convenient
• Certain
• Efficient and Flexible.

Question 7.
Define “Tax Revenue”?
Answer:
1. “A Tax is a compulsory payment made by a person or a firm to a government without reference to any benefit the payer may derive from the government.” – Anatol Murad

2. “A Tax is a compulsory contribution imposed by public authority, irrespective of the exact amount of service rendered to the taxpayer in return and not imposed as a penalty for any legal offense.” – Dalton

Question 8.
Name some of the types of Indirect Taxes.
Answer:

1. Excise Duty
2. Sales Tax
3. Custom Duty
4. Entertainment Tax
5. Service Tax.

Question 9.
State the merits and demerits of Indirect Taxes.
Answer:
Merits:

1. Wider coverage
2. Equitable
3. Economical
4. Checks harmful consumption

Demerits:

1. The higher cost of collection
2. Inelastic
3. Regressive
4. Uncertainty
5. No civic consciousness.

Question 10.
Sate the nature of sales tax, VAT, and GST.
Answer:

• Sales Tax: Multipoint tax with cascading effect.
• VAT: Multipoint tax without cascading effect.
• GST: One point tax without cascading effect.

Question 11.
Mention any two advantages of GST.
Answer:

1. GST removes the cascading effect on the sale of goods and services.
2. GST is also mainly technologically driven. All the activities are done online on the GST portal. This will speed up the processes.

Question 12.
Define Public Debt.
Answer:
“The Debt is the form of promises by The Treasury to pay to the holders of these promises a principal sum and in most instances interest on the principal. Borrowing resorts in order to provide funds for financing a current deficit” – Philip E. Taylor.

Question 13.
What are the types of Public Debt?
Answer:

1. Internal Public Debt.
2. External Public Debt.

Question 14.
What are the sources of internal public debt?
Answer:

• Individuals who purchase government bonds and securities.
• Banks, both public and private, buy bonds from the Government.
• Non-financial institutions like UTI, LIC, GIC, etc. also buy the Government bonds
• The central banks can lend to the Government in the form of the money supply.
• The Central Bank can also issue money to meet the expenditures of the Government.

Question 15.
State the causes for the increase in public debt.
Answer:

• War and preparation of war.
• Social obligations
• Economic Development and Deficit
• Employment
• Controlling inflation
• Fighting depression.

Question 16.
Name the types of budgets.
Answer:

1. Revenue Budget
2. Capital Budget
3. Supplementary Budget
4. Vote-on-Account
5. Zero Base Budget
6. Performance Budget <
7. Balanced and Unbalanced Budget.

Question 17.
What is a Budget Balanced?
Answer:
A balanced Budget is a situation, in which the estimated revenue of the government during the year is equal to its anticipated expenditure.

Question 18.
What is an Unbalanced budget?
Answer:
The budget in which Revenue and Expenditure are not equal to each other is known as an unbalanced budget.

1. Surplus Budget – the estimated revenues of the year are greater than anticipated expenditures.
2. Deficit Budget – the estimated government expenditure is more than expected revenue.

Question 19.
What are Budgetary procedures?
Answer:

• Preparation of the Budget
• Presentation of the Budget
• Execution of the Budget.

Question 20.
What is the method of maintaining Government Accounts in India?
Answer:

• Consolidated Fund
• Contingency Fund
• Public Accounts

Question 21.
Name the parliamentary committees that control budget accounts.
Answer:

1. The Public Accounts Committee
2. The Estimates Committee.

Question 22.
Name the types of Local Bodies.
Answer:

1. Village panchayats
2. District Boards or Zila Parishad
3. Municipalities
4. Municipal corporations.

Question 23.
What are the sources of revenue of village panchayats?
Answer:

• general property tax
• taxes on land
• profession tax
• tax on animals and vehicles.

Question 24.
What are the sources of revenue of District Boards?
Answer:

• Grants – in – aid from the state government
• Land cesses
• Toll fees etc.
• Income from the property and loans from the state governments
• Grants for the centrally sponsored schemes relating to development work.
• Income from fairs and exhibitions.
• Property tax and other taxes which the state governments may authorize the district boards.

Question 25.
What are the sources of revenue of municipalities?
Answer:

• Taxes on property
• Taxes on goods, particularly octroi and terminal tax.
• personal taxes, taxes on profession, trades, and employment
• taxes on vehicles and animals
• theatre or show tax
• grants – in – aid from the state government.

Question 26.
State the sources of revenue of corporations.
Answer:

•  tax on property
• tax on vehicles and animals
• tax on trades, calling, and employment
• theatre and show tax
• taxes on goods brought into the cities for sale
• taxes on advertisements
• octroi and terminal tax.

Question 27.
Define Fiscal policy.
Answer:
“By fiscal policy is meant the use of public finance or expenditure, taxes, borrowing, and financial administration to further our national economic objectives.” – Buehler.

Question 28.
What are the objectives of Fiscal policy?
Answer:

• Full employment
• Price stability
• Economic growth
• Equitable distribution
• External stability
• Capital formation
• Regional balance.

Question 29.
What is a lame-duck budget?
Answer:
The existing Government may or may not continue for the year on account of the fact that elections are due, then the Government places a ‘lame duck budget’. This is also called ‘ vote-on-account Budget’.

Question 30.
What is the share taxes between central and state Government?
Answer:

• Share to State Governments – 42%
• Share to Central Government – 58%
• 50% of GST collection is given to State Governments.

Question 31.
What is Goods and Services tax?
Answer:
Goods and Service Tax is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services.

Question 32.
What are Progressive and Regressive taxes?
Answer:
Progressive Tax: The rate of tax increases with the increase in the tax base.
Regressive Tax: High rate of tax is levied on the poor and a low rate is levied on the rich.

Question 33.
What are the functions of the Finance Commission of India?
Answer:

1. The distribution between the union and the states of the net proceeds of taxes, which may be divided between them and the allocation among the states of the respective shares of such proceeds.
2. To determine the quantum of grants – in – aid to be given by the center to states and to evolve the principles governing the eligibility of the state for such grant – in – aid.
3. Several issues like debt relief, financing of calamity relief of states, additional excise duties, etc., have been referred to the commission invoking this clause.

X. 5 Mark Questions

Question 1.
What are the similarities between Public and Private Finance?
Answer:
(I) Rationality:

1. Both public finance and private finance are based on rationality.
2. Maximization of welfare and least cost factor combination underlie both.

(II) Limit to borrowing:

1. Both have to apply restraint with regard to borrowing.
2. The Government also cannot live beyond its means.
3. There is a limit to deficit financing by the state also.

(III) Resource utilisation:

1. Both the private and public sectors have limited resources at their disposal.
2. So both attempt to make optimum use of resources.

(IV) Administration:

1. The effectiveness of measures of the Government as well as private depends on the administrative machinery.
2. If the administrative machinery is inefficient and corrupt it will result in wastages and losses.

Question 2.
Explain the sources of tax revenue of the State Government.
Answer:

• Capitation tax
• Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land.
• Duties of excise on certain goods produced or manufactured in the state such as alcoholic, liquids, opium, etc.,
• Estate duty in respect of agricultural land.
• Fees in respect of any of the matters in the state list, but not including fees taken in any court.
• Land Revenue.
• Rates of the stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the union list.
• Taxes on Agricultural income.
• Taxes on land and buildings.
• Taxes on mineral rights, subject to limitations imposed by parliament relating to mineral development.
• Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity.
• Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption use or sale therein.
• Taxes on the sale and purchase of goods other than newspapers.
• Taxes on the advertisements other than those published in newspapers.
• Taxes on vehicle
• Taxes on animals and boats.
• Tolls.

Question 3.
Explain the sources of Non-Tax Revenue?
Answer:
The sources of non-tax revenue are:
(I) Fees:

1. Fees are another important source of revenue for the government.
2. A fee is charged by public authorities for rendering a service to the citizens.
3. Unlike a tax, there is no compulsion involved in the case of fees.
4. The government provides certain services and charges certain fees for them.
5. For example, fees are charged for issuing passports, driving licenses, etc.

(II) Fine:

1. A fine is a penalty imposed on an individual for violation of the law.
2. For example, violation of traffic rules, payment of income tax after the stipulated time, etc.

(III) Earnings from Public Enterprises:

1. The Government also gets revenue by way of surplus from public enterprises.
2. Some of the public sector enterprises do make a good amount of profits.
3. The profits or dividends which the government gets can be utilized for public expenditure.

(IV) Special assessment of betterment levy:
1. It is a kind of special charge levied on certain members of the community who are beneficiaries of certain government activities or public projects.

2. For example, due to a public park or due to the construction of a road, people in that locality may experience an appreciation in the value of their property or land.

(V) Gifts, Grants, and Aids:

1. A grant from one government to another is an important source of revenue in the modem days.
2. The government at the Centre provides grants to State governments and the State governments provide grants to the local government to carry out their functions.
3. Grants from foreign countries are known as Foreign Aid.
4. Developing countries receive military aid, food aid, technological aid, etc. from other countries.

(VI) Escheats:
It refers to the claim of the state to the property of persons who die without legal heirs or documented will.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Python Classes and Objects Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 10 Python Classes and Objects

12th Computer Science Guide Python Classes and Objects Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which of the following are the key features of an Object Oriented Programming language?
a) Constructor and Classes
b) Constructor and Object
c) Classes and Objects
d) Constructor and Destructor
Answer:
c) Classes and Objects

Question 2.
Functions defined inside a class:
a) Functions
b) Module
c) Methods
d) section
Answer:
c) Methods

Question 3.
Class members are accessed through which operator?
a) &
b) .
c) #
d) %
Answer:
b) .

Question 4.
Which of the following method is automatically executed when an object is created?
a) _object _()
b) _del_()
c) _func_ ()
d) _init_ ()
Answer:
d) _init_ ()

Question 5.
A private class variable is prefixed with
a) _
b) &&
c) ##
d) **
Answer:
a) _

Question 6.
Which of the following method is used as destructor?
a) _init_ ()
b) _dest_ ()
c) _rem_ ()
d) _del_ ()
Answer:
d) del ()

Question 7.
Which of the following class declaration is correct?
a) class class_name
b) class class_name<>
c) class class_name:
d) class class_name[ ]
Answer:
c) class class_name:

Question 8.
Which of the following is the output of the following program?
class Student:
def_init_(self, name):
self.name=name
print(self.name)
S=Student(“Tamil”)
a) Error
b) Tamil
c) name
d) self
Answer:
b) Tamil

Question 9.
Which of the following is the private class variable?
a) num
b) ##num
c) $$num
d) &&num
Answer:
a) num

Question 10.
The process of creating an object is called as:
a) Constructor
b) Destructor
c) Initialize
d) Instantiation
Answer:
d) Instantiation

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the class?
Answer:
Classes and Objects are the key features of Object-Oriented Programming. Class is the main building block in Python. The object is a collection of data and functions that act on those data. Class is a template for the object. According to the concept of Object-Oriented Programming, objects are also called instances of a class or class variable.

Question 2.
What is instantiation?
Answer:
The process of creating an object is called “Class Instantiation”.
Syntax:
Object_name = class_name()

Question 3.
What is the output of the following program?
Answer:
class Sample:
_num=10
def disp(self):
print(self._num)
S=Sample( )
S.disp( )
print(S._num)
Output:
Error: Sample has no attribute S._num
10

RESTART:
C:/ Users/ COMPUTER / AppData / Local/ Programs / Python / Py thon37-32/ tst.py
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “C:/Users/COMPUTER/ AppData/ Local / Programs / Python/ Python37-32/ tst.py”, line
6, in <module>
S.disp()
AttributeError: ‘Sample’ object has no attribute ‘disp’
>>>

Question 4.
How will you create a constructor in Python?
Answer:

• In Python, there is a special function called “init” which acts as a Constructor.
• It must begin and end with a double underscore.
• This function will act as an ordinary function; but the only difference is, it is executed automatically when the object is created.
• This constructor function can be defined with or without arguments.
• This method is used to initialize the class variables.

General format of _init_method (Constructor function):
def _init_(self, [args………… ]):
< statements >

Question 5.
What is the purpose of Destructor?
Answer:
Destructor is also a special method gets executed automatically when an object exit from the scope. It is just the opposite to the constructor. In Python, _del_( ) method is used as the destructor.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What are class members? How do you define it?
Answer:
In Python, a class is defined by using the keyword class. Every class has a unique name followed by a colon ( : ).
Syntax:
class class_name:
statement_1
statement_2
…………………
…………………
statement_n
Where, a statement in a class definition may be a variable declaration, decision control, loop or even a function definition. Variables defined inside a class are called as “Class Variable” and functions are called as “Methods”. Class variables and methods are together known as members of the class. The class members should be accessed through objects or instance of class. A class can be defined anywhere in a Python program.
Example:
Program to define a class
class Sample:
x, y = 10, 20 # class variables
In the above code, name of the class is Sample and it has two variables x and y having the initial value 10 and 20 respectively. To access the values defined inside the class, you need an object or instance of the class.

Question 2.
Write a class with two private class variables and print the sum using a method.
Answer:
Class with two private class variables and print the sum using a method:
class add:
def_init_(self,m,n):
self. _m=m
self. _n=n # m,n, – private variables
def display (self):
sum=self. m+self. n
print(‘ Enter first number=’,self. m,)
print(‘Enter second number=’,self. n)
print(“The sum is”,sum)
x=add(15,2)
x. display ()
Output:
>>>
RESTART: C:/Users/Computer/
AppData /Local/ Programs / Python /
Py thon3 7 / TW OLOC AL. py
Enter first number= 15
Enter second number= 2
The sum is 17
>>>

Question 3.
Find the error in the following program to get the given output?
class Fruits:
def_init_(self, f1, f2):
self.f1=f1
self.f2=f2
def display (self):
print(“Fruit 1 = %s, Fruit 2 = %s” %(self.fl, self.f2))
F = Fruits (‘Apple’, ‘Mango’)
del F.display
F.display( )
Output
Fruit 1 = Apple, Fruit 2 = Mango
Answer:
In line No. 8, del F.display will not come

Question 4.
What is the output of the following program?
Answer:
class Greeting:
def _init_ (self, name):
self. _name = name
def display(self):
print(“Good Morning “, self. _name)
obj=Greeting (‘BinduMadhavan’)
obj. display ()
Output:
Good Morning BinduMadhavan

Question 5.
How do define constructor and destructor in Python?
Answer:
Constructor:

• The constructor is the special function that is automatically executed when an object of a class is created.
• In Python, there is a special function called “init” which act as a Constructor.
• It must begin and end with double underscore.
• This function will act as an ordinary function; but the only difference is, it is executed automatically when the object is created.
• This constructor function can be defined with or without arguments. This method is used to initialize the class variables.

Syntax:
_init_ method (Constructor function)
def _init_(self, [args …. ]):
< statements >

Example:
class Sample:
def _init_(self, num):
print(” Constructor of class Sample…”)
self.num=num
print(“The value is :”, num)
S=Sample(10)

Destructor:

• Destructor is also a special method gets executed automatically when an object exit
• from the scope.
• It is just opposite to the constructor.
• In Python, _del_ () method is used as the destructor.

Example:
class Example:
def _init_ (self):
print “Object created”
# destructor
def _del_ (self):
print “Object destroyed”
# creating an object
myObj = Example ()
Output:
Object created
Object destroyed

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a menu-driven program to add or delete stationery items. You should use I dictionary to store items and the brand.
Answer:
stationary = { }
while((ch == 1) or (ch == 2))
print(” 1. Add Item \n 2. Delete Item”)
ch = int(input(“Enter your choice “))
if(ch==1):
n = int(input(“Enter the number of items to be added in the stationary shop”))
for i in range(n):
item = input(“Enter an item “)
brand = input(“Enter the brand Name”)
stationary[item] = brand
print(stationary)
elif(ch == 2):
remitem = input(“Enter the item to be deleted from the shop”)
dict.pop(remitem)
print( stationary)
else:
print(“Invalid options. Type 1 to add items and 2 to remove items “)
ch = int(input(“Enter your choice :”)
Output:

1. Add item
2. Delete Item Enter your choice : 1

Enter the number of items to be added in the stationary shop : 2
Enter an item : Pen
Enter the brand Name : Trimax
Enter an item: Eraser
Enter the brand Name: Camlin
Pen: Trimax
Eraser: Camlin
Enter your choice: 2
Enter the item to be deleted from the shop: Eraser
Pen: Trimax
Enter your choice : 3
Invalid options. Type 1 to add items and 2 to remove items.

