Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.6 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.6

Question 1.
Solve the following differential equations.
[x + y cos(\(\frac { y }{ x }\))] dx = x cos (\(\frac { y }{ x }\)) dy
Solution:
The given equation can be written as

On integration we obtain

which gives the required solution.

Question 2.
Solve (x³ + y³)dy – x² ydx = 0
Solution:
The given equation can be written as

Question 3.
Solve ye^{\(\frac { x }{ y }\)} dx = (x^{\(\frac { x }{ y }\)} + y)dy
Solution:
The given equation can be written as

Question 4.
Solve 2xy dx + (x² + 2y²)dy = 0
Solve ye^{\(\frac { x }{ y }\)} dx = (x^{\(\frac { x }{ y }\)} + y)dy
Solution:
The given differential equation can be written as


\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) log (3v + 2v³) + log x = log |C₁|
log (3v + 2v³) + 3log (x) = 3 log (C₁)
log (3v + 2v³) + log (x)³ = log (C₁)³
log (3v + 2v³)x³ = log C₁³
(3v + 2v³)x³ = C₁³

3x²y + 2y³ = C₁³
3x²y + 2y³ = C is a required solution.

Question 5.
(y² – 2xy) dx = (x² – 2xy) dy
Solution:
Given equation is (y² – 2xy) dx = (x² – 2xy) dy
y² – 2xy = (x² – 2xy) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\)
∴ The equation can written as


log (3v² – 3v) = – 3 log x + log C
log (3v² – 3v) = – log x³ + log C
= log c – log x³

Question 6.
x \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = y – x cos²(\(\frac { y }{ x }\))
Solution:
Given x \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = y – x cos² \(\frac { y }{ x }\)
The equation can be written as
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = \(\frac { y-cos^2 \frac { y }{ x } }{ x }\) …….. (1)
This is a homogeneous differential equation.
y = vx
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = v (1) + x \(\frac { dv }{ dx }\)
Substituting \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) value in equation (1), we get

Integrating on both sides, we get
∫ sec² v dx = -∫ \(\frac { dx }{ x }\)
tan v = – log x + log C
tan v = log C – log x
tan v = log(\(\frac { C }{ x }\))
e^{tan v} = \(\frac { C }{ x }\)
C = x e^{tan v}
C = x e^{tan \(\frac { y }{ x }\)}
Is a required equation.

Question 7.
Solve (1 + 3e^{\(\frac { y }{ x }\)}) dy + 3e^{tan \(\frac { y }{ x }\)} (1 – \(\frac { y }{ x }\)) dx = 0, given that y = 0 when x = 1.
Solution:
The given differential equation may be


Given that y = 0 when x = 1
0 + 3(1) e° = c
3 = c
∴ y + 3xe^y/x = 3 is a required solution.

Question 8.
(x² + y²) dy = xy dx. It is given that y (1) = y(x₀) = e. Find the value of x₀.
Solution:
The given differential equation is of the form

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.5 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.5

Question 1.
If F is the constant force generated by the motor of an automobile of mass M, its velocity V is given by M \(\frac { dV }{ dt }\) = F – kV, where k is a constant. Express V in terms of t given that V = 0 when t = 0.
Solution:
Given differential equation is M \(\frac { dV }{ dt }\) = F – kV
The given equation can be written as
\(\frac { dV }{ F-kV }\) = \(\frac { dt }{ M }\)
Now Integrating, we get

Initial condition:
Given V = 0 When t = 0
C = e^{\(\frac { k(0) }{ M }\)} [F – k (0)]
= e° [F – 0]
C = F
∴ (1) ⇒ F = (F – kV)e^{\(\frac { kt }{ M }\)}

Question 2.
The velocity v, of a parachute falling vertically satisfies the equation v\(\frac { dv }{ dx }\) = g(1 – \(\frac { v^2 }{ k^2 }\)) where g and k are constants. If v and are both initially zero, find v in terms of x.
Solution:

Initial condition:
Given V = 0 when x = 0, we get
k²(0)² = Ce^{\(\frac { -2g(0) }{ k^2 }\)}
k² = Ce°
k² = C
(1) ⇒ k² – v² = k² e^{\(\frac { -2gx }{ k^2 }\)}
k² – k² e^{\(\frac { -2gx }{ k^2 }\)} = v²
k² [1 – e^{\(\frac { -2gx }{ k^2 }\)}] = v²