12th Computer Science Guide Python Classes and Objects Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
………… is not an object-oriented language.
a) C
b) C++
c) Java
d) Python
Answer:
a) C

Question 2.
All integer variables used in the python program is an object of class ……………………….
Answer:
int

Question 3.
………….. are called as Functions of the class.
a) Methods
b) Members
c) Variables
d) Loop
Answer:
a) Methods

Question 4.
In Python, every class name followed by ……………..delimiter.
a) ;
b) :
c) .
d) .
Answer:
b) :

Question 5.
A statement in a class definition may be a ………………………..
(a) variable declaration
(b) decision control
(c) loop
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
……………… is a valid syntax for crating objects.
a) objectname = classname ()
b) objectname: classname ()
c) objectname = classname
d) classname = Objectname ()
Answer:
a) objectname = classname ()

Question 7.
…………….. is a valid syntax of accessing class members
a) objectname = classmember ()
b) objectname. classmember ()
c) objectname. Classmember
d) objectname.classmember
Answer:
b) objectname. classmember ()

Question 8.
………….. position of the argument named self in python class method.
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Last
Answer:
a) First

Question 9.
The init function should begin and end with
(a) underscore
(b) double underscore
(c) #
(d) S
Answer:
(b) double underscore

Question 10.
……………. number of arguments can be taken by Python method even when a method is defined with one argument?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 2
d) 4
Answer:
c) 2

Question 11.
In Python. ……………… function will act as a constructor.
a) int
b) inti
c) class name
d) init
Answer:
d) init

Question 12.
…………………….. is a special function to gets executed automatically when an object exit from the scope.
(a) constructor
(b) init
(c) destructor
(d) object
Answer:
(c) destructor

Question 13.
…………… is used to initialize the class variables.
a) Destructor
b) Object
c) Constructor
d) Class member
Answer:
c) Constructor

Question 14.
The ……………..of the class should be accessed through the instance of a class.
a) Objects
b) Members
c) Functions
d) Tuples
Answer:
b) Members

Question 15.
Which variables can be accessed only within the class?
(a) private
(b) public
(c) protected
(d) local
Answer:
(a) private

Question 16.
In Python, the class method must name the first argument named as………….
a) this
b) new
c) self
d) var
Answer:
c) self

Question 17.
…………… and…………… are the key features of object-oriented programming.
a) List and tuples
b) Set and dictionary
c) Classes and objects
d) Variables and methods
Answer:
c) Classes and objects

Question 18.
By default, the class variables are ……………..
a) Private
b) Public
c) Protected
d) Method
Answer:
b) Public

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a note on public and private data members of the python class.
Answer:

• The variables which are defined inside the class is public by default.
• These variables can be accessed anywhere in the program using dot operator.
• A variable prefixed with double underscore becomes private in nature.
• These variables can be accessed only within the class.

class Sample:
def _init_ (self, n1, n2):
self.n1 =n1
self. _n2=n2
def display (self):
print(“Class variable 1 = “, self.n1)
print(“Class variable 2 = “, self._n2)
S=Sample(12,14)
S.display()
print(“Value 1 = “, S.n1)
print(“Value 2 = “, S._n2)

• In the above program, there are two class variables n1 and n2 are declared.
• The variable n1 is a public variable and n2 is a private variable.
• The display( ) member method is defined to show the values passed to these two variables.
• The print statements defined within the class will successfully display the values of n1 and n2, even though the class variable n2 is private.
• Because, in this case, n2 is called by a method defined inside the class.
• But, when we try to access the value of n2 from outside the class Python throws an error.
• Because private variables cannot be accessed from outside the class.

Question 1.
Write a note on self?
Answer:
The class method must have the first argument named as self. No need to pass a value for this argument when we call the method. Python provides its value automatically. Even if – a method takes no arguments, it should be defined with the first argument called self. If a method is defined to accept only one argument it will take it as two arguments i.e. self and the defined argument.

Question 3.
How Python class function differs from ordinary function.
Answer:

• Python class function or Method is very similar to ordinary function with, a small difference that, the class method must have the first argument named as self.
• No need to pass a value for this argument when we call the method. Python provides its value automatically.
• Even if a method takes no arguments, it should be defined with the first argument called self.
• If a method is defined to accept only one argument it will take it as two arguments ie. self and the defined argument.

Question 4.
Write the output of the following (March 2020)
Answer:
class Hosting:
def _init_ (self.name)
self. _name=name
def display (self):
print(“Welcome to”,self._name)
obj=Hosting(” Python Programming”)
obj.display()
Output:
Welcome to Python Programming

Question 5.
Write a program to calculate area and circumference of a circle?
Answer:
class Circle:
pi=3.14
def_init_(self,radius):
self.radius=radius
def area(self):
return Circle.pi*(self.radius**2)
def circumference(self):
return 2*Circle.pi*self.radius
r = int(input(“Enter Radius:”))
C=Circle(r)
print(“The Area =”,C.area( ))
print(“The Circumference =”, C.circumference( ))
Output:
Enter Radius: 5
The Area = 78.5
The Circumference = 31.400000000000002

HANDS ON PRACTICE

Question 1.
Rewrite the following Python program to get the given output:
OUTPUT:
Enter Radius: 5
The area = 78.5
The circumference = 34.10
CODE:
Class circle ()
pi=3.14
def _init_(self, radius):
self=radius
DEF area(SELF):
Return
Circle.pi + (self.radius * 2)
Def circumference(self):
Return 2*circle.pi * self.radius
r = input(“Enter radius=”)
c = circle(r)
print “The Area:”, c.area()
printf (“The circumference=”, c)

Correct Program:
class Circle:
pi=3.14
def init (self,radius):
self.radius=radius
def area (self):
return Circle.pi*(self.radius**2)
def circumference (self):
return 2*Circle.pi*self.radius
r=int(input(“Enter Radius: “))
C=Circle(r)
print(“The Area =”,C.area())
print(“The Circumference =”, C.circumference())

Question 2.
Write a menu driven program to read, display, add and subtract two distances.
Coding:
class Distances:
def init (self):
self.distl =”
self.dist2 = ”
self .result = ”
def inputdata(self):
self.dist1=float(input(/Enter the first point=’))
self.dist2=float(input(“Enter the second point= “))
def adddist(self):
self ,result=self. dist1+self. dist2
def subdist(self):
if self.distl >self.dist2:
self.result=self.distl-self.dist2
else:
self.result=self.dist2-self.distl
def DisplayDist(self):
return self, result
Dt=Distances() .
ch=,y’
while(ch==’y,):
print(“\nl. Add two points\n2.Subtract two points “)
choice=int(input(“\nEnter your choice:”))
if(choice==l):
Dt.inputdataQ
Dt.adddist()
print(“Sum of two points is:”,round
(Dt.DisplayDist(),3))
elif(choice==2):
Dt.inputdata()
Dt.subdist()
print(“Difference in between two points is:”,round(Dt.DisplayDist(),3))
else:
print(“Invalid input”)
ch=input(“do you want to continue y/n: “)
Output:
>>>

RESTART:
C:/Users / COMPUTER/ AppData/ Local / Programs / Python / Py thon37-32/ menudist-05.02.2020. py
1. Add two points
2. Subtract two points Enter your choice: 1
Enter the first point = 58.6
Enter the second point = 12.8
The Sum of two points is: 71.4
1. Add two points
2. Subtract two points
Enter your choice: 2 ,
Enter the first point= 47.5
Enter the second point= 23.6
The difference between the two points is: 23.9
1. Add two points
2.Subtract two points
Enter your choice: 4
Invalid input
do you want to continue y/n: n
>>>

Question 3.
What will be the output of the following Python code
class String:
def _init_(self):
self.uppercase=0
self.lowercase=0
self.vowels=0
self.consonants=0
self.spaces=0
self.string=””
def getstr (self):
self. string=” Welcome Puducherry”
def count_upper(self):
for ch in self.string:
if (ch.isupper())
self.uppercase+=1
def count_lo wer (self):
for ch in self.string:
if (ch.islower())
self.lowercase+=1
def count_vowers(self)
for ch in self.string:
if (ch in (‘A’, ‘a’, V, ‘E!, T, T, ‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’,’U’)):
self.vowers+=1
def count_consonants(self):
for ch in self.string:
if (ch not in ((‘A’, ‘a’, V, ‘E’, Y, T, ‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’, ‘U’,”)):
self.consonants+=1
def count_space (self):
for ch in self.string:
if (ch==” “):
self spaces+=1
def execute (self):
self.count_upper()
self.count_lower() ¦
self.count_vowels()
self.count_consonants()
self.count_space()
def display (self):
print (” The given string contains…”)
print(“%d Uppercase letters”% self .uppercase)
pring(“&d Lowercase letters” % self .lowrcase)
print(” % d V owels” % self .vowels)
print(” % d Consonants” % self, consonants)
pring(“%d Spaces” % self.spaces)
S = String()
S.getstr()
S.execute()
S.display()
Output:
The given string contains…
2 Uppercase letters
17 Lowercase letters
7 Vowels
12 Consonants
2 Spaces

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 11 Database Concepts Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 11 Database Concepts

12th Computer Science Guide Database Concepts Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the acronym of DBMS?
a) Data Base Management Symbol
b) Database Managing System
c) Data Base Management System
d) DataBasic Management System
Answer:
c) Data Base Management System

Question 2.
A table is known as
a) tuple
b) attribute
c) relation
d) entity
Answer:
c) relation

Question 3.
Which database model represents parent-child relationship?
a) Relational
b) Network
c) Hierarchical
d) Object
Answer:
c) Hierarchical

Question 4.
Relational database model was first proposed by
a) E F Codd
b) E E Codd
c) E F Cadd
d) E F Codder
Answer:
a) E F Codd

Question 5.
What type of relationship does hierarchical model represents?
a) one-to-one
b) one-to-many
c) many-to-one
d) many-to-many
Answer:
b) one-to-many

Question 6.
Who is called Father of Relational Database from the following?
a) Chris Date
b) Hugh Darween
c) Edgar Frank Codd
d) Edgar Frank Cadd
Answer:
c) Edgar Frank Codd

Question 7.
Which of the following is an RDBMS?
a) Dbase
b) Foxpro
c) Microsoft Access
d) SQLite
Answer:
d) SQLite

Question 8.
What symbol is used for SELECT statement?
a) o
b) n
c) X
d) Q
Answer:
a) o

Question 9.
A tuple is also known as
a) table
b) row
c) attribute
d) field
Answer:
b) row

Question 10.
Who developed ER model?
a) Chen
b) EF Codd
c) Chend
d) Chand
Answer:
a) Chen

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Mention few examples of a database.
Answer:
dbase-III , dbase-III Plus, Foxbase , Foxpro ,SQL Server, Oracle Database, Sybase, Informix, MySQL are some examples of Database languages which are used to design ERP applications like Payroll, Railway Reservation System, Inventory Systems.

Question 2.
List some examples of RDBMS.
Answer:
SQL Server, Oracle Database, Sybase, Informix, MySQL.

Question 3.
What is data consistency?
Answer:
Data Consistency
On live data, it is being continuously updated and added, maintaining the consistency of data can become a challenge. But DBMS handles it by itself. Data Consistency means that data values are the same at all instances of a database.

Question 4.
What is the difference between the Hierarchical and Network data model?
Answer:

Question 5.
What is normalization?
Answer:

• Normalization is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid data redundancy and to improve data integrity.
• Database normalization was first proposed by Dr. Edgar F Codd as an integral part of RDBMS. These rules are known as the E F Codd Rules.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is the difference between Select and Project
Answer:

Question 2.
What is the role of DBA?
Answer:

1. Database Administrator or DBA is the one who manages the complete database management system.
2. DBA takes care of the security of the DBMS, managing the license keys, managing user accounts and access etc.

Question 3.
Explain Cartesian Product with a suitable example.
Answer:

• Cross product is a way of combining two relations.
• The resulting relation contains, both relations being combined.
• A x B means A times B, where the relation A and B have different attributes.
• This type of operation is helpful to merge columns from two relations

Cartesian product; Table A x Table B

Question 4.
Explain the Object Model with an example.
Answer:
Object Model:

• Object model stores the data in the form of objects, attributes and methods, classes and inheritance.
• This model handles more complex applications, such as Geographic Information System (GIS), scientific experiments, engineering design and manufacturing.
• It is used in file Management System.
• It represents real-world objects, attributes and behaviours.
• It provides a clear modular structure.
• It is easy to maintain and modify the existing code.

An example of the Object model is : Shape

Circle, Rectangle, and Triangle are all objects in this model

• The circle has the attribute radius.
• Rectangle has the length and breadth of the attribute.
• Triangle has the attributes base and height.
• The objects Circle, Rectangle, and Triangle inherit from the object Shape.

Question 5.
Write a note on different types of DBMS users.
Answer:
Types of DBMS Users
(i) Database Administrator:
Database Administrator or DBA is the one who manages the complete database management system. DBA takes care of the security of the DBMS, managing the license keys, managing user accounts and access etc.

(ii) Application Programmers or Software Developers:
This user group is involved in developing and designing the parts of DBMS.

(iii) End User:
End users are the ones who stores, retrieve, update and delete data.

(iv) Database designers: are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store the data.

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the different types of data models.
Answer:
The different types of a Data Model are:

1. Hierarchical Model,
2. Relational Model,
3. Network Database Model,
4. Entity-Relationship Model,
5. Object Model.

Hierarchical Model:

• The hierarchical model was developed by IBM as Information Management System.
• In the Hierarchical model, data is represented as a simple tree-like structure form.
• This model represents a one-to-many relationship i.e., parent-child relationship.
• One child can have only one parent but one parent can have many children.
• This model is mainly used in IBM Main Frame computers.

Relational Model:

• The Relational Database model was first proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970.
• Nowadays, it is the most widespread data model used for database applications around the world.
• The basic structure of data in the relational model is tabling (relations).
• All the information related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
• Hence tables are also known as relations in a relational model.
• A relation key is an attribute that uniquely identifies a particular tuple (row in a relation (table)).

Network Model:
A network database model is an extended form of the hierarchical data model.
The difference between hierarchical and Network data model is:

• In a hierarchical model, a child record has only one parent node,
• In a Network model, a child may have many parent nodes.
• It represents the data in many-to-many relationships.
• This model is easier and faster to access the data.

Example:

• School represents the parent node
• Library, Office, and Staffroom is a child to school (parent node)
• Student is a child in the library, office and staff room (one to many relationships)

Entity-Relationship Model. (ER model):

• In this database model, relationships are created by dividing the object into the entity and its characteristics into attributes.
• It was developed by Chen in 1976.
• This model is useful in developing a conceptual design for the database.
• It is very simple and easy to design a logical view of data.
• The developer can easily understand the system by looking at ER model constructed.
• The rectangle represents the entities.

Example. Doctor and Patient.

• Ellipse represents the attributes
  E.g. D-id, D-name, P-id, P-name.
• Attributes describe the characteristics and each entity becomes a major part of the data stored in the database.
• The diamond represents the relationship in ER diagrams e.g; Doctor diagnosis the Patient

Object Model:

• Object model stores the data in the form of objects, attributes, and methods, classes, and Inheritance.
• This model handles more complex applications, such as Geographic Information System (GIS), scientific experiments, engineering design, and manufacturing.
• It is used in the file Management System.
• It represents real-world objects, attributes, and behaviours.
• It provides a clear modular structure. It is easy to maintain and modify the existing code.

Example of the Object model is Shape,
Circle, Rectangle and Triangle are all objects in this model

• The circle has the attribute radius.
• Rectangle has the length and breadth of the attribute.
• Triangle has the attributes base and height.
• The objects Circle, Rectangle, and Triangle inherit from the object Shape.

Question 2.
Explain the different types of relationship mapping.
Answer:
The types of relationships used in a database are

• One-to-One Relationship
• One-to-Many Relationship
• Many-to-One Relationship
• Many-to-Many Relationship

One-to-One Relationship:

• In One-to-One Relationship, one entity is related with only one other entity.
• One row in a table is linked with only one row in another table and vice versa. Example: A student can have only one exam number.

One-to-Many Relationship:

• In a One-to-Many relationship, one entity is related to many other entities.
• One row in table A is linked to many rows in table B, but one row in table B is linked to only one row in table A. Example: One Department has many staff members.

Many to-one Relationship

• In Many-to-One Relationship, many entities can be related with only one in the other entity.
• Example: A number of staff members working in one Department. Multiple rows in staff members table is related with only one row in Department table.

Many-to-Many Relationship:

• A many-to-many relationships occurs when multiple records in a table are associated with multiple records in another table.
• Example 1: Customers and Product

Customers can purchase various products and Products can be purchased by many customers.

Example 2: Students and Courses
A student can register for many Courses and a Course may include many students

Example 3: Books and Student.
Many Books in a Library are issued to many students.

Question 3.
Differentiate DBMS and RDBMS.
Answer:

Question 4.
Explain the different operators in Relational algebra with suitable examples.
Answer:
Relational Algebra is divided into various groups:
Unary Relational Operations:

1. SELECT (symbol: σ)
2. PROJECT (symbol: π)

Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory:

1. UNION (U)
2. INTERSECTION (∩)
3. DIFFERENCE (-)
4. CARTESIAN PRODUCT (X)

SELECT symbol: σ_c (R) with a relation R and a condition C on the attributes of R

• The SELECT operation is used for selecting a subset with tuples according to a given condition.
• Select filters out all tuples that do not satisfy C

Table A : STUDENT :

σ_course = <Big Data> (Student)

PROJECT (symbol: n):

• The projection eliminates all attributes of the input relation but those mentioned in the projection list.
• The projection method defines a relation that contains a vertical subset of Relation.
• Example 1 using Table A
  π_course (STUDENT)

Result:

Example 2 (using Table A)
π_{student, course} (STUDENT)

UNION (Symbol: U):

• It includes all tuples that are in tables A or in B.
• It also eliminates duplicates.
• Set A Union Set B would be expressed as A U B

Example 3
Consider the following tables

Result (A U B)

SET DIFFERENCE ( Symbol: -):

• The result of A – B, is a relation which includes all tuples that are in A but not in B.
• The attribute name of A has to match with the attribute name in B.
• Example 4 (using Table B):

Result:

INTERSECTION (symbol: ∩) A ∩ B:

• INTERSECTION Defines a relation consisting of a set of all tuple that are in both in A and B.
• However, A and B must be union-compatible.

Example 5 (using Table B)

PRODUCT OR CARTESIAN PRODUCT (Symbol: X)

• Cross product is a way of combining two relations. The resulting relation contains, both relations being combined.
• A x B means A times B, where the relation A and B have different attributes.
• This type of operation is helpful to merge columns from two relations.

Question 5.
Explain the characteristics of DBMS.
Answer:
Characteristics of Database Management system:

12th Computer Science Guide Database Concepts Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
…………………… are raw facts stored in a computer
(a) data
(b) Information
(c) row
(d) tuple
Answer:
(a) data

Question 2.
………………….is an organized collection of data, which can be stored and accessed electronically from a computer system
a) Worksheet
b) Database
c) DBMS
d) Information
Answer:
b) Database

Question 3.
……………………. is a repository collection of related data
(a) data
(b) Information
(c) database
(d) tuple
Answer:
(c) database

Question 4.
In………………….data are organized in a way that, they can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.
a) Database
b) Pointer
c) Structure
d) Object
Answer:
a) Database

Question 5.
………………….allows users to store, process, and analyze data easily.
a) My SQL
c) My SQL SQLite
b) Relational Algebra
d) DBMS
Answer:
d) DBMS

Question 6.
Find the wrong statement about DBMS?
(a) segregation of application program
(b) Maximum data Redundancy
(c) Easy retrieval of data
(d) Reduced development time
Answer:
(b) Maximum data Redundancy

Question 7.
…………………. provides protection and security to the databases
a) MySQL
b) DBMS
c) Oracle
d) Ingress
Answer:
b) DBMS

Question 8.
…………………. can be software or hardware-based, with one sole purpose of storing data.
a) MySQL
b) DBMS
c) Database
d) Ingress
Answer:
c) Database

Question 9.
Which is the language used to write commands to access, insert, update data stored in the database?
(a) DataBase Access Languages
(b) Javascript
(c) Basic
(d) Foxpro
Answer:
(a) DataBase Access Languages

Question 10.
…………………. major components are there in DBMS?
a) Four
b) Three
c) Five
d) Two
Answer:
c) Five

Question 11.
…………………. characteristics of DBMS allows to better handle and manage data integrity
a) Data redundancy
b) Data security
c) DBMS Supports Transactions
d) Data integrity
Answer:
c) DBMS Supports Transactions

Question 12.
…………………. DBMS components that manage databases to take backups, report generation.
a) Software
b) Hardware
c) Data
d) Procedures/Methods
Answer:
d) Procedures/Methods

Question 13.
…………………. in a table represents a record.
a) Row
b) Column
c) File
d) Data
Answer:
a) Row

Question 14.
Which of the following is not a DBMS component?
a) Hardware/ Software
b) Data
c) Procedures
d) Data model
Answer:
d) Data model

Question 15.
Hierarchical Model was developed by ……………………….
(a) Apple
(b) IBM
(c) Microsoft
(d) Macromedia
Answer:
(b) IBM

Question 16.
…………………. is not a type of data model?
a) Hierarchical model
b) Entity-Relationship model
c) Object model
d) Redundancy model
Answer:
d) Redundancy model

Question 17.
…………………. is an extended form of hierarchical data model.
a) ER model
b) Hierarchical mode
c) Network database model
d) Object model
Answer:
c) Network database model

Question 18.
The relational model was developed in the year ……………………..
(a) 1980
(b) 1970
(c) 1965
(d) 1985
Answer:
(b) 1970

Question 19.
The abbreviation of GIS is
a) Global Information System
b) Geographic Information System
c) Global Information Source
d) Geographic Intelligent System
Answer:
b) Geographic Information System

Question 20.
Data is represented as a simple tree-like structure form in the data model
a) Network database
b) Hierarchical model
c) ER model
d) Relational model
Answer:
b) Hierarchical model

Question 21.
ER Model Expand ………………………..
(a) Entry Relation
(b) Entity Relationship
(c) Entire Row
(d) Entity Row
Answer:
(b) Entity Relationship

Question 22.
…………………. takes care of the security of the DBMS, managing the license keys, managing user accounts and access.
a) Database Designer
b) Database Administrator
c) Database Architect
d) Data Analyst
Answer:
b) Database Administrator

Question 23.
The …………………. operation is used for selecting a subset with tuples according
to a given condition.
a) CARTESIAN PRODUCT
b) SELECT
c) Union
d) Intersection
Answer:
b) SELECT

Question 24.
Find the wrongly matched pair.
(a) Entities – Rectangle
(b) Ellipse – attributes
(c) Diamond – relationship
(d) row – square
Answer:
(d) row – square

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is a database?
Answer:

• The database is a repository collection of related data organized in a way that data can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.
• The database can be software or hardware-based, with one sole purpose of storing data.

Question 2.
Write the advantages of DBMS.
Answer:

• Segrega n f application program
• Minimal date duplication or Data Redundancy
• Easy retrieval of data using the Query Language
• Reduced development time and maintenance

Question 3.
Define Data and Information.
Answer:

Question 4.
Define Table?
Answer:
Table is the entire collection of related data in one table, referred to as a File or Table where the data is organized as row and column.

Question 5.
Define: Database structure
Answer:

• Table is the entire collection of related data in one table, referred to as a File or Table where the data is organized as row and column.
• Each row in a table represents a record, which is a set of data for each database entry.
• Each table column represents a Field, which groups each piece or item of data among the records into specific categories or types of data.

Example: StuNo., StuName, StuAge, StuClass, StuSec.,

• A Table is known as a RELATION S
• A Row is known as a TUPLE S
• A column is known as an ATTRIBUTE

Question 6.
Write a note on relational Algebra?
Answer:
Relational Algebra is a procedural query language used to query the database tables using SQL. Relational algebra operations are performed recursively on a relation (table) to yield output.

Question 7.
What is Data model?
Answer:

• A data model describes how the data can be represented and accessed from the software after complete implementation.
• It is a simple abstraction of a complex real-world data gathering environment.
• The main purpose of the data model is to give an idea of how the final system or software will look after development is completed.

Question 8.
What is Relational Algebra?
Answer:

• Relational Algebra, was first created by Edgar F Codd while at IBM.
• It was used for modeling the data stored in relational databases and defining queries on it.
• Relational Algebra is a procedural query language used to query the database tables using SQL.
• Relational algebra operations are performed recursively on a relation (table) to yield an output.
• The output of these operations is a new relation, which might be formed by one or more input relations.

Question 9.
List the types of data model.
Answer:

• Hierarchical Model
• Relational Model
• Network Database Model
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Object Model

Question 10.
List the types of DBMS users.
Answer:

• Database Administrators (DBA)
• Application or software developers
• End-User
• Database designers

Question 11.
Write short notes on Relational Data Model.
Answer:

• The Relational Database model was first proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970 . Nowadays, it is the most widespread data model used for database applications around the world.
• The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables (relations). All the information related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table. Hence tables are also known as relations in a relational model. A relation key is an attribute which uniquely identifies a particular tuple.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the components of DBMS
Answer:
The Database Management System can be divided into five major components namely 1. Hardware, 2. Software, 3. Data, 4. Procedures/Methods
5. Database Access Languages

1. Hardware:
The computer, hard disk, I/O channels for data, and any other physical component involved in the storage of data

2. Software:
This main component is a program that controls everything.
The DBMS software is capable of understanding the Database Access Languages and interprets them into database commands for execution.

3. Data:
It is that resource for which DBMS is designed. DBMS creation is to store and utilize data.

4. Procedures/ Methods:
They are general instructions to use a database management system such as the installation of DBMS, manage databases to take backups, report generation, etc

5. DataBase Access Languages :

• They are the languages used to write commands to access, insert, update and delete data stored in any database.
• Examples of popular DBMS: Dbase, FoxPro

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Python -Variables and Operators Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 5 Python -Variables and Operators

12th Computer Science Guide Python -Variables and Operators Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Who developed Python ?
a) Ritche
b) Guido Van Rossum
c) Bill Gates
d) Sunder Pitchai
Answer:
b) Guido Van Rossum

Question 2.
The Python prompt indicates that Interpreter is ready to accept instruction.
a) > > >
b) < < <
c) #
d) < <
Answer:
a) > > >

Question 3.
Which of the following shortcut is used to create a new Python Program?
a) Ctrl + C
b) Ctrl + F
c) Ctrl + B
d) Ctrl + N
Answer:
d) Ctrl + N

Question 4.
Which of the following character is used to give comments in Python Program?
a) #
b) &
c) @
d) $
Answer:
a) #

Question 5.
This symbol is used to print more than one item on a single line.
a) Semicolon(;)
b) Dollor($)
c) commaQ
d) Colon(:)
Answer:
c) commaQ

Question 6.
Which of the following is not a token?
a) Interpreter
b) Identifiers
c) Keyword
d) Operators
Answer:
a) Interpreter

Question 7.
Which of the following is not a Keyword in Python?
a) break
b) while
c) continue
d) operators
Answer:
d) operators

Question 8.
Which operator is also called a Comparative operator?
a) Arithmetic
b). Relational
c) Logical
d) Assignment
Answer:
b) Relational

Question 9.
Which of the following is not a Logical operator?
a) and
b) or
c) not
d) Assignment
Answer:
d) Assignment

Question 10.
Which operator is also called a Conditional operator?
a) Ternary
b) Relational
c) Logical
d) Assignment
Answer:
a) Ternary

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What are the different modes that can be used to test Python Program?
Answer:
In Python, programs can be written in two ways namely Interactive mode and Script mode. The Interactive mode allows us to write codes in Python command prompt (>>>) whereas in script mode programs can be written and stored as separate file with the extension .py and executed. Script mode is used to create and edit python source file.

Question 2.
Write short notes on Tokens.
Answer:
Python breaks each logical line into a sequence of elementary lexical components known as Tokens.
The normal token types are

1. Identifiers
2. Keywords
3. Operators
4. Delimiters
5. Literals

Question 3.
What are the different operators that can be used in Python?
Answer:
In computer programming languages operators are special symbols which represent computations, conditional matching etc. The value of an operator used is called operands. Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment etc.

Question 4.
What is a literal? Explain the types of literals?
Answer:

• Literal is raw data given in a variable or constant.
• In Python, there are various types of literals.

1. Numeric
2. String
3. Boolean

Question 5.
Write short notes on Exponent data.
Answer:
An Exponent data contains decimal digit part, decimal point, exponent part followed by one or more digits.
12.E04, 24.e04 # Exponent data

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write short notes on the Arithmetic operator with examples.
Answer:

• An arithmetic operator is a mathematical operator that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them.
• They are used for simple arithmetic.
• Most computer languages contain a set of such operators that can be used within equations to perform different types of sequential calculations.
• Python supports the following Arithmetic operators.

Question 2.
What are the assignment operators that can be used in Python?
Answer:

• In Python,= is a simple assignment operator to assign values to variables.
• There are various compound operators in Python like +=, -=, *=, /=,%=, **= and / / = are also available.
• Let = 5 and = 10 assigns the values 5 to and 10 these two assignment statements can also be given a =5 that assigns the values 5 and 10 on the right to the variables a and b respectively.

Question 3.
Explain the Ternary operator with examples.
Answer:
Conditional operator:
Ternary operator is also known as a conditional operator that evaluates something based on a condition being true or false. It simply allows testing a condition in a single line replacing the multiline if-else making the code compact.
The Syntax conditional operator is,
Variable Name = [on – true] if [Test expression] else [on – false]
Example:
min = 50 if 49 < 50 else 70 # min = 50 min = 50 if 49 > 50 else 70 # min = 70

Question 4.
Write short notes on Escape sequences with examples.
Answer:

• In Python strings, the backslash “\” is a special character, also called the “escape” character.
• It is used in representing certain whitespace characters: “t” is a tab, “\n\” is a new line, and “\r” is a carriage return.
• For example to print the message “It’s raining”, the Python command is > > > print (“It \ ‘s raining”)
• output:
  It’s raining

Question 5.
What are string literals? Explain.
Answer:
String Literals:
In Python, a string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes. Python supports single, double and triple quotes for a string. A character literal is a single character surrounded by single or double-quotes. The value with triple – the quote is used to give multi-line string literal.
Strings = “This is Python”
char = “C”
multiline _ str = “This is a multiline string with more than one line code”.

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Describe in detail the procedure Script mode programming
Answer:

• Basically, a script is a text file containing the Python statements.
• Python Scripts are reusable code.
• Once the script is created, it can be executed again and again without retyping.
• The Scripts are editable

Creating Scripts in Python:

• Choose File → New File or press Ctrl + N in the Python shell window.
• An untitled blank script text editor will be displayed on the screen.
• Type the code in Script editor
  a=100
  b=350
  c=a+b
  print(“The Sum=”,c)

Saving Python Script:

• Choose File →Save or press Ctrl+S
• Now, Save As dialog box appears on the screen
• In the Save As dialog box, select the location where you want to save your Python code, and type the File name box Python files are by default saved with extension by Thus, while creating Python scripts using Python Script editor, no need to specify the file extension.
• Finally, ‘click Save button to save your Python script.

Executing Python Script:

• Choose Run-Run Module or Press F5
• If code has any error, it will be shown in red color in the IDLE window,, and Python describes the type of error occurred. To correct the errors, go back to Script editor, make corrections, save the file using Ctrl + S or File→Save and execute it again.
• For all error-free code, the output will appear in the IDLE window of Python.

Question 2.
Explain input () and print() functions with examples.
Answer:
input () function:
In Python input() function is used to accept data as input at run time.
Syntax:
Variable = input (“prompt string”)

• where, prompt string in the syntax is a statement or message to the user, to know what input can be given.
• The input() takes whatever is typed from the keyboard and stores the entered data in the given variable.
• If prompt string is not given in input() no message is displayed on the screen, thus, the user will not know what is to be typed as input

Example:
> > > city=input(“Enter Your City: “)
Enter Your City: Madurai
> > > print(“I am from “, city)
I am from Madurai

• The input () accepts all data as string or characters but not as numbers.
• If a numerical value is entered, the input values should be explicitly converted into numeric data type.
• The int( ) function is used to convert string data as integer data explicitly.