Question 3.
Find the equation of the curve whose slope is \(\frac { y-1 }{ x^2+x }\) and which passes through the point (1, 0).
Solution:

1 = A(x + 1) + B(x)
Put x = -1; Put x = 0
1 = A (0) + B (-1) ; 1 = A(0 + 1) + B(0)
1 = -B; 1 = A
B = -1; A = 1
∴ \(\frac { 1 }{ x^2+x }\) = \(\frac { 1 }{ x }\) + \(\frac { 1 }{ x+1 }\) ……. (2)
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get
\(\frac { dy }{ y-1 }\) = \(\frac { dx}{ x }\) + \(\frac { dx }{ x+1 }\)
Taking integrating on both sides, we get
log (y – 1) = log x – log (x + 1) + log C
log (y – 1) = log C + log x – log (x + 1)
= log Cx – log (x + 1)

Question 4.
Solve the following differential equations:
(i) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = \(\sqrt { 1-y^2 }{ 1-x^2 }\)
(ii) ydx + (1 + x²) tan^-1 x dy = 0
(iii) sin \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = a, y (0) = 1
(iv) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\)e^x+y + x³, e^y
(v) (e^y + 1) cos x dx + e^y sin x dy = 0
(vi) (ydx – xdy) cot (\(\frac { x }{ y }\)) = ny² dx
(vii) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) – x\(\sqrt { 25-x^2 }\) = 0
(viii) x cos y dy = e^x (x log x + 1) dx
(xi) tan y \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)
(x) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = tan² (x + y)
Solution:
(i) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = \(\sqrt { 1-y^2 }{ 1-x^2 }\)
The equation can be written as
\(\frac { dy }{ \sqrt {1-y^2} }\) = \(\frac { dx }{ \sqrt {1-x^2} }\)
Taking Integration on both sides, we get
∫ \(\frac { dy }{ \sqrt {1-y^2} }\) = ∫ \(\frac { dx }{ \sqrt {1-x^2} }\)
sin^-1y = sin^-1 x + C

(ii) ydx + (1 + x²) tan^-1 x dy = 0
ydx = – (1 + x²) tan^-1 x dy
Take t = tan^-1 x
dt = \(\frac { 1 }{ 1+x^2 }\) dx
The equation can be written as
\(\frac { dx }{ (1+x^2)tan^{-1}x }\) = –\(\frac { dy }{ y }\)
\(\frac { dt }{ t }\) = –\(\frac { dy }{ y }\)
Taking Integration on both sides, we get
∫ \(\frac { dt }{ t }\) = ∫ \(\frac { dy }{ y }\)
log t = – log y + log C
log (tan^-1 x) = – log y + log C
log (y(tan^-1 x)) + log y = log C
y tan^-1 x = C

(iii) sin \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = a, y (0) = 1
sin \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = a
sin \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = sin^-1 (a)
The equation can be written as
dy = sin^-1 (a) dx
Taking integration on both sides, we get
∫ dy = ∫ sin^-1 (a) dx
y = sin^-1 a ∫ dx
y = sin^-1 (a) x + C ……… (1)
Initial condition:
Since y (0) = 1, we get
y = sin^-1 (a) x + C
1 = sin^-1 (a) (0) + C
0 + C = 1
C = 1
Equation (1) ⇒ y = sin^-1 (a) x + 1
y – 1 = sin^-1 (a) x
\(\frac { y-1 }{ x }\) = sin^-1 (a)
sin(\(\frac { y-1 }{ x }\)) = a

(iv) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\)e^x+y + x³, e^y
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\)e^x+y + x³, (e^y)
= e^y [e^x + x³]
\(\frac { dy }{ e^y }\) = dx(e^x + x³)
The equation can be written as
\(\frac { dy }{ e^y }\) = (e^x + x³) dx
Taking integration on both sides, we get
∫ e^-y dy = ∫ (e^x + x³) dx
\(\frac { e^y }{ -1 }\) = e^x + \(\frac { x^4 }{ 4 }\) + C
[Where – C = C, Which is also constant].
∴ e^x + e^-y + \(\frac { x^4 }{4 }\) = -C = C
∴ e^x + e^-y + \(\frac { x^4 }{4 }\) = C