Example:
x= int (input(“Enter Number 1: “))
y = int (input(“Enter Number 2: “))
print (“The sum =”, x+y)
Output
Enter Number 1: 34
Enter Number 2: 56
The sum = 90
print () function :
In Python, the print() function is used to display result on the screen. The syntax for print() is as follows:

Syntax:
print (“string to be displayed as output” )
print (variable)
print (“String to be displayed as output variable)
print (“String 1 “, variable, “String 2′”,variable, “String 3” )….)

Example
> > > print (“Welcome to Python Programming”)
Welcome to
Python Programming
> > > x= 5
> > > y= 6
> > > z=x+y
> > > print (z)
11
> > > print (“The sum =”,z)
The sum=11
> > > print (“The sum of”,x, “and “, y, “is “,z)
The sum of 5 and 6 is 11

• The print( ) evaluates the expressions before printing it on the monitor
• The print( ) displays an entire statement which specified within print ( )
• Comma (,) is used as a separator in print more than one time

Question 3.
Discuss in detail about Tokens in Python
Answer:
Python breaks each logical line into a sequence of elementary lexical components known as Token.
The normal token types are

1. Identifiers
2. Keywords
3. Operators
4. Delimiters and
5. Literals.

Identifiers:

• An Identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or object.
• An identifier must start with an alphabet
  (A..Z or a..z) or underscore (_). Identifiers may contain digits (0 .. 9). „
• Python identifiers are case sensitive i.e. uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. Identifiers must not be a python keyword.
• Python does not allow punctuation characters such as %,$, @, etc., within identifiers.

Keywords:
Keywords are special words used by Python interpreters to recognize the structure of the program. As these words have specific meanings for interpreters, they cannot be used for any other purpose.

Operators:

• In computer programming languages operators are special symbols which represent computations, conditional matching, etc.
• The value of an operator used is called operands.
• Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, etc. Value and variables when used with the operator are known as operands

Delimiters:
Python uses the symbols and symbol combinations as delimiters in expressions, lists, dictionaries, and strings
Following are the delimiters knew as operands.

Literals:
Literal is raw data given in a variable or constant. In Python, there are various types of literals.

• Numeric
• String
• Boolean

12th Computer Science Guide Python -Variables and Operators Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
Python language was released in the year
a) 1992
b) 1994
c) 1991
d) 2001
Answer:
c) 1991

Question 2.
CWI means ……………………………
Answer:
Centrum Wiskunde & Information

Question 3.
In Python, How many ways programs can be written?
a) 4
b) 2
c) 3 ‘
d) many
Answer:
b) 2

Question 4.
Find the wrong statement from the following.
(a) Python supports procedural approaches
(b) Python supports object-oriented approaches
(c) Python is a DBMS tool
Answer:
(c) Python is a DBMS tool

Question 5.
Which mode displays the python code result immediately?
a) Compiler
b) Script
c) Interactive
d) program
Answer:
c) Interactive

Question 6.
Which of the following command is used to execute the Python script?
a) Run → Python Module
b) File → Run Module
c) Run → Module Fun
d) Run → Run Module
Answer:
d) Run → Run Module

Question 7.
The extension for the python file is ……………………………
(a) .pyt
(b) .pt
(c) .py
(d) .pyth
Answer:
(c) .py

Question 8.
Which operator replaces multiline if-else in python?
a) Local
b) Conditional
c) Relational
d) Assignment
Answer:
b) Conditional

Question 9.
Which of the following is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes?
a) Complex
b) String literal
c) Boolean
d) Octal
Answer:
b) String literal

Question 10.
What does prompt (>>>) indicator?
(a) Compiler is ready to debug
(b) Results are ready
(c) Waiting for the Input data
(d) Interpreter is ready to accept Instructions
Answer:
(d) Interpreter is ready to accept Instructions

Question 11.
In Python shell window opened by pressing.
a) Alt + N
b) Shift + N
c) Ctrl + N
d) Ctrl + Shift +N
Answer:
c) Ctrl + N

Question 12.
In Python, comments begin with …………..
a) /
b) #
c)\
d) //
Answer:
b) #

Question 13.
Which command is selected from the File menu creates a new script text editor?
(a) New
(b) New file
(c) New editor
(d) New Script file
Answer:
(b) New file

Question 14.
Python uses the symbols and symbol combinations as ……………. in expressions
a) literals
b) keywords
c) delimiters
d) identifiers
Answer:
c) delimiters

Question 15.
All data values in Python are ……………
a) class
b) objects
c) type
d) function
Answer:
b) objects

Question 16.
…………………………… command is used to execute python script?
(a) Run
(b) Compile
(c) Run ? Run Module
(d) Compile ? Compile Run
Answer:
(c) Run ? Run Module

Question 17.
Octal integer uses …………………………… to denote octal digits
(a) OX
(b) O
(c) OC
(d) Od
Answer:
(b) O

Question 18.
Find the hexadecimal Integer.
(a) 0102
(b) 0876
(c) 0432
(d) 0X102
Answer:
(d) 0X102

Question 19.
How many floating-point values are there is a complex number?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a note on keywords. Give examples?
Answer:
Keywords are special words used by Python interpreters to recognize the structure of the program. As these words have specific meanings for interpreters, they cannot be used for any other purpose. Eg, While, if.

Question 2.
What are keywords? Name any four keywords in Python.
Answer:
Keywords are special words that are used by Python interpreters to recognize the structure of the program.

Question 3.
Write a note on the relational or comparative operator.
Answer:

• A Relational operator is also called a Comparative operator which checks the relationship between two operands.
• If the relation is true, it returns True otherwise it returns False.

Question 4.
Write a short note on the comment statement.
Answer:

• In Python, comments begin with hash symbol (#).
• The lines that begins with # are considered as comments and ignored by the Python interpreter.
• Comments may be single line or no multilines.
• The multiline comments should be enclosed within a set of # as given below.
  # It is Single line Comment
  # It is multiline comment which contains more than one line #

Question 5.
What are the key features of python?
Answer:
Key features of Python:
It is a general-purpose programming language which can be used for both scientific and non – scientific programming
It is a platform-independent programming language.
The programs written in Python are easily readable and understandable

Question 6.
What are the uses of the logical operators? Name the operators.
Answer:

• In python, Logical operators are used to performing logical operations on the given relational expressions.
• There are three logical operators they are and or not.
• 

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain data types in python?
Answer:
Python Data types:
All data values in Python are objects and each object or value has a type. Python has Built-in or Fundamental data types such as Numbers, String, Boolean, tuples, lists, and dictionaries.

Number Data type:
The built-in number objects in Python supports integers, floating-point numbers, and complex numbers.
Integer Data can be decimal, octal, or hexadecimal. Octal integers use O (both upper and lower case) to denote octal digits and hexadecimal integers use OX (both upper and lower case) and L (only upper case) to denote long integers.
Example:
102, 4567, 567 # Decimal integers
0102, o876, 0432 # Octal integers
0X102, oX876, 0X432 # Hexadecimal integers
34L, 523L # Long decimal integers
A floating-point data is represented by a sequence of decimal digits that includes a decimal point. An Exponent data contains decimal digit part, decimal point, exponent part followed by one or more digits.
Example :
123.34, 456.23, 156.23 # Floating point data
12.E04, 24.e04 # Exponent data
A complex number is made up of two floating-point values, one each for the real and imaginary parts.

Boolean Data type:
A Boolean data can have any of the two values: True or False.

Example:
Bool_varl = True
Bool_var2 = False

String Data type:
String data can be enclosed with a single quote or double quote or triple quote.

Example:
Char_data = ‘A’
String_data = “Computer Science”
Multiline_data= “““String data can be enclosed with single quote or double quote or triple quote.”””

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 12 Structured Query Language (SQL) Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 12 Structured Query Language (SQL)

12th Computer Science Guide Structured Query Language (SQL) Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (I Marks)

Question 1.
Which commands provide definitions for creating table structure, deleting relations, and modifying relation schemas.
a) DDL
b) DML
c) DCL
d) DQL
Answer:
a) DDL

Question 2.
Which command lets to change the structure of the table?
a) SELECT
b) ORDER BY
c) MODIFY
d) ALTER
Answer:
d) ALTER

Question 3.
The command to delete a table is
a) DROP
b) DELETE
c) DELETE ALL
d) ALTER TABLE
Answer:
a) DROP

Question 4.
Queries can be generated using
a) SELECT
b) ORDER BY
c) MODIFY
d) ALTER
Answer:
a) SELECT

Question 5.
The clause used to sort data in a database
a) SORT BY
b) ORDER BY
c) GROUP BY
d) SELECT
Answer:
b) ORDER BY

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a query that selects all students whose age is less than 18 in order wise.
Answer:
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE AGE <= 18 ORDER BY NAME.

Question 2.
Differentiate Unique and Primary Key constraint
Answer:

Question 3.
Write the difference between table constraint and column constraint?
Answer:
Column constraint:
Column constraints apply only to an individual column.

Table constraint:
Table constraints apply to a group of one or more columns.

Question 4.
Which component of SQL lets insert values in tables and which lets to create a table?
Answer:
Creating a table: CREATE command of DML ( Data Manipulation Language) is used to create a table. Inserting values into tables :
INSERT INTO command of DDL (Data Definition Language) is used to insert values into
the table.

Question 5.
What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?
Answer:
SQL-Structured Query Language is a language used for accessing databases while MySQL is a database management system, like SQL Server, Oracle, Informix, Postgres, etc. MySQL is an RDBMS.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What is a constraint? Write short note on Primary key constraint.
Answer:
Constraint:

• Constraint is a condition applicable on a field or set of fields.
• Constraints are used to limit the type of data that can go into a table.
• This ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in the database.
• Constraints could be either on a column level or a table level.

Primary Constraint:

• Primly Constraint declares a field as a Primary key which helps to uniquely identify a recor<}ll
• Primary Constraint is similar to unique constraint except that only one field of a table can be set as primary key.
• The primary key does not allow NULL values and therefore a field declared as primary key must have the NOT NULL constraint.

Question 2.
Write a SQL statement to modify the student table structure by adding a new field.
Answer:
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE < table-name > ADD < column name >< data type >< size > ;
Example:
ALTER TABLE student ADD (age integer (3)).

Question 3.
Write any three DDL commands.
Answer:
a. CREATE TABLE Command
You can create a table by using the CREATE TABLE command.
CREATE TABLE Student
(Admno integer,
Name char(20), \
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10),
);

b. ALTER COMMAND
The ALTER command is used to alter the table structure like adding a column, renaming the existing column, change the data type of any column or size of the column or delete the column from the table.
Alter table Student add address char;

c. DROP TABLE:
Drop table command is used to remove a table from the database.
DROP TABLE Student;

Question 4.
Write the use of the Savepoint command with an example.
Answer:

• The SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to the point whenever required.
• The different states of our table can be saved at any time using different names and the rollback to that state can be done using the ROLLBACK command.

Example:
The following is the existing table.
Table 1:

INSERT INTO Student VALUES (107, ‘Beena’, ‘F’, 20, ‘Cochin’);
COMMIT;
In the above table if we apply the above command we will get the following table
Table 2:

We can give save point using the following command.
UPDATE Student SET Name = ‘Mini’ WHERE Admno=105; SAVEPOINT A;

Table 3:

INSERT INTO Student VALUES(108, ‘Jisha’, ‘F’, 19, ‘Delhi’); SAVEPOINT B;

Table 4:

After giving the rollback command we will get Table 3 again.

ROLLBACK TO A;
Table 3:

Question 5.
Write a SQL statement using a DISTINCT keyword.
Answer:
The DISTINCT keyword is used along with the SELECT command to eliminate duplicate rows in the table. This helps to eliminate redundant data.

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Place FROM Student;
will display the following data as follows :

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write the different types of constraints and their functions.
Answer:
The different type of constraints are:

1. Unique Constraint
2. Primary Key Constraint
3. Default Constraint
4. Check Constraint.
5. Table Constraint:

1. Unique Constraint:

• This constraint ensures that no two rows have the same value in the specified columns.
• For example UNIQUE constraint applied on Admno of student table ensures that no two students have the same admission number and the constraint can be used as:

CREATE TABLE Student:
(
Admno integer NOT NULL UNIQUE,→ Unique constraint
Name char (20) NOT NULL,
Gender char (1),
Age integer,
Place char (10)
);

• The UNIQUE constraint can be applied only to fields that have also been declared as
  NOT NULL.
• When two constraints are applied on a single field, it is known as multiple constraints.
• In the above Multiple constraints NOT NULL and UNIQUE are applied on a single field Admno, the constraints are separated by a space and the end of the field definition a comma(,) is added.
• By adding these two constraints the field Admno must take some value (ie. will not be NULL and should not be duplicated).

2. Primary Key Constraint:

• This constraint declares a field as a Primary key which helps to uniquely identify a record.
• It is similar to unique constraint except that only one field of a table can be set as primary key.
• The primary key does not allow ULI values and therefore a field declared as primary key must have the NOT NULL constraint.

CREATE TABLE Student:
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, → Primary Key constraint
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10)
);

• In the above example the Admno field has been set as primary key and therefore will
• help us to uniquely identify a record, it is also set NOT NULL, therefore this field value cannot be empty.

3. Default Constraint:

• The DEFAULT constraint is used to assign a default value for the field.
• When no value is given for the specified field having DEFAULT constraint, automatically the default value will be assigned to the field.
• Example showing DEFAULT Constraint in the student table:

CREATE TABLE Student:
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARYKEY,
Name char(20)NOT NULL,.
Gender char(1),
Age integer DEFAULT = “17”, → Default Constraint
Place char(10)
);

In the above example the “Age” field is assigned a default value of 17, therefore when no value is entered in age by the user, it automatically assigns 17 to Age.

4. Check Constraint:

• Check Constraint helps to set a limit value placed for a field.
• When we define a check constraint on a single column, it allows only the restricted values on that field.
• Example showing check constraint in the student table:

CREATE .TABLE Students
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARYKEY,
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(l),
Age integer (CHECK< =19), —> CheckConstraint
Place char(10)
);

In the above example the check constraint is set to Age field where the value of Age must be less than or equal to 19.
The check constraint may use relational and logical operators for condition.

Table Constraint:

• When the constraint is applied to a group of fields of the table, it is known as the Table constraint.
• The table constraint is normally given at the end of the table definition.
• For example, we can have a table namely Studentlwith the fields Admno, Firstname, Lastname, Gender, Age, Place.

CREATE TABLE Student 1:
(
Admno integer NOT NULL,
Firstname char(20),
Lastname char(20),
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10),
PRIMARY KEY (Firstname, Lastname) —-Table constraint ‘
);

In the above example, the two fields, Firstname and Lastname are defined as Primary key which is a Table constraint.

Question 2.
Consider the following employee table. Write SQL commands for the questions.(i) to (v).

Answer:
i) To display the details of all employees in descending order of pay.
SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY PAY DESC;
ii) To display all employees whose allowance is between 5000 and 7000.
SELECT FROM Employee WHERE ALLOWANCE BETWEEN 5000 AND 7000;
iii) To remove the employees who are mechanics.
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE DESIG=’Mechanic’;
iv) To add a new row.
INSERT INTO Employee VALUES(/C1006,/ ‘Ram’, ‘Clerk’,15000, 6500);
v) To display the details of all employees who are operators.
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE DESIG=’Operator’;

Question 3.
What are the components of SQL? Write the commands in each.
Answer:
Components of SQL:
The various components of SQL are

• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Query Language (DQL)
• Transactional Control Language (TCL)
• Data Control Language (DCL)

Data Definition Language (DDL):

• The Data Definition Language (DDL) consists of SQL statements used to define the database structure or schema.
• It simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of database objects in databases.
• The DDL provides a set of definitions to specify the storage structure and access methods used by the database system.

A DDL performs the following functions:

• It should identify the type of data division such as data item, segment, record and database file.
• It gives a unique name to each data item type, record type, file type, and database.
• It should specify the proper data type.
• It should define the size of the data item.
• It may define the range of values that a data item may use.
• It may specify privacy locks for preventing unauthorized data entry.

SQL commands which come under Data Definition Language are:

Data Manipulation Language:

• A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a computer programming language used for adding (inserting), removing (deleting), and modifying (updating) data in a database.
• In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the SQL-data change statements, which modify stored data but not the schema of the database table.
• After the database schema has been specified and the database has been created, the data can be manipulated using a set of procedures which are expressed by DML.

The DML is basically of two types:

• Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it.
• Non-Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get it.

SQL commands which come under Data Manipulation Language are:

Data Control Language:

• A Data Control Language (DCL) is a programming language used to control the access of data stored in a database.
• It is used for controlling privileges in the database (Authorization).
• The privileges are required for performing all the database operations such as creating sequences, views of tables etc.

SQL commands which come under Data Control Language are:

Transactional Control Language:

• Transactional control language (TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in the database.
• These are used to manage the changes made to the data in a table by DML statements.

SQL command which comes under Transfer Control Language are:

Data Query Language:
The Data Query Language consists of commands used to query or retrieve data from a database.
One such SQL command in Data Query Language is
Select: It displays the records from the table.

Question 4.
Construct the following SQL statements in the student table
i) SELECT statement using GROUP BY clause.
ii) SELECT statement using ORDER BY clause.
Table: student

SELECT statement using GROUP BY clause:

GROUP BY clause:

• The GROUP BY clause is used with the SELÆCT statement to group the students on rows or columns having identical values or divide the table into groups.
• For example to know the number of male students or female students of a class, the GROUP BY clause may be used.
• It is mostly used in conjunction with aggregate functions to produce summary reports from the database.

Syntax for the GROUP BY clause:
SELECT < column-names >FROM GROUP BY HAVING condition;

Example:
To apply the above command on the student table:
SELECT Gender FROM Student GROUP BY Gender;
The following command will give the below-given result:

The point to be noted is that only two results have been returned. This is because we only have two gender types ‘Male’ and ‘Female:

• The GROUP BY clause grouped all the ‘M’ students together and returned only a single row for it. It did the same with the ‘F’ students.
• For example, to count the number of male and female students in the student table, the following command is given:

SELECT Gender, count(*) FROM Student GROUP BY Gender;

The GROUP BY applies the aggregate functions independently to a series of groups that are defined by having a field, the value in common. The output of the above SELECT statement gives a count of the number of Male and Female students.

ii) SELECT statement using ORDER BY clause.
ORDER BY clause:

• The ORDER BY clause in SQL is used to sort the data in either ascending or descending based on one or more columns.
• By default ORDER BY sorts the data in ascending order.
• We can use the keyword DESC to sort the data in descending order and the keyword ASC to sort in ascending order.

The ORDER BY clause is used as :
SELECT< column – name1 > ,< column – name2 > , < FROM < table-name > ORDER BY
< column 1 > , < column 2 > ,… ASC | (Pipeline) DESC;

Example: To display the students in alphabetical order of their names, the command is used as
SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY Name;
The above student table is arranged as follows:

Question 5.
Write a SQL statement to create a table for employees having any five fields and create a table constraint for the employee table.
Answer:
Table: emp
CREATE TABLE emp
(
empno integer NOTNULL,
empfname char(20),
emplname char(20),
Designation char(20),
Basicpay integer,
PRIMARY KEY (empfname,emplname) → Table constraint
);

12th Computer Science Guide International Economics Organisations Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The SQL was called as …………………….. in the early 1970s.
(a) squel
(b) sequel
(c) seqel
(d) squeal
Answer:
(b) sequel

Question 2.
Which of the following language was designed for managing and accessing data in RDBMS?
a) DBMS
b) DDL
c) DML
d) SQL
Answer:
d) SQL

Question 3.
SQL stands for
a) Standard Query Language
b) Secondary Query Language
c) Structural Query Language
d) Standard Question Language
Answer:
c) Structural Query Language

Question 4.
Expand ANSI ………………………
(a) American North-South Institute
(b) Asian North Standard Institute
(c) American National Standard Institute
(d) Artie National Standard Institute
Answer:
(c) American National Standard Institute

Question 5.
The latest SQL standard as of now is
a) SQL 2008
b) SQL 2009
c) SQL 2018
d) SQL 2.0
Answer:
a) SQL 2008

Question 6.
In database objects, the data in RDBMS is stored
a) Queries
b) Languages
c) Relations
d) Tables
Answer:
d) Tables

Question 7.
DDL expansion is
a) Data Defined Language
b) Data Definition Language
c) Definition Data Language
d) Dictionary Data Language
Answer:
b) Data Definition Language

Question 8.
Identify which is not an RDBMS package …………………….
(a) MySQL
(b) IBMDB2
(c) MS-Access
(d) Php
Answer:
(d) Php

Question 9.
……………. component of SQL includes commands to insert, delete and modify tables in
database
a) DCL
b) DML
c) TCL
d) DDL
Answer:
b) DML

Question 10.
…………………. command removes all records from a table and also release the space occupied by
these records.
a) Drop
b) Truncate
c) ALTER
d) Delete
Answer:
b) Truncate

Question 11.
WAMP stands for
a) Windows, Android, MySQL, PHP
b) Windows, Apache, MySQL, Python
c) Windows, APL, MySQL, PHP
d) Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP
Answer:
d) Windows, Apache, MySQL, PHP

Question 12.
……………………….. is the vertical entity that contains all information associated with a specific field in a table
(a) Field
(b) tuple
(c) row
(d) record
Answer:
(a) Field

Question 13.
……………. is a collection of related fields or columns in a table.
a) Attributes
b) SQL
c) Record
d) Relations
Answer:
c) Record

Question 14.
SQL standard recognized only Text and Number data type.
a) ANSI
b) TCL
c) DML
d) DCL
Answer:
a) ANSI

Question 15.
…………………… data type is same as real expect the precision may exceed 64?
a) float
b) real
c) double
d) long real
Answer:
c) double

Question 16.
………………….. column constraint enforces a field to always contain a value.
a) NULL
b) “NOT NULL”
c) YES
d) ALWAYS
Answer:
b) “NOT NULL”

Question 17.
………………… is often used for web development and internal testing.
a) Windows
b) Google
c) WAMP
d) Google Chrome
Answer:
c) WAMP

Question 18.
To work with the databases, the command used is …………………….. database
(a) create
(b) modify
(c) use
(d) work
Answer:
(c) use

Question 19.
………………..is not a SOL TCL command.
a) Commit
b) Rollback
c) Revoke
d) Savepoint
Answer:
c) Revoke

Question 20.
………………. provides a set of definitions to specify the storage structure used by the database system.
a) DML
b) DQL
c) DDL
d) TCL
Answer:
c) DDL

Question 21.
Which among the following is not a WAMP?
(a) PHP
(b) MySQL
(c) DHTML
(d) Apache
Answer:
(c) DHTML

Question 22.
…………… command used to create a table.
a) CREATE
b) CREATE TABLE
c) NEW TABLE
d) DDL TABLE
Answer:
b) CREATE TABLE

Question 23.
……………….. keyword is used to sort the records in ascending order.
a) ASCD
b) ASD
c) ASCE
d) ASC
Answer:
d) ASC

Question 24.
Which command changes the structure of the database?
(a) update
(b) alter
(c) change
(d) modify
Answer:
(b) alter

Question 25.
………………… clause is used to divide the table into groups.
a) DIVIDE BY
b) ORDER BY
c) GROUP BY
d) HAVING
Answer:
c) GROUP BY

Question 26.
……………. command is used to gives permission to one or more users to perform specific tasks.
a) GIVE
b) ORDER
c) GRANT
d) WHERE
Answer:
c) GRANT

Question 27.
How many types of DML commands are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Write a note on RDBMS?
Answer:
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, and Microsoft Access are RDBMS packages. RDBMS is a type of DBMS with a row-based table structure that connects related data elements and includes functions related to Create, Read, Update and Delete operations, collectively known as CRUD.

Question 2.
What is SQL?
Answer:

• The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard programming language to access and manipulate databases.
• SQL allows the user to create, retrieve, alter, and transfer information among databases.
• It is a language designed for managing and accessing data in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

Question 3.
What are the 2 types of DML?
Answer:
The DML is basically of two types:
Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it. Non-Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get it.

Question 4.
How can you create the database and work with the database?
Answer:

• To create a database, type the following command in the prompt:
• CREATE DATABASE database_name;
• Example; To create a database to store the tables:
  CREATE DATABASE stud;
• To work with the database, type the following command.
  USE DATABASE;
• Example: To use the stud database created, give the command USE stud;

Question 5.
Write short notes on WAMP?
Answer:
WAMP stands for “Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP” It is often used for web development and internal testing, but may also be used to serve live websites.

Question 6.
Write a SQL statement to create a table for employees having any five fields and create a table constraint for the employee table. (March 2020)
Answer:
Employee Table with Table Constraint:
CREATE TABLE Employee(EmpCode Char(5) NOT NULL, Name Char(20) NOT NULL, Desig Char(1O), Pay float(CHECK>=8000), Allowance float PRIMARY KEY(EmpCode,Name));

Question 7.
Explain DDL commands with suitable examples.
Answer:
DDL commands are

• Create
• Alter
• Drop
• Truncate

Create: To create tables in the database.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE < table-name >
( < column name >< data type > [ < size > ]
( < column name >< data type > [ < size > ]…
);
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer DEFAULT = “17” → Default
Constraint
Place char(10),
);

Alter:
The ALTER command is used to alter the table structure like adding a column, renaming the existing column, change the data type of any column or size of the column or delete the column from the table. It is used in the following way:

ALTER TABLE ADD
< data type >< size > ;

• To add a new column <<Address>> of type to the Student table, the command is used as
  ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address char;
• To modify, an existing column of the table, the ALTER TABLE command can be used with MODIFY clause likewise:
  ALTER < table-name > MODIFY < data type >< size >;
  ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY Address char (25);
  Drop: Delete tables from the database.
• The DROP TABLE command is used to remove a table from” the database.
• After dropping a table all the rows in the table is deleted and the table structure is removed from the database.
• Once a table is dropped we cannot get it back. But there is a condition for dropping a table; it must be an empty table.
• Remove all the rows of the table using the DELETE command.
• To delete all rows, the command is given as;
  DELETE FROM Student;
• Once all the rows are deleted, the table can be deleted by the DROP TABLE command in the following way:
  DROP TABLE table-name;
• Example: To delete the Student table:
  DROP TABLE Student;
• Truncate: Remove all records from a table, also release the space occupied by those records.
• The TRUNCATE command is used to delete all the rows from the table, the structure remains and space is freed from the table.
• The syntax for the TRUNCATE command is: TRUNCATE TABLE table-name;

Example:
To delete all the records of the student table and delete the table the SQL statement is given as follows:
TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
The table Student is removed and space is freed.

Question 8.
Write a note on SQL?
Answer:

1. The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard programming language to access and manipulate databases.
2. SQL allows the user to create, retrieve, alter, and transfer information among databases.
3. It is a language designed for managing and accessing data in a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).

Question 9.
Write short notes on basic types of DML.
Answer:
The DML is basically of two types:

• Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it.
• Non-Procedural DML – Requires a user to specify what data is needed without specifying how to get it.

Question 10.
Explain DML commands with suitable examples.
Answer:
i) INSERT:
insert: Inserts data into a table
Syntax:
INSERT INTO < table-name > [column-list] VALUES (values); Example:
INSERT INTO Student VALUES(108, ‘Jisha’, ‘F, 19, ‘Delhi’);

ii) DELETE:
Delete: Deletes all records from a table, but not the space occupied by them. Syntax:
DELETE FROM table-name WHERE condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM Employee WHERE DESIG=’Mechanic’;

iii) UPDATE:
Update: Updates the existing data within a table.

Syntax:
UPDATE < table-name > SET column- name = value, column-name = value,..
WHERE condition;
Example:
UPDATE Student SET Name = ‘Mini’
WHERE Admno=105;

Question 11.
What are the various processing skills of SQL?
Answer:
The various processing skills of SQL are:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL): The SQL DDL provides commands for defining relation schemes (structure), deleting relations, creating indexes, and modifying relation schemes.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): The SQL DML includes commands to insert, delete, and modify tuples in the database.
3. Embedded Data Manipulation Language: The embedded form of SQL is used in high-level programming languages.
4. View Definition: The SQL also includes commands for defining views of tables.
5. Authorization: The SQL includes commands for access rights to relations and views of tables.
6. Integrity: SQL provides forms for integrity checking using conditions.
7. Transaction control: The SQL includes commands for file transactions and control over transaction processing.

Question 12.
Write short notes on DCL (Data Control Language).
Answer:
Data Control Language (DCL): Data Control Language (DCL) is a programming language used to control the access of data stored in a database.

DCL commands:

• Grant Grants permission to one or more users to perform specific tasks
• Revoke: Withdraws the access permission given by the GRANT statement.

Question 13.
Write short notes on Data Query Language(DQL).
Answer:

• The Data Query Language consists of commands used to query or retrieve data from a database.
• One such SQL command in Data Query Language is ‘1Select” which displays the records from the table.

Question 14.
How will you retain duplicate rows of a table?
Answer:
The ALL keyword retains duplicate rows. It will display every row of the table without considering duplicate entries
SELECT ALL Place FROM Student;

Question 15.
What are the functions performed by DDL?
Answer:
A DDL performs the following functions :

1. It should identify the type of data division such as data item, segment, record, and database file.
2. It gives a unique name to each data item type, record type, file type, and database.
3. It should specify the proper data type.
4. It should define the size of the data item.
5. It may define the range of values that a data item may use.
6. It may specify privacy locks for preventing unauthorized data entry.

Question 16.
Differentiate IN and NOT IN keywords.
Answer:
IN Keyword:

• The IN keyword is used to specify a list of values which must be matched with the record values.
• In other words, it is used to compare a column with more than one value.
• It is similar to an OR condition.

NOT IN keyword:
The NOT IN keyword displays only those records that do not match in the list

Question 17.
Explain Primary Key Constraint with suitable examples.
Answer:

• This constraint declares a field as a Primary key which, helps to uniquely identify a record.
• It is similar to a unique constraint except that only one field of a table can be set as the primary key.
• The primary key does not allow ULI values and therefore a field declared as the primary key must have the NOT NULL constraint.

CREATE TABLE Student:
(
Admno integer
NOT NULL PRIMARYKEY,→
Primary Key constraint
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10)
);

In the above example, the Admno field has been set as the primary key and therefore will help us to uniquely identify a record, it is also set NOT NULL, therefore this field value cannot be empty.

Question 18.
Explain GROUP BY and HAVING clauses.
Syntax:
SELECT < column-names > FROM GROUP BY < column-name > HAVING condition;
The HAVING clause can be used along with the GROUP BY clause in the SELECT statement to place conditions on groups and can include aggregate functions on them.

Example:
To count the number of Male and Female students belonging to Chennai. SELECT Gender, count( *) FROM Student GROUP BY Gender HAVING Place = ‘Chennai’,

Question 19.
List the data types used in SQL.
Answer:
Data types used in SQL:

• char (Character)
• varchar
• dec (Decimal)
• Numeric
• int (Integer)
• Small int
• Float
• Real
• double

Question 20.
Write notes on a predetermined set of commands of SQL?
Answer:
A predetermined set of commands of SQL:
The SQL provides a predetermined set of commands like Keywords, Commands, Clauses, and Arguments to work on databases.

Keywords:

• They have a special meaning in SQL.
• They are understood as instructions.

Commands:
They are instructions given by the user to the database also known as statements

Clauses:
They begin with a keyword and consist of keyword and argument

Arguments:
They are the values given to make the clause complete.

Question 21.
Explain how to set a primary key for more than one field? Explain with example.
Answer:
Table Constraint:

• When the constraint is applied to a group of fields of the table, it is known as the Table constraint.
• The table constraint is normally given at the end of the table definition.
• For example, we can have a table namely Studentlwith the fields Admno, Firstname, Lastname, Gender, Age, Place.

CREATE TABLE Student 1:
(
Admno integer NOT NULL,
Firstname char (20),
Lastname char(20),
Gender char(1),
Age integer,
Place char(10),
PRIMARY KEY (Firstname, Lastname) → Table constraint);

In the above example, the two fields, Firstname and Lastname are defined as Primary key which is a Table constraint.