(v) (e^y + 1) cos x dx + e^y sin x dy = 0
Solution:
(e^y + 1) cos x dx + e^y sin x dy = 0
e^y sin x dy = – (e^y + 1) cos x dx

log (e^y + 1) = – log sin x + log c
log [(e^y + 1) + log sin x = log c
log (e^y +1) sin x] = log c
(e^y+ 1) sin x = c

(vi) (ydx – xdy) cot (\(\frac { x }{ y }\)) = ny² dx
equation can be written as

Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
dt cot t = ndx
cot t dt = ndx
Taking integration on both sides, we get
∫ cot t dt = n∫ dx
log (sin t) = n x + c
sin t = e^nx+c
∴ sin(\(\frac { x }{ y }\)) = e^nx+c [∵ t = \(\frac { x }{ y }\) ]

(vii) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) – x\(\sqrt { 25-x^2 }\) = 0
The equation can be written as
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) – x\(\sqrt { 25-x^2 }\) …….. (1)
Take 25 – x² = t
-2x dx = dt
x dx = –\(\frac { dt }{ 2 }\)
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
dy = x\(\sqrt { 25-x^2 }\) dx
dy = -√t \(\frac { dt }{ 2 }\)
Taking integration on both sides, we get
∫ dy = –\(\frac { dt }{ 2 }\) ∫ t^{\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\)} dt

(viii) x cos y dy = e^x (x log x + 1) dx
The equation can be written as

Substituting in (1), we get
sin y = e^y log x + C

(ix) tan y \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)
The equation can be written as
tan y \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)
[W.K.T cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) = 2 cos A cos B
Here A = x, B = y]
∴ tan y\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 2 cos x cos y
\(\frac { tany }{ cosy }\) dy = 2 cos x dx
Taking integration on both sides, we get
∫ \(\frac { tany }{ cosy }\) dy = 2 ∫ cos x dx
2 ∫ tan y sec y dy = 2 ∫ cos x dx
sec y = 2 sin x + C

(x) \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = tan² (x + y)

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 27 Company Management Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 27 Company Management

12th Commerce Guide Company Management Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
A person Shall hold office as a director in …………… companies as per the Companies Act, 2013.
a) 5 companies
b) 10 companies
c) 20 companies
d) 15 companies
Answer:
c) 20 companies

Question 2.
Which …………… Director is appointed by a Financial Institution.
a) Nominee
b) Additional
c) Women
d) Shadow
Answer:
a) Nominee

Question 3.
A Private Company shall have a minimum of ………………….
a) Seven directors
b) Five directors
c) Three directors
d) Two directors
Answer:
d) Two directors

Question 4.
A Public Company shall have a minimum of …………….. Directors.
a) Twelve
b) Seven
c) Three
d) Two
Answer:
c) Three

Question 5.
A Public Company having a paid up Share Capital of Rs. ………………. or more may have a directter, elected by such small shareholders.
a) One crore
b) Three crores
c) Five crores
d) Seven crores
Answer:
c) Five crores

Question 6.
Under the companies Act, which one of the following powers can be exercised by the Board by Directors?
a) Power to sell the company’s undertakings.
b) Power to make call.
c) Power to borrow money in excess of the paid up capital.
d) Power to reappoint an auditor.
Answer:
b) Power to make call.

Question 7.
Which director need not hold qualifying shares.
a) Directors appointed to Central Government.
b) Directors appointed to Shareholders.
c) Directors appointed to Managing Director.
d) Directors appointed to Board of Directors.
Answer:
a) Directors appointed to Central Government

Question 8.
What is the statue of Directors who regulate money of the company.
a) Banker
b) Holder
c) Agent
d) Trustees
Answer:
d) Trustees

Question 9.
According to Companies Act, the Directors must be appointed by the
a) Central Government
b) Company Law Tribunal
c) Company in General Meeting
d) Board of Directors
Answer:
c) Company in General Meeting

Question 10.
The Board of Directors can exercise the power to appoint directors in the case of.
a) Additional Directors
b) Filling up the Casual vacancy
c) Alternate Directors
d) All the above
Answer:
d) All the above

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Director.
Answer:
The Companies Act 2013 section 2 (34) defines a director appointed to the board of a Company is:
“A person who is appointed or elected member of the Board of Directors of a company and has the responsibility of determining and implementing policies along with others in the board.

Question 2.
Name the companies required to appoint KMP.
Answer:

• Every Listed Company.
• Every Public Company [Paid up capital ₹ 10 crores and more]

Question 3.
Who is a Whole Time Director?
Answer:
A whole-time Director is one who devotes the whole of his time of working hours to the company and has a significant personal interest in the company as the source of his income.