Question 22.
Explain how to generate queries and retrieve data from the table? Explain?
Answer:

• A query is a command given to get a desired result from the database table.
• The SELECT command is used to query or retrieve data from a table in the database.
• It is used to retrieve a subset of records from one or more tables.
• The SELECT command can be used in various forms:

Syntax:
SELECT < column-list > FROM < table-name >;

• Table-name is the name of the table from which the information is retrieved.
• Column-list includes one or more columns from which data is retrieved.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Write the processing skills of SQL.
Answer:
The various processing skills of SQL are:

• Data Definition Language (DDL): The SQL DDL provides commands for defining relation schemas (structure), deleting relations, creating indexes, and modifying relation schemas.
• Data Manipulation Language (DML): The SQL DML includes commands to insert, delete, and modify tuples in the database.
• Embedded Data Manipulation Language: The embedded form of SQL is used in high-level programming languages.
• View Definition: The SQL also includes commands for defining views of tables
• Authorization: The SQL includes commands for access rights to relations and views of tables.
• Integrity: SQL provides forms for integrity checking using conditions.
• Transaction control: The SQL includes commands for file transactions and control over transaction processing.

Question 2.
Explain ALTER command in detail.
Answer:
ALTER command:
The ALTER command is used to alter the table structure like adding a column, renaming the existing column, change the data type of any column or size of the column or delete the column from the table. It is used in the following way:
ALTER TABLE ADD < data type >< size >;

To add a new column «Address» of type to the Student table, the command is used as
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address char;

To modify, an existing column of the table, the ALTER TABLE command can be used with MODIFY clause likewise:
ALTER < table-name > MODIFY < data type>< size>;
ALTER TABLE Student MODIFY Address char (25); The above command will modify the address column of the Student table to now hold 25 characters.
The ALTER command can be used to rename an existing column in the following way:
ALTER < table-name > RENAME oldcolumn- name TO new-column-name;

Example:

• To rename the column Address to City, the command is used as:
  ALTER TABLE Student RENAME Address TO City;
• The ALTER command can also be used to remove a column .or all columns.

Example:

• To remove a-particular column. the DROP COLUMN is used with the ALTER TABLE to remove a particular field. the command can be used as ALTER DROP COLUMN;
• To remove the column City from the Student table. the command is used as ALTER. TABLE Student DROP COLUMN City;

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Guide Pdf Chapter 8 International Economic Organisations Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Economics Solutions Chapter 8 International Economic Organisations

12th Economics Guide International Economic Organisations Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – A

Multiple Choice questions

Question 1.
International Monetary Fund was an outcome of
a) Pandung conference
b) Dunkel Draft
c) Bretton woods conference
d) Doha conference
Answer:
c) Bretton woods conference

Question 2.
International Monetary Fund is having its headquarters at
a) Washington D. C.
b) Newyork
c) Vienna
d) Geneva
Answer:
a) Washington D. C.

Question 3.
IBRD is otherwise called
a) IMF
b) World bank
c) ASEAN
d) International Finance corporation
Answer:
b) World bank

Question 4.
The other name for Special Drawing Right is
a) Paper gold
b) Quotas
c) Voluntary Export Restrictions
d) None of these.
Answer:
a) Paper gold

Question 5.
The organization which provides long term loan is
a) World Bank
b) International Monetary Fund
c) World Trade Organization
d) BRICS
Answer:
a) World Bank

Question 6.
Which of the following countries is not a member of SAARC?
a) Sri Lanka
b) Japan
c) Bangladesh
d) Afghanistan
Answer:
b) Japan

Question 7.
International Development Association is an affiliate of
a) IMF
b) World Bank
c) SAARC
d) ASEAN
Answer:
b) World Bank

Question 8.
………………………….. relates to patents, copyrights, trade secrets, etc.,
a) TRIPS
b) TRIMS
c) GATS
d) NAMA
Answer:
a) TRIPS

Question 9.
The first ministerial meeting of WTO was held at
a) Singapore
b) Geneva
c) Seattle
d) Doha
Answer:
a) Singapore

Question 10.
ASEAN meetings are held once in every ……………….. years
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
b) 3

Question 11.
Which of the following is not member of SAARC?
a) Pakistan
b) Sri lanka
c) Bhutan
d) China
Answer:
d) China

Question 12.
SAARC meets once in ……………………………. years.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
a) 2

Question 13.
The headquarters of ASEAN is
a) Jaharta
b) New Delhi
c) Colombo
d) Tokyo
Answer:
a) Jaharta

Question 14.
The term RRIC was coined in
a) 2001
b) 2005
c) 2008
d) 2010
Answer:
a) 2001

Question 15.
ASEAN was created in
a) 1965
b) 1967
c) 1972
d) 1997
Answer:
b) 1967

Question 16.
The Tenth BRICS summit was held in July 2018 at
a) Beijing
b) Moscow
c) Johannesburg
d) Brasilia
Answer:
c) Johannesburg

Question 17.
New Development Bank is associated with.
a) BRICS
b) WTO
c) SAARC
d) ASEAN
Answer:
a) BRICS

Question 18.
Which of the following does not come under ‘ six dialogue partners’ of ASEAN? .
a) China
b) Japan
c) India
d) North Korea
Answer:
d) North Korea

Question 19.
SAARC Agricultural Information centre ( SAIC ) works as a central informa¬tion institution for agriculture related resources was founded on.
a) 1985
b) 1988
c) 1992
d) 1998
Answer:
b) 1988

Question 20.
BENELUX is a form of
a) Free trade area
b) Economic Union
c) Common market
d) Customs union
Answer:
d) Customs union

PART-B

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 21.
Write the meaning of Special Drawing Rights.
Answer:

1. The Fund has succeeded in establishing a scheme of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) which is otherwise called ‘Paper Gold’.
2. They are a form of international reserves created by the IMF in 1969 to solve the problem of international liquidity.
3. They are allocated to the IMF members in proportion to their Fund quotas.
4. SDRs are used as a means of payment by Fund members to meet the balance of payments deficits and their total reserve position with the Fund.
5. Thus SDRs act both as an international unit of account and a means of payment.
6. All transactions by the Fund in the form of loans and their repayments, its liquid reserves, its capital, etc., are expressed in the SDR.

Question 22.
Mention any two objectives of ASEAN.
Answer:

1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region.
2. To promote regional peace and stability and adherence to the principles of the United Nations charter.

Question 23.
Point out any two ways in which IBRD lends to member countries.
Answer:
The Bank advances loans to members in two ways

1. Loans out of its own fund,
2. Loans out of borrowed capital.

Question 24.
Define common Market.
Answer:
Common market is a group formed by countries with in a geographical area to promote duty free trade and free movement of labour and capital among its members.

Question 25.
What is Free trade area?
Answer:
Free trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free trade agreement.

Question 26.
When and where was SAARC secretariat established?
Answer:
South Asian Association For Regional Co-Operation (SAARC):
1. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organisation of South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region, and also for friendship and cooperation with other developing countries.

2. The SAARC Group (SAARC) comprises of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

3. In April 2007, Afghanistan became its eighth member.

Question 27.
Specify any two affiliates of world Bank Group. (Write any 2)
Answer:

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
2. International Development Association (IDA)
3. International Finance corporation (IFC)
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
5. The International centre for settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

PART – C

Answer the following questions in one paragraph.

Question 28.
Mention the various forms of economic integration.
Answer:
Economic integration takes the form of

• A free Trade Area: It is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free trade agreement.
• A customs union: It is defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with no tariff among members and with a common external tariff.
• Common market: It is established through trade pacts. A group formed by coun-tries within a geographical area to promote duty-free trade and free movement of labour and capital among its members.
• An economic union: It is composed of a common market with a customs union.

Question 29.
What are trade blocks?
Answer:
1. Trade blocks cover different kinds of arrangements between or among countries for mutual benefit. Economic integration takes the form of Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market and Economic Union.

2. A free trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers, e.g. SAFTA, EFTA.

3. A customs union is defined as a type of trade block which is composed of a free trade area with no tariff among members and (zero tariffs among members) with a common external tariff, e.g. BENELUX (Belgium, Netherland and Luxumbuarg).

4. Common market is established through trade pacts. A group formed by countries within a geographical area to promote duty free trade and free movement of labour and capital among its members, e.g. European Common Market (ECM).

5. An economic union is composed of a common market with a customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of production and a common external trade policy. (e.g. European Economic Union).

Question 30.
Mention any three lending programmes of IMF.
Answer:
The Fund has created several new credit facilities for its members.

1. Extended Fund Facility:
Under this arrangement, the IMF provides additional borrowing facility up to 140% of the member’s quota, over and above the basic credit facility. The extended facility is limited for a period up to 3 years and the rate of interest is low.

2. Buffer Stock Facility:
The Buffer stock financing facility was started in 1969. The purpose of this scheme was to help the primary goods producing countries to finance contributions to buffer stock arrangements for the establisation of primary product prices.

3. Supplementary Financing Facility :
Under the supplementary financing facility, the IMF makes temporary arrange-ments to provide supplementary financial assistance to member countries facing payments problems relating to their present quota sizes.

Question 31.
What is a Multilateral Agreement?
Answer:
Multilateral trade agreement:
It is a multinational legal or trade agreements between countries. It is an agreement between more than two countries but not many. The various agreements implemented by the WTO such as TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS, AoA, MFA have been discussed.

Question 32.
Write the agenda of BRICS summit, 2018.
Answer:
South Africa hosted the 10th BRICS summit in July 2018. The agenda for the BRICS summit 2018 includes Inclusive growth, Trade issues, Global governance, shared prosperity, International peace, and security.

Question 33.
State briefly the functions of SAARC.
Answer:
The main functions of SAARC are as follows.

1. Maintenance of the cooperation in the region
2. Prevention of common problems associated with the member nations.
3. Ensuring strong relationships among the member nations.
4. Removal of poverty through various packages of programmes.
5. Prevention of terrorism in the region.

Question 34.
List but the achievements of ASEAN.
Answer:

• The main achievement of ASEAN has been the maintenance of an uninterrupted period of peace and stability during which the individual member countries have been able to concentrate on promoting rapid and sustained economic growth and modernization.
• ASEAN’S modernization efforts have brought about changes in the region’s structure of production.
• ASEAN has been the fourth largest trading entity in the world after the European Union the United States and Japan.

PART – D

Answer the following questions in about a page.

Question 35.
Explain the objectives of IMF.
Answer:
Objectives Of IMF:

1. To promote international monetary cooperation among the member nations.
2. To facilitate faster and balanced growth of international trade.
3. To ensure exchange rate stability by curbing competitive exchange depreciation.
4. To eliminate or reduce exchange controls imposed by member nations.
5. To establish multilateral trade and payment system in respect of current transactions instead of bilateral trade agreements.
6. To promote the flow of capital from developed to developing nations.
7. To solve the problem of international liquidity.

Question 36.
Bring out the functions of the World Bank.
Answer:
Investment for productive purposes :
The world Bank performs the function of assisting in the reconstruction and development of territories of member nations through the facility of investment for productive purposes.

Balance growth of international trade :
Promoting the long-range balanced growth of trade at the international level and maintaining equilibrium in BOPS of member nations by encouraging international investment.

Provision of loans and guarantees :
Arranging the loans or providing guarantees on loans by various other channels so as to execute important projects.

Promotion of foreign private investment:
The promotion of private foreign investment by means of guarantees on loans and other investments made by private investors. The Bank supplements private investment by providing finance for productive purposes out of its own resources or from borrowed funds.

Technical services:
The world Bank facilitates different kinds of technical services to the member countries through staff college and exports.

Question 37.
Discuss the role of WTO in India’s socio-economic development.
Answer:
WTO and India:
India is the founding member of the WTO. India favours a multilateral trade approach. It enjoys MFN status and allows the same status to all other trading partners. India benefited
from WTO on the following grounds:

1. By reducing tariff rates on raw materials, components and capital goods, it was able to import more for meeting her developmental requirements. India’s imports go on increasing.
2. India gets market access in several countries without any bilateral trade agreements.
3. Advanced technology has been obtained at cheaper cost.
4. India is in a better position to get quick redressal from trade disputes.
5. The Indian exporters benefited from wider market information.

Question 38.
Write a note on a) SAARC b) BRICS
Answer:
(a) South Asian Association For Regional Co-Operation (SAARC):

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organisation of South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region, and also for friendship and co-operation with other developing countries.
• The SAARC Group (SAARC) comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
• In April 2007, Afghanistan became its eighth member.
• The basic aim of the organisation is to accelerate the process of economic and social development of member states through joint action in the agreed areas of cooperation.
• The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th January 1987.
• The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka in the year 1985.
• SAARC meets once in two years. Recently, the 20th SAARC summit was hosted by Srilanka in 2018.

(b) BRICS:

• BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
• Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits.
• South Africa hosted the 10th BRICS summit in July 2018.
• The agenda for the BRICS summit 2018 includes Inclusive growth, Trade issues, Global governance, Shared Prosperity, International peace, and security.
• Its headquarters is in Shanghai, China.
• The New Development Bank (NDB) formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank was established by the BRICS States.
• The first BRICS summit was held in Moscow and South Africa hosted the Tenth Conference at Johanesberg in July 2018.
• India had an opportunity of hosting the fourth and Eighth summits in 2009 and 2016 respectively.
• The BRICS countries make up 21 percent of the global GDP. They have increased their share of global GDP threefold in the past 15 years.
• The BRICS are home to 43 percent of the world’s population.
• The BRICS countries have combined foreign reserves of an estimated $ 4.4 trillion.

12th Economics Guide International Economics Organisations Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best Answer

Question 1.
The IMF has ……………………. member countries with Republic.
(a) 169
(b) 179
(c) 189
(d) 199
Answer:
(c) 189

Question 2.
The IMF and World Bank were started in ………
a) 1947
b) 1951
c) 1945
d) 1954
Answer:
c) 1945

Question 3.
At present, the IMF has ………….member countries.
a) 198
b) 189
c) 179
d) 197
Answer:
b) 189

Question 4.
International Monetary Fund headquarters are present in …………………….
(a) Geneva
(b) Washington DC
(c) England
(d) China
Answer:
(b) Washington DC

Question 5.
SDR stands for ………………
a) IMF
b) IBRD
c) Special Drawing Rights
d) World Trade Organization
Answer:
c) Special Drawing Rights

Question 6.
SDR was created on ………………….
a) 1950
b) 1951
c) 1969
d) 1967
Answer:
c) 1969

Question 7.
The name “International Bank for Reconstruction and Development” was first suggested by
a) India
b) America
c) England
d) France
Answer:
a) India

Question 8.
Special Drawing called …………………….
(a) Gold
(b) Metal
(c) Paper Gold
(d) Gold Paper
Answer:
(c) Paper Gold

Question 9.
The first WTO conference was held in Singapore in …………………
a) 1991
b) 1995
c) 1996
d) 1999
Answer:
c) 1996

Question 10.
It was planned to organize 12 th ministerial conference at ………………
a) Pakistan
b) Kazakhstan
c) Afghanistan
d) Washington
Answer:
b) Kazakhstan

Question 11.
IBRD otherwise called the …………………….
(a) IMF
(b) SDR
(c) SAF
(d) World Bank
Answer:
(d) World Bank

Question 12.
BRICS was established in …………….
a) 1985
b) 2001
c) 1967
d)1951
Answer:
b) 2001

Question 13.
The BRICS are home to …………………. percent of the world’s population.
a) 45
b) 43
c) 44
d) 21
Answer:
b) 43

Question 14.
The headquarters of SAARC is at ………………
a) Jakarta
b) Shangai
c) Washington
d) Kathmandu
Answer:
d) Kathmandu

Question 15.
The IBRD has ……………………. member countries.
(a) 159
(b) 169
(c) 179
(d) 189
Answer:
(d) 189

Question 16.
……………………. governed the world trade in textiles and garments since 1974.
(a) GATS
(b) GATT
(c) MFA
(d) TRIPS
Answer:
(c) MFA

Question 17.
Agriculture was included for the first time under …………………….
(a) GATS
(b) GATT
(c) MFA
(d) TRIMs
Answer:
(b) GATT

II. Match the Following

Question 1.
A) Bretton woods conference – 1) 1945
B) World Trade Organisation – 2) 1944
C) International Monetary Fünd – 3)1930
D) Great Economic Depression – 4)1995

Answer:
a) 2 4 1 3

Question 2.
A) SAARC – 1) Washington D.C
B) ASEAN – 2) Kathmandu
C) BRICS – 3) Jakarta
D) IMF – 4) Shangai

Answer:
c) 2 3 4 1

Question 3.
A) Free trade area – 1) European Economic Union
B) Customs union – 2) SAFTA
C) Common market – 3) BENELUX
D) Economic union – 4) European Common Market

Answer:
b) 2 3 4 1

III. Choose the correct pair :

Question 1.
a) SAARC – December 8, 1988
b) ASEAN – August 8, 1977
c) IBRD – 1944
d) BRIC – 2001
Answer:
d) BRIC – 2001

Question 2.
a) 189th member country of IMF – Republic of Nauru
b) Structural Adjustment facility – Paper Gold
c) First Conference of WTO – 1996, Malaysia
d) TRIPS – 1998
Answer:
a) 189th member country of IMF – Republic of Nauru

Question 3.
a) SAARC preferential Trading Agreement – EFTA
b) SAARC Agricultural Information centre – SAIC
c) South Asian Development Fund – SADF
d) European Economic union – EEU
Answer:
d) European Economic union – EEU

IV. Choose the Incorrect Pair:

Question 1.
a) International Monetary Fund – Exchange rate stability
b) Special Drawing Rights – Paper Gold
c) Structural Adjustment Facility – Balance of payment assistance
d) Buffer stock Financing facility – 1970
Answer:
d) Buffer stock Financing facility – 1970

Question 2.
a) International Bank for – World Bank Reconstruction and Development
b) World Bank Group – World Trade Organisation
c) India became a member of MIGA – January 1994
d) WTO – Liberalizing trade restrictions
Answer:
b) World Bank Group – World Trade Organisation

Question 3.
a) IGA, ICSID, IDA, IFC – World. Bank Group
b) Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa – BRICS
c) Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Srilanka – ASEAN
d) WTO Agreements – TRIPS, TRIMS
Answer:
c) Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Srilanka – ASEAN

V. Choose the correct Statement

Question 1.
a) The IMF and World Bank were started in 1944
b) The GATT was transformed into WTO in 1995.
c) The headquarters of the World Trade Organization is in Geneva.
d) the Republic of Nauru joined IMF in 2018.
Answer:
c) The headquarters of the World Trade organization is in Geneva.

Question 2.
a) ‘International Monetary Fund is like an International Reserve Bank’ – Milton Fried man
b) IMF established compensatory Financing Facility in 1963.
c) In December 1988 the IMF set up the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF)
d) India is the sixth-largest member of the IMF.
Answer:
b) IMF established a compensatory Financing Facility in 1963.

Question 3.
a) SDR is the Fiat Money of the IMF.
b) The membership in IMF is not a prerequisite to becoming a member of IBRD
c) India is a member of World Bank’s International center for settlement of Investment Disputes.
d) First investment of IFC in India took place in 1960.
Answer:
a) SDR is the Fiat Money of the IMF.

VI. Choose the Incorrect Statement

Question 1.
a) The IBRD was established to provide long-term financial assistance to member countries.
b) The IBRD has 190 member countries.
c) India become a member of MIGA in January 1994.
d) India is one of the founder members of IBRD, IDA, and IFC.
Answer:
b) The IBRD has 190 member countries.

Question 2.
a) Intellectual property rights include copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc.
b) TRIMS are related to conditions or restrictions in respect of foreign investment in the country.
c) Phasing out of Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) by WTO affected India.
d) It is mandatory for the Dispute Settlement Body to settle any dispute within 18 months.
Answer:
c) Phasing out of Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) by WTO affected India.

Question 3.
a) The SAARC group comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
b) An economic union is composed of a common market with a customs union.
c) Afghanistan joined SAARC on 3rd April 2007.
d) The 20th SAARC summit was held in Dhaka.
Answer:
d) The 20th SAARC Summit was held in Dhaka.

VII. Pick the odd one out:

Question 1.
a) Trade Association
b) Free trade Area
c) Custom union
d) Common market
Answer:
a) Trade Association

Question 2.
a) ASEAN
b) BRICS
c) SAARC
d) SDR
Answer:
d) SDR

Question 3.
a) IFC
b) MIGA
c) ASEAN
d) ICSID
Answer:
c) ASEAN

VIII. Analyse the Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): The IBRD was established to provide long-term financial assistance to member countries.
Reason (R): World bank helps its member countries with economic reconstruction and development.
Answer:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Question 2.
Assertion (A): TRIPS Agreement provides for granting product patents instead of process patents.
Reason (R): Intellectual property rights include copyright, trademark, patents, geographical indications, etc.
Answer:
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Options:
a) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
b) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
c) Assertion (A) and Reason (R) both are false.
d) (A) is true but (R) is false.

IX. Two Mark Questions

Question 1.
Write IMF Functions group?
Answer:
The functions of the IMF are grouped under three heads.

1. Financial – Assistance to correct short and medium Tenn deficit in BOP;
2. Regulatory – Code of conduct and
3. Consultative – Counseling and technical consultancy.

Question 2.
What are the major functions of WTO?
Answer:

1. Administering WTO trade agreements
2. Forum for trade negotiations
3. Handling trade disputes
4. Monitoring national trade policies
5. Technical assistance and training for developing countries.

Question 3.
Write the World bank activities of Rural areas?
Answer:
The bank now also takes interest in the activities of the development of rural areas such as:

1. Spread of education among the rural people
2. Development of roads in rural areas and
3. Electrification of the villages.

Question 4.
What is a customs union?
Answer:
A customs union is defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with no tariff among members and with a common external tariff.

Question 5.
Define World Trade Organisation?
Answer:

1. WTC headquarters located at New York, USA.
2. It featured the landmark Twin Towers which was established on 4th April 1973.
3. Later it was destroyed on 11th September 2001 by the craft attack.
4. It brings together businesses involved in international trade from around the globe.

Question 6.
What are TRIPS?
Answer:
Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Which include copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, industrial designs, and the invention of microbial plants.

Question 7.
What are trade blocks?
Answer:
Trade blocks are a set of countries that engage in international trade together and are usually related through a free trade agreement or other associations.

Question 8.
Who are “dialogue partners”?
Answer:
The ASEAN, there are six “dialogue partners” which have been participating in its deliberations. They are China, Japan, India, South Korea, New Zealand, and Australia.

Question 9.
In how many constituents of the World Bank group India become a member?
Answer:
India is a member of four of the five constituents of the World Bank Group.

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
2. International Development Association.
3. International Finance Corporation.
4. Multilateral Investments Guarantee Agency

Question 10.
What is SDR?
Answer:

• SDR is the Fiat Money of the IMF.
• A potential claim on underlying currency Basket.

Question 11.
Why was the SDR created?
Answer:

• To be “The” World Reserve Currency
• Create Global Liquidity.

Question 12.
How is the SDR valued?
Answer:
“The value of the SDR was initially defined as equivalent to 0.888671 grams of fine gold – which, at the time was also equivalent to one US dollar.

X. 3 Mark Questions

Question 1.
Brief notes on India and IMF?
Answer:
India and IMF:

1. Till 1970, India stood fifth in the Fund and it had the power to appoint a permanent Executive Director.
2. India has been one of the major beneficiaries of the Fund assistance.
3. It has been getting aid from the various Fund Agencies from time to time and has been regularly repaying its debt.
4. India’s current quota in the IMF is SDRs (Special Drawing Rights) 5,821.5 million, making it the 13th largest quota holding country at IMF with shareholdings of 2.44%.
5. Besides receiving loans to meet the deficit in its balance of payments, India has benefited in certain other respects from the membership of the Fund.

Question 2.
What are the achievements of IMF?
Answer:

• Establishments of monetary reserve fund :
• The fund has played a major role in achieving the sizeable stock of the national currencies of different countries.
• Monetary discipline and cooperation:
• To achieve this objective, it has provided assistance only to those countries which make sincere efforts to solve their problems.
• Special interest in the problems of UDCs.
• The fund has provided financial assistance to solve the balance of payment problem of UDCs.

Question 3.
Explain the objectives of WTO?
Answer:

1. To ensure the reduction of tariffs and other barriers.
2. To eliminate discrimination in trade.
3. To facilitate a higher standard of living.
4. To facilitate optimal use of the world’s resources.
5. To enable the LDCs to secure a fair share in the growth of international trade.
6. To ensure linkages between trade policies, environmental policies, and sustainable development.

Question 4.
What are the achievements of WTO?
Answer:

1. The use of restrictive measures for BOP problems has declined markedly.
2. Services trade has been brought into the multilateral system and many countries, as in goods are opening their markets for trade and investment.
3. The trade policy review mechanism has created a process of continuous monitoring of trade policy developments.

Question 5.
Explain the functions of WTO?
Answer:
The following are the functions of the WTO:

• It facilitates the implementation, administration, and operation of the objectives of the Agreement and of the Multilateral Trade Agreements.
• It provides the forum for negotiations among its members, concerning their multilateral trade relations in matters relating to the agreements.
• It administers the Understanding of Rules and Procedures governing the Settlement of Disputes.
• It cooperates with the IMF and the World Bank and its affiliated agencies with a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking.

Question 6.
Explain the achievements of BRICs.

• The establishment of the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) has further deepened and consolidated the partnership of its members in the economic-financial area.
• A New Development Bank was established with headquarters at Shangai, China in 2015.
• BRIC countries are in a leading position in setting the global agenda and have great influence in global governance.

XI. 5 Mark Questions
Question 1.
Explain the functions of IMF.
Answer:
1. Bringing stability to the exchange rate:

• The IMF is maintaining exchange rate stability.
• Emphasizes devaluation criteria.
• Restricting members to go in for multiple exchange fates.

2. Correcting BOP disequilibrium:
IMF helps in correcting short period disequilibrium in-the balance of payments of its member countries.

3. Determining par values:

• IMF enforces the system of determination of par value of the currencies of the member countries.
• IMF ensures smooth working of the international monetary system in favour of some developing countries.

4. Balancing demand and supply of currencies:
The Fund can declare a currency as scarce currency which is in great demand and can increase its supply by borrowing it from the country concerned or by purchasing the same currency in exchange for gold.

5. Reducing trade restrictions:
The Fund also aims at reducing tariffs and other trade barriers imposed by the member countries with the purpose of removing restrictions on remit¬tance of funds or to avoid discriminating practices.

6. Providing credit facilities:
IMF is providing credit facilities which include basic credit facility, extended fund facility for a period of three years, compensatory financing facility, and structural adjustment facility.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Algorithmic Strategies Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 4 Algorithmic Strategies

12th Computer Science Guide Algorithmic Strategies Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Choose the best answer (1 Mark)

Question 1.
The word comes from the name of a Persian mathematician Abu Ja’far Mohammed ibn-i Musa al Khwarizmi is called?
a) Flowchart
b) Flow
c) Algorithm
d) Syntax
Answer:
c) Algorithm

Question 2.
From the following sorting algorithms which algorithm needs the minimum number of swaps?
a) Bubble sort
b) Quick sort
c) Merge sort
d) Selection sort
Answer:
d) Selection sort

Question 3.
Two main measures for the efficiency of an algorithm are
a) Processor and memory
b) Complexity and capacity
c) Time and space
d) Data and space
Answer:
c) Time and space

Question 4.
The complexity of linear search algorithm is
a) O(n)
b) O(log n)
c) O(n2)
d) O(n log n)
Answer:
a) O(n)

Question 5.
From the following sorting algorithms which has the lowest worst-case complexity?
a) Bubble sort
b) Quick sort
c) Merge sort
d) Selection sort
Answer:
c) Merge sort

Question 6.
Which of the following is not a stable sorting algorithm?
a) Insertion sort
b) Selection sort
c) Bubble sort
d) Merge sort
Answer:
b) Selection sort

Question 7.
Time Complexity of bubble sort in best case is
a) θ (n)
b) θ (nlogn)
c) θ (n2)
d) θ n(logn)2)
Answer:
a) θ (n)

Question 8.
The Θ notation in asymptotic evaluation represents
a) Base case
b) Average case
c) Worst case
d) NULL case
Answer:
b) Average case

Question 9.
If a problem can be broken into sub problems which are reused several times, the problem possesses which property?
a) Overlapping sub problems
b) Optimal substructure
c) Memoization
d) Greedy
Answer:
a) Overlapping sub problems

Question 10.
In dynamic programming, the technique of storing the previously calculated values is called ?
a) Saving value property
b) Storing value property
c) Memoization
d) Mapping
Answer:
c) Memoization

II. Answer the following questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
What is an Algorithm?
Answer:
An algorithm is a finite set of instructions to accomplish a particular task. It is a step-by-step procedure for solving a given problem. An algorithm can be implemented in any suitable programming language.

Question 2.
Define Pseudocode
Answer:

• Pseudocode is a notation similar to programming languages.
• Pseudocode is a mix of programming-language-like constructs and plain English.

Question 3.
Who is an Algorist?
Answer:
A person skilled in the design of algorithms is called Agorist.

Question 4.
What is Sorting?
Answer:
Sorting is a method of arranging a group of items in ascending or descending order. Various sorting techniques in algorithms are Bubble Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort.

Question 5.
What is searching? Write its types.
Answer:

1. Searching is a process of finding a particular element present in given set of elements.
2. Some of the searching types are:

Linear Search
Binary Search.

III. Answer the following questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
List the characteristics of an algorithm
Answer:
Input, Output, Finiteness, Definiteness, Effectiveness, Correctness, Simplicity, Unambiguous, Feasibility, Portable and Independent.

Question 2.
Discuss Algorithmic complexity and its types
Answer:

• The complexity of an algorithm f (n) gives the running time and/or the storage space required by the algorithm in terms of n as the size of input data.
• Time Complexity: The Time complexity of an algorithm is given by the number of steps taken by the algorithm to complete the process.
• Space Complexity: Space complexity of an algorithm is the amount of memory required to run to its completion.

The space required by an algorithm is equal to the sum of the following two components:

• A fixed part is defined as the total space required to store certain data and variables for an algorithm.
• Example: simple variables and constants used in an algorithm.
• A variable part is defined as the total space required by variables, which sizes depends on the problem and its iteration.
• Example: recursion used to calculate factorial of a given value n.

Question 3.
What are the factors that influence time and space complexity?
Answer:
Time Complexity:
The Time complexity of an algorithm is given by the number of steps taken by the algorithm to complete the process.

Space Complexity:
Space complexity of an algorithm is the amount of memory required to run to its completion. The space required by an algorithm is equal to the sum of the following two components:

A fixed part is defined as the total space required to store certain data and variables for an algorithm. For example, simple variables and constants used in an algorithm. A variable part is defined as the total space required by variables, which sizes depends on the problem and its iteration. For example, recursion used to calculate the factorial of a given value n.

Question 4.
Write a note on Asymptotic notation
Answer:

• Asymptotic Notations are languages that use meaningful statements about time and space complexity.
• The following three asymptotic notations are mostly used to represent time complexity of algorithms:

Big O:
Big O is often used to describe the worst -case of an algorithm.

Big Ω:

• Big O mega is the reverse Big O if Bi O is used to describe the upper bound (worst – case) of an asymptotic function,
• Big O mega is used to describe the lower bound (best-case).

Big Θ:
When an algorithm has complexity with lower bound = upper bound, say that an algorithm has a complexity 0 (n log n) and Ω (n log n), it actually has the complexity Θ (n log n), which means the running time of that algorithm always falls in n log n in the best-case and worst-case.

Question 5.
What do you understand by Dynamic programming?
Answer:
Dynamic programming is an algorithmic design method that can be used when the solution to a problem can be viewed as the result of a sequence of decisions. The dynamic programming approach is similar to divide and conquer. The given problem is divided into smaller and yet smaller possible subproblems.

IV. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the characteristics of an algorithm.
Answer:

Question 2.
Discuss Linear search algorithm
Answer:

• Linear search also called sequential search is a sequential method for finding a particular value in a list.
• This method checks the search element with each element in sequence until the desired element is found or the list is exhausted. In this searching algorithm, list need not be ordered.

Pseudocode:

• Traverse the array using for loop
• In every iteration, compare the target search key value with the current value of the list.
• If the values match, display the current index and value of the array.
• If the values do not match, move on to the next array element.
• If no match is found, display the search element not found.

Example:

• To search the number 25 in the array given below, a linear search will go step by step in a sequential order starting from the first element in the given array if the search element is found that index is returned otherwise the search is continued till the last index of the array.
• In this example number 25 is found at index number 3.

Question 3.
What is Binary search? Discuss with example
Answer:
Binary Search:

• Binary search also called a half-interval search algorithm.
• It finds the position of a search element within a sorted array.
• The binary search algorithm can be done as a dividend- and -conquer search algorithm and executes in logarithmic time.