Question 4.
Who is called Managing Director? [M.D]
Answer:

• A Managing Director is one who is employed by the company.
• He has substantial powers of management over the affairs of the company subject to superintendence, direction control of the Board.

Question 5.
Who can be an Executive Director?
Answer:
An executive director is a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Managing Director of an organization, company, or corporation, who is responsible for making decisions to complete the mission and for the success of the organisation.

III. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
When are Alternative Directors Appointed?
Answer:

• Alternate Directors are appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a (original) Director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than 3 months.
• It is authorised by AOA or by passing a resolution in the Annual General Meeting.
• He is not a representative or agent of Original Director.

Question 2.
Who is a Shadow Director?
Answer:
A shadow director is a person who is not a member of the Board but has some power to run it and can be appointed as the director but according to his/her wish.

Question 3.
State the minimum number of Directors for a Private Company.
Answer:
Under section 149 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 states that the requirement of Minimum/ Maximum Number of Directors in a Company.,

Private company:
In the case of One Person Company: The requirement of directors is one.
Other Private Companies: The minimum requirement of Directors is two.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is the KMP?
Answer:
Key Managerial Personnel – Section 2 (51) of Companies Act 2013,

• CEO – Chief Executive Officer
• MD – Managing Director or Manager
• Company – Secretary
• WTD – Whole Time Director
• CFO – Chief Financial Officer
• Such other officers as may be prescribed.

Question 2.
Bring different types of Directors. [RASIAN]
Answer:

1. Residential Director: According to Section 149 (3) of the Companies Act 2013, every company should appoint a director who has stayed in India for a total period of 182 days.
2. Independent Director: An independent director is an alternate director other than a Managing Director who is known as a Whole-time director or Nominee director.
3. Small shareholder’s Director: Small shareholders can appoint a single director in a listed company.
4.  Nominee Director: A director nominated by any financial institution in pursuance of the provisions of law.
5. Additional Directors: Any Individual can be appointed as Additional Directors by a company.
6. Alternate Directors: Alternate director is appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute who may be absent from India, for a period of 3 months.

Question 3.
State the Qualification of Directors.
Answer:
Qualifications of Director: As regards to the qualification of directors, there is no direct provision in the Companies Act, 2013. In general, a director shall possess appropriate skills, experience and knowledge in the fields of finance, law, management, sales, marketing, research, and other disciplines related to the business. The following are the qualifications:

1. A director must be a person of sound mind.
2. A director must hold share qualification if the article of association provides such.
3. A director must be an individual.
4. A director should be a solvent person.
5. A director should not be convicted by the Court for any offense, etc.

Question 4.
State the Criminal Liabilities of Directors.
Answer:
Directors will be liable with a fine and imprisonment or both for fraud of non-compliance of any statutory provisions in the following situations where:

1. There is a misstatement in Prospectus
2. There is a failure to file a return on the allotment with the registrar
3. Failure to give notice to the registrar for the conversion of share into stock
4. Failure to issue Share Certificate and Debenture Certificate
5. There is the default in holding Annual General Meeting
6. There is a failure to provide Financial Statements

12th Commerce Guide Company Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
A director who is appointed in the place of an original director during the latter’s absence from the country is known as ……………….. Director.
a) Alternate
b) Additional
c) Women
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) Alternate

Question 2.
The aggregate nominal value of Qualification shares shall not exceed ………………….
a) ₹ 6000
b) ₹ 5000
c) ₹ 4000
d) ₹ 3000
Answer:
b) ₹ 5000

Question 3.
When a company has issued shares of ₹ 6000 each only, the minimum number of Qualification shares that a Director should hold is ………………….
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer:
a) One

Question 4.
The overall managerial remuneration should not exceed ……….. percent in the net profit.
a) 5
b) 10
c) 11
d) 12
Answer:
c) 11

Question 5.
The most important document of a company for External Management is ………………..
a) MOA
b) AOA
c) Prospectus
d) Prospectus in lieu of prospectus
Answer:
a) MOA

Question 6.
The maximum number of Directors in a public limited company is …………………
a) 2
b) 3
c) 5
d) 15
Answer:
d) 15

Question 7.
Pick the odd one out:
a) MO
b) CEO
c) MFO
d) DEO
Answer:
d) DEO

Question 8.
First Director is mentioned in ………………
a) AOA
b) MOA
c) Register
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) AOA

Question 9.
Director Act as ……………………
a) Agent
b) Trustee
c) Officer
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 10.
An ……………. can be appointed as Director.
a) Individual
b) Firm
c) HOF
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) Individual

Question 11.
The first Board meeting should be held within ………………… days of the date of incorporation,
a) 15
b) 30
c) 45
d) 60
Answer:
b) 30

II Match the following.
Question 1.