Example:

• List of elements in an array must be sorted first for Binary search. The following example describes the step by step operation of binary search.
• Consider the following array of elements, the array is being sorted so it enables to do the binary search algorithm.
  Let us assume that the search element is 60 and we need to search the location or index of search element 60 using binary search.

• First ‘we find index of middle element of the array by using this formula:
  mid = low + (high – low)/2
• Here it is, 0+(9 – 0)/2 = 4 (fractional part ignored)v So, 4 is the mid value of the array.

• Now compare the search element with the value stored at mid-value location 4. The value stored at location or index 4 is 50, which is not match with search element. As the search value 60 is greater than 50.

• Now we change our low to mid + land find the new mid-value again using the formula.
  low to mid + 1
  mid = low + (high -low) / 2
• Our new mid is 7 now. We compare the value stored at location 7 with our target value 31.

• The value stored at location or index 7 is not a match with search element, rather it is more than what we are looking for. So, the search element must be in the lower part from the current mid-value location

• The search element still not found. Hence, we calculated the mid again by using the formula.
  high = mid – 1
  mid = low + (high – low)/2
  Now the mid-value is 5.

• Now we compare the value stored at location 5 with our search element. We found that it is a match.

• We can conclude that the search element 60 is found at the location or index 5.
• For example, if we take the search element as 95, For this value this binary search algorithm returns the unsuccessful result.

Question 4.
Explain the Bubble sort algorithm with example
Answer:
Bubble sort:

• Bubble sort algorithm simple sorting algorithm.
• The algorithm starts at the beginning of the I list of values stored in an array.
• It compares each pair of adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the unsorted order.
• This comparison and passed to be continued until no swaps are needed, which indicates that the list of values stored in an array is sorted.
• The algorithm is a comparison sort, is named for the way smaller elements “bubble” to the top of the list.
• Although the algorithm is simple, it is too slow and less efficient when compared to insertion sort and other sorting methods.
• Assume list is an array of n elements. The swap function swaps the values of the given array elements.

Pseudocode:

• Start with the first element i.e., index = 0, compare the current element with the next element of the array.
• If the current element is greater than the next element of the array, swap them.
  If the current element is less than the next or right side of the element, move to the next element. Go to Step 1 and repeat until the end of the index is reached.

Let’s consider an array with values {15, 11, 16, 12, 14, 13} Below, we have a pictorial representation of how bubble sort will sort the given array.

The above pictorial example is for iteration-d. Similarly, remaining iteration can be done. The final iteration will give the sorted array. At the end of all the iterations we will get the sorted values in an array as given below:

Question 5.
Explain the concept of dynamic programming with a suitable example.
Answer:
Dynamic programming:
Dynamic programming is an algorithmic design method that can be used when the solution to a problem can be viewed as the result of a sequence of decisions. The dynamic programming approach is similar to divide and conquer. The given problem is divided into smaller and yet smaller possible subproblems.

Dynamic programming is used whenever problems can be divided into similar sub-problems so that their results can be re-used to complete the process. Dynamic programming approaches are used to find the solution in an optimized way. For every inner subproblem, the dynamic algorithm will try to check the results of the previously solved sub-problems. The solutions of overlapped subproblems are combined in order to get a better solution.

Steps to do Dynamic programming:

1. The given problem will be divided into smaller overlapping sub-problems.
2. An optimum solution for the given problem can be achieved by using the result of a smaller sub-problem.
3. Dynamic algorithms use Memoization.

Fibonacci Series – An example:
Fibonacci series generates the subsequent number by adding two previous numbers. Fibonacci series starts from two numbers – Fib 0 & Fib 1. The initial values of fib 0 & fib 1 can be taken as 0 and 1.
Fibonacci series satisfies the following conditions:
Fibn = Fib_n-1 + Fib_n-2
Hence, a Fibonacci series for the n value 8 can look like this
Fib₈ = 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13

Fibonacci Iterative Algorithm with Dynamic programming approach:
The following example shows a simple Dynamic programming approach for the generation of the Fibonacci series.
Initialize f0 = 0, f1 = 1
step – 1: Print the initial values of Fibonacci f0 and f1
step – 2: Calculate fibanocci fib ← f0 + f1
step – 3: Assign f0 ← f1, f1 ← fib
step – 4: Print the next consecutive value of Fibonacci fib
step – 5: Go to step – 2 and repeat until the specified number of terms generated
For example, if we generate Fibonacci series up to 10 digits, the algorithm will generate the series as shown below:
The Fibonacci series is: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 1 3 2 1 3 4 5 5

12th Computer Science Guide Algorithmic Strategies Additional Questions and Answers

Choose the best answer: (1 Marks)

Question 1.
Which one of the following is not a data structure?
(a) Array
(b) Structures
(c) List, tuples
(d) Database
Answer:
(d) Database

Question 2.
Linear search is also called
a) Quick search
b) Sequential search
c) Binary search
d) Selection search
Answer:
b) Sequential search

Question 3.
Which is a wrong fact about the algorithm?
(a) It should be feasible
(b) Easy to implement
(c) It should be independent of any programming languages
(d) It should be generic
Answer:
(c) It should be independent of any programming languages

Question 4.
Which search algorithm can be done as divide and- conquer search algorithm?
a) linear
b) Binary search
c) Sequential
d) Bubble
Answer:
b ) Binary search

Question 5.
Which of the following sorting algorithm is too slow and less efficient?
a) Selection
b) Bubble
c) Quick
d) Merge
Answer:
b) Bubble

Question 6.
Which of the following programming is used whenever problems can be divided into similar sub-problems?
a) Object-oriented
b) Dynamic
c) Modular
d) Procedural
Answer:
b) Dynamic

Question 7.
Which of the following is the reverse of Big O?
a) Big μμ
b) Big Ω
c) Big symbol
d) Big ΩΩ
Answer:
b) Big Ω

Question 8.
How many different phases are there in the analysis of algorithms and performance evaluations?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) Many
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 9.
Which of the following is a finite set of instructions to accomplish a particular task?
a) Flowchart
b) Algorithm
c) Functions
d) Abstraction
Answer:
b) Algorithm

Question 10.
The way of defining an algorithm is called
a) Pseudo strategy
b) Programmatic strategy
c) Data structured strategy
d) Algorithmic strategy
Answer:
d) Algorithmic strategy

Question 11.
Time is measured by counting the number of key operations like comparisons in the sorting algorithm. This is called as ……………………………
(a) Space Factor
(b) Key Factor
(c) Priori Factor
(d) Time Factor
Answer:
(d) Time Factor

Question 12.
Efficiency of an algorithm decided by
a) Definiteness, portability
b) Time, Space
c) Priori, Postriori
d) Input/output
Answer:
b) Time, Space

Question 13.
Which of the following should be written for the selected programming language with specific syntax?
a) Algorithm
b) Pseudocode
c) Program
d) Process
Answer: c) Program

Question 14.
How many components required to find the space required by an algorithm?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 6
Answer:
c) 2

Question 15.
Which of the following component is defined as the total space required to store certain data and variables for an algorithm?
a) Time part
b) Variable part
c) Memory part
d) Fixed part
Answer:
d) Fixed part

Question 16.
Which is true related to the efficiency of an algorithm?
(I) Less time, more storage space
(II) More time, very little space
(a) I is correct
(b) II is correct
(c) Both are correct
(d) Both are wrong
Answer:
(c) Both are correct

Question 17.
Time and Space complexity could be considered for an
a) Algorithmic strategy
b) Algorithmic analysis
c) Algorithmic efficiency
d) Algorithmic solution
Answer:
c) Algorithmic efficiency

Question 18.
Which one of the following is not an Asymptotic notation?
(a) Big
(b) Big \(\Theta\)
(c) Big Ω
(d) Big ⊗
Answer:
(d) Big ⊗

Question 19.
How many asymptotic notations are mostly used to represent time complexity of algorithms?
a) Two
b) Three
c) One
d) Many
Answer:
b) Three

II. Answer the following questions (2 and 3 Marks)

Question 1.
Define fixed part in the space complexity?
Answer:
A fixed part is defined as the total space required to store certain data and variables for an algorithm. For example, simple variables and constants used in an algorithm.

Question 2.
Write a pseudo code for linear search
Answer:

• Traverse the array using ‘for loop’
• In every iteration, compare the target search key value with the current value of the list.
• If the values match, display the current index and value of the array
• If the values do not match, move on to the next array element
• If no match is found, display the search element not found.

Question 3.
Design an algorithm to find the square of the given number and display the result?
Answer:
Problem: Design an algorithm to find the square of the given number and display the result. The algorithm can be written as:

• Step 1 – start the process
• Step 2 – get the input x
• Step 3 – calculate the square by multiplying the input value ie., square ← x* x
• Step 4 – display the resulting square
• Step 5 – stop

The algorithm could be designed to get a solution of a given problem. A problem can be solved in many ways. Among many algorithms, the optimistic one can be taken for implementation.

Question 4.
Write a pseudo code for bubble sort
Answer:

• Start with the first element i.e., index = 0, compare the current element with the next element of the array.
• If the current element is greater than the next element of the array, swap them.
• If the current element is less than the next or right side of the element, move to the next element.
• Go to Step 1 and repeat until end of the index is reached.

Question 5.
Write a pseudo code for selection sort.
Answer:

• Start from the first element i.e., index= 0, we search the smallest element in the array, and replace it with the element in the first position.
• Now we move on to the second element position, and look for smallest element present in the sub-array, from starting index to till the last index of sub-array.
• Now replace the second smallest identified in step-2 at the second position in the or original array, or also called first position in the sub-array.

Question 6.
Write a note on Big omega asymptotic notation
Answer:

• Big Omega is the reverse Big 0, if Big 0 is used to describe the upper bound (worst – case) of a asymptotic function,
• Big Omega is used to describe the lower bound (best-case).

Question 7.
Name the factors where the program execution time depends on?
The program execution time depends on:

1. Speed of the machine
2. Compiler and other system Software tools
3. Operating System
4. Programming language used
5. The volume of data required

Question 8.
Write a note on memoization.
Answer:
Memoization or memoisation is an optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs by storing the results of expensive function calls and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again.

Question 9.
Give examples of data structures.
Answer:
Examples for data structures are arrays, structures, list, tuples, dictionary.

Question 10.
Define- Algorithmic Strategy?
Answer:
The way of defining an algorithm is called Algorithmic Strategy.

Question 11.
Define algorithmic solution?
Answer:
An algorithm that yields expected output for a valid input is called an algorithmic solution

Question 12.
Define- Algorithm Analysis?
Answer:
An estimation of the time and space complexities of an algorithm for varying input sizes is called Algorithm Analysis.

Question 13.
What are the different phases in the analysis of algorithms and performance?
Answer:
Analysis of algorithms and performance evaluation can be divided into two different phases:
A Priori estimates: This is a theoretical performance analysis of an algorithm. Efficiency of an algorithm is measured by assuming the external factors.
Posteriori testing: This is called performance measurement. In this analysis, actual statistics like running time and required for the algorithm executions are collected.

Question 14.
Define the Best algorithm?
Answer:
The best algorithm to solve a given problem is one that requires less space in memory and takes less time to execute its instructions to generate output.

Question 15.
Write a note Asymptotic Notations?
Answer:
Asymptotic Notations are languages that uses meaningful statements about time and space complexity.

III. Answer the following questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate Algorithm and program
Answer:

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.3 Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Business Maths Solutions Chapter 5 Numerical Methods Ex 5.3

Choose the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives:

Question 1.
Δ²y₀ =
(a) y₂ – 2y₁ + y₀
(b) y₂ + 2y₁ – y₀
(c) y₂ + 2y₁ + y₀
(d) y₂ + y₁ + 2y₀
Solution:
(a) y₂ – 2y₁ + y₀
Hint:
Δ²y₀ = (E – 1)²y₀
= (E² – 2E + 1) y₀
= E²y₀ – 2Ey₀ + y₀
= y₂ – 2y₁ + y₀

Question 2.
Δf(x) =
(a) f (x + h)
(b) f (x) – f (x + h)
(c) f (x + h) – f(x)
(d) f(x) – f (x – h)
Solution:
(c) f (x + h) – f(x)
Hint:
Δf(x) = f (x + h) – f(x)

Question 3.
E≡
(a) 1 + Δ
(b) 1 – Δ
(c) 1 + ∇
(d) 1 – ∇
Solution:
(a) 1 + Δ

Question 4.
If h = 1, then Δ(x²) =
(a) 2x
(b) 2x – 1
(c) 2x + 1
(d) 1
Solution:
(c) 2x + 1
Hint:
Δ(x²) = (x + h)² – (x)²
= x² + 2xh + h² – x²
Δ(x²) = 2xh + h²
If h = 1 Δ (x²) = 2x + 1

Question 5.
If c is a constant then Δc =
(a) c
(b) Δ
(c) Δ²
(d) 0
Solution:
(d) 0

Question 6.
If m and n are positive integers then Δ^m Δⁿ f(x)=
(a) Δ^m+n f(x)
(b) Δ^m f(x)
(c) Δⁿ f(x)
(d) Δ^m-n f(x)
Solution:
(a) Δ^m+n f(x)

Question 7.
If ‘n’ is a positive integer Δⁿ[Δ^-n f(x)]
(a) f(2x)
(b) f(x + h)
(c) f(x)
(d) Δf(x)
Solution:
(c) f(x)
Hint:
Δⁿ [Δ^-n f(x)] = Δ^n-n f(x) = Δ⁰ f(x)
= f(x)

Question 8.
E f(x) =
(a) f(x – h)
(b) f(x)
(c) f(x + h)
(d) f(x + 2h)
Solution:
(c) f (x + h)

Question 9.
∇≡
(a) 1 + E
(b) 1 – E
(c) 1 – E^-1
(d) 1 + E^-1
Solution:
(c) 1 – E^-1

Question 10.
∇ f(a) =
(a) f(a) + f(a – h)
(b) f(a) – f(a + h)
(c) f(a) – f(a – h)
(d) f(a)
Solution:
(c) f(a) – f(a- h)

Question 11.
For the given points (x₀, y₀) and (x₁, y₁) the Lagrange’s formula is
(a) y(x) = \(\frac { x-x_1 }{x_0-x_1}\) y₀ + \(\frac { x-x_0 }{x_1-x_0}\) y₁
(b) y(x) = \(\frac { x_1-x}{x_0-x_1}\) y₀ + \(\frac { x-x_0 }{x_1-x_0}\) y₁
(c) y(x) = \(\frac { x-x_1 }{x_0-x_1}\) y₀ + \(\frac { x-x_0 }{x_1-x_0}\) y₀
(d) y(x) = \(\frac { x_1-x }{x_0-x_1}\) y₀ + \(\frac { x-x_0 }{x_1-x_0}\) y₀
Solution:
(a) y(x) = \(\frac { x-x_1 }{x_0-x_1}\) y₀ + \(\frac { x-x_0 }{x_1-x_0}\) y₁

Question 12.
Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used for
(a) equal intervals only
(b) unequal intervals only
(c) both equal and unequal intervals
(d) none of these.
Solution:
(c) both equal and unequal intervals.

Question 13.
If f(x) = x² + 2x + 2 and the interval of differencing is unity then Δf(x)
(a) 2x – 3
(b) 2x + 3
(c) x + 3
(d) x – 3
Solution:
(b) 2x + 3
Hint:
Given:
f(x) = x² + 2x + 2
Δf(x) = f (x + h) – f (x)
since h = 1
Δf(x) = f (x – 1) – f (x)
= [(x + 1)² + 2(x + 1) + 2] – [x² + 2x + 2]
= [x² + 2x + 1 + 2x + 2 + 2] – [x² + 2x + 2]
= x² + 4x + 5 – x² – 2x – 2
= 2x + 3

Question 14.
For the given data find the value of Δ³y₀ is

(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) -1
Solution:
(b) 0
Hint:
From this data
y₀ = 12; y₁ = 13; y₂ = 15; y₃ = 18
Δ³y₀ = (E – 1)³ y₀
= (E³ – 3E² + 3E – 1) y₀
= E³y₀ – 3E²y₀ + 3Ey₀ – y₀
= y₃ – 3y₂ + 3y₁ – y₀
= 18 – 3 (15) + 3 (13) – 12
= 18 – 45 + 39 – 12
= 57 – 57 = 0