Answer:
a) (i) 2, (ii) 4, (iii) 1, (iv) 3

Question 2.

Answer:
a) (i) 4, (ii) 3,(iii) 2, (iv) 1

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): The Term Remuneration means any money or its equivalent is given or passed to any person for services rendered by him.
Reason (R): It includes Rent-free, Sweat Equity shares, Concessions, Free of cost etc.
a) (A) and (R) are True
b) (A) and (R) False
c) (A) is true (R) is False
d) (A) is False (R) is True
Answer:
a) (A) and (R) are True

IV. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Director.
Answer:

• “A person who is appointed or elected member of the Board of Directors of a company and has the responsibility of determining and implementing policies with others in the Board.
• It is not necessary to hold any shares in the company or be an employee.
• Director act on the basis of resolutions made in the Board of Directors meeting according to their powers stated in the Articles of Association of the Company”. – The companies Act 2013, Section 2(34)

Question 2.
What are the Minimum and Maximum number of Directors and the Number of Directorship?
Answer:
Minimum:

• One Person Company – ONE
• Private Company – TWO
• Public Company – THREE

Maximum:

• A company can appoint maximum 15 Directors out of which one must be Resident Director.
• By passing the resolution and approval of the Central Government, a company can appoint more than 15 Directors.

Directorship:

• A person can hold the position of Directorship in different companies up to a maximum of 20.
• Holding or subsidiary of a public company shall be limited to 10.

V. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Differentiate Executive and Non-Executive Directors. [DR]
Answer:

Question 2.
When are alternative directors appointed?
Answer:
An alternate director is appointed by the Board of Directors, as a substitute to a director who may be absent from India, for a period which is not less than three months.

VI. Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Distinguish Manager and Director. [NIL] [R]
Answer:

Question 2.
Difference between Managing Director and Whole Time Director. [P] [PAD]
Answer:

Question 3.
Who is the KMP?
Answer:
Companies Act, 2013 has introduced many new concepts and Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) is one of them. KMP covers the traditional roles of managing director and whole-time director and also includes some functional heads.
Key Managerial Personnel: The definition of the term Key Managerial Personnel is contained in Section 2(51) of the Companies Act, 2013. This Section states:

1. The Chief Executive Officer
2. The Managing Director or Manager
3. The Company Secretary
4. The Whole-time Director
5. The Chief Financial Officer
6. Such other officer as may be prescribed

Question 4.
Explain the Composition of the Board of Directors.
Answer:
a) General Optimum Combination:
Board of Directors Comprises:

• Executive Directors.
• Non – Executive Directors.
• Atleast one Women Director.
• Not less than 50 % of the Board – shall comprise Non – Executive Directors.

b) When the Non – Executive Director is the Chairperson:

• 1/3 of the Board Comprises of Independent Directors. [ID].
• Where the company does not have a regular non – executive chairperson at least 1/2 of the Board Shall Comprise Independent Directors.

c) When the non-executive chairperson is a promoter – Relatives of promoter or person occupying management position or at one level below the Board of Directors :

• In this case 1/2 of the Board of Directors shall consist of Independent Directors.
• Whole Time Director.
• Managing Director.
• Executive Director.
• Non – Executive Directors.

Question 5.
List the disqualification of a director.
Answer:
Disqualifications of a Director: Section 164 of Companies Act, 2013, has mentioned the disqualification as follows:
A person shall not be capable of being appointed director of a company if the director is

• Of unsound mind
• An undercharged insolvent
• Has been convicted by a court for any offense
• Has not paid any calls in respect of shares of the company held by him
• An order disqualifying him for appointment as director has been passed by a court
• He has not got the Director Identification Number

Question 6.
Explain How the Director of a company can be removed from the office?
Answer:
A Director of a company can be removed from his office before the expiry of his term by:

• Shareholders
• Central Government
• Company Law Board.

a) Removed by Shareholders: [Section 169]
In Annual General Meeting the shareholders of a company [Public or Private] by giving special notice and passing ordinary resolution can remove the director before the expiry of his period of office without the proof of Mismanagement, Breach of Trust, Misfeasance, Misconduct and the policies pursued by the Director are not appropriate.

b) Removed by Central Government:
The Central Government can remove the Director from office on the recommendation of the Company Law Board under the following circumstances.

• If cause injury or damage to the interest of the business.
• If conduct and management affairs are Guilty of Fraud, Misfeasance, Persistent negligence in carrying out his obligations.
• If the business has not been conducted and managed with sound business principles.

c) Removal by the Company Law Board:
If an application has been made to the CLB against the oppression and mismanagement of the company’s affairs by a Director, then the CLB may order for the termination.

Question 7.
What is the maximum limit for the Managerial Remuneration?
Answer:

• When a company has only one MD (or) WTD (or) Manager the – remuneration payable shall not exceed 5% of Net profit.
• If it is more than one MD or WTD or Manager [The overall] the remuneration payable should not exceed 11% of Net profit.

Maximum Remuneration Payable to its Managerial Personnel:
Remuneration payable by the company in case there is no profit or inadequacy of profit without central Government
and to pay remuneration in excess of the above limit is detailed below:

Question 8.
What are the duties of a director?
Answer:
Directors act as agents of the shareholders and act as a trustee of shareholders. The following are the duties of directors:

Collective Duties of Directors: Directors as apart of the Board perform certain duties collectively. The duties are as follows:

1. Approval of annual accounts and authentication of annual accounts
2. Appointment of First Auditors
3. Passing of resolutions at board meetings
4. Directors report to shareholders highlighting the performance of the company.

General duties of Directors:

1. Delegating power to any committee
2. Issuing instructions to employees for implementation of policy
3. Appointing their subordinates like Managing director, Manager, Secretary and other employees
4. Actin Good faith in order to promote the objectives of the company.

Question 9.
State the powers of the Directors.
Answer:
Statutory powers:

• To issue Debentures.
• To make Loans.
• To Borrow money other than Debenture.
• To diversify the company business.
• To Approve Financial Statement and Board Report.

Managerial powers:

• To Appoint MD, Manager and Secretary.
• To control and supervise the work of coordinates.
• To contract with the third party.
• To Allot – Forfeit and Transfer shares.
• To decide terms and conditions to issue debentures.

Powers only with a Resolution :

• To sell or lease any asset of the company.
• To appoint a sole Agent for more than 5 years.
• To allow time to the director for repayment of the loan.
• To Issue Bonus Shares.
• To Borrow money in excess of paid-up capital and free reserves.

Other powers:

• To Fill Casual Vacancy.
• To Appoint Alternate and Additional Directors and KMP.
• To Appoint the first Auditor of the company.
• To remove KMP.
• To Declare Solvency Position of the company.

Question 10.
Mr.Raghu is appointed as a Director in a company. Is he personally liable to third parties? If so, under what circumstances is he liable?
Answer:
Liability to outsiders:

• The directors are not personally liable to outsiders if they act within the scope of powers vested in them.
• The general rule in this regard in that wherever an agent is liable, those directors would be liable, but where the liability would attach to the principal only, the liability is the liability of the company.
• The directors are personally liable to third parties of contracts in the following cases:
  a. They contract with outsiders in their personal capacity
  b. They contract as agents of an undisclosed principal
  c. They enter into a contract on behalf of a prospective company.
  d. When the contract is ultra-vires the company.

In default of statutory duties, the directors shall be personally liable to third parties in the following cases:

• Mis-statement in the prospectus.
• Irregular allotment.
• Failure to repay application money if the minimum subscription is not received.
• Failure to repay application money if allotment of shares and debentures is not dealt in on the stock exchange as specified in the prospectus.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.4 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.4

Question 1.
Show that each of the following expressions is a solution of the corresponding given differential equation.
(i) y = 2x² ; xy’ = 2y
(ii) y = ae^x + be^-x; y” – y = 0
Solution:
(i) v = 2x² …(1)
Differential equation: xy’ = 2y
Differentiate with respect to ‘x’

On simplifying, 2y = xy’
∴ (1) is solution of the given differential equation.

(ii) y = ae^x + be^-x; y”- y = 0.
y = ae^x + be^-x …(1) Differential equation: y” – y = 0
Differentiate with respect to ‘x’
y’ = ae^x – be^-x
Again differentiate with respect to ‘x’
y” = ae^x + be^-x
y” = y ⇒ y” – y = 0
∴ (1) is the solution of the given differential equation.

Question 2.
Find the value of m so that the function y = em solution of the given differential equation.
(i) y’ + 2y = 0
(ii) y”- 5y’ + 6y = 0
Solution:
(i) y’ + 2y = 0 ……. (1)
Given y = e^mx ……….(2)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t x, we get

∴ comparing equation (1) & (3),
we get m = -2

(ii) y” – 5y’ + 6y = 0 ……. (1)
Given y = e^mx ……… (2)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t ‘x’, we get
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = e^x. m
Again differentiating w.r.t ‘x’, we get
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = e^mx. m²
To find the value of m:
Given y” – 5y’ + 6y = 0 ∵ y = e^mx

m² – 5m + 6 = 0
(m – 2) (m – 3) = 0
∴ m = 2, 3

Question 3.
The Slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is the reciprocal of four times the ordinate at that point. The curve passes through (2, 5). Find the equation of the curve.
Solution:
The slope of the tangent to the curve at any

The equation can be written as
4y dy = dx …….. (1)
Integrating equation (1) on both sides, we get
4∫ ydy = ∫ dx
4(\(\frac { y^2 }{ 2 }\)) = x + c
2y² = x + c …….. (2)
Since the curve passes through at (2, 5), we get
2(5)² = 2 + c
50 = 2 + c
50 – 2 = c
48 = c
∴ Substituting the value of c in equation (2), we get
2y² = x + 48 is the required equation of the curve.

Question 4.
Show that y = e^-x + mx + n is a solution of the differential equation e^x(\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\)) – 1 = 0
Given y = e^-x + mx + n …….. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t ‘x’, we get

substituting the value of \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) in the given differential equation, we get
e^x(\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\)) – 1
= e^x(e^-x) – 1
= e^n-1 = 1 – 1 = 0
Hence y = e^-x + mx + n is the solution of the given differential equation e^x \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) – 1 = 0

Question 5.
Show that y = ax + \(\frac { b }{ x }\), x ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation x²yⁿ + xy’ – y = 0.
Solution:
Given

Again differentiating we get

x² y” + 2xy’ – xy’ – y = 0
x²y” + xy’ – y = 0
∴ y = ax + \(\frac { b }{ x }\) is a solution of the differential equation x²y” + xy’ – y = 0

Question 6.
Show that y = ae^-3x + b, where a and b are arbitrary constants, is a solution of the differential equation \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) + 3 \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 0.
Solution:
Given y = ae^-3x + b …… (1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t ‘x’, we get

Therefore, y = ae^-3x + b is a solution of the given differential equation.

Question 7.
Show that the differential equation representing the family of curves y² = 2a(x + a^2/3), where a is a positive parameter, is (y² – 2xy\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\))³ = 8(y\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\))⁵
Solution:
Given y² = 2ax + 2a^5/3 ……. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t ‘x’ we get

Hence y² = 2ox + 2 a³ is a solution of the differential equation
(y² – 2xy\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\))³ = 8(y\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\))⁵

Question 8.
Show that y = a cos bx is a solution of the! differential equation \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) + b² y = 0.
Solution:
Given y = a cos bx ……. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t ‘x’, we get
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = a(-sin bx)b
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = -ab sin bx
Again differentiating, we get

Therefore, y = a cos bx is a solution of the differential equation \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) + b² y = 0

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Capital Market Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 5 Capital Market

12th Commerce Guide Capital Market Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer.

Question 1.
Capital market do not provide
a) Short term Funds
b) Debenture Funds
c) Equity Funds
d) Long term Funds
Answer:
a) Short term Funds

Question 2.
When the NSEI was established
a) 1990
b) 1992
c) 1998
d) 1997
Answer:
b) 1992

Question 3.
Primary market is a Market where securities are traded in the
a) First Time
b) Second Time
c) Three Time
d) Several Times
Answer:
a) First Time

Question 4.
Participants in the capital market includes
a) Individuals
b) Corporate
c) Financial Institutions
d) All of the above
Answer:
d) All of the above

II. Very Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
What is Capital Market?
Answer:

• “Capital Market” is a market where buyers and sellers engage in the trade of financial securities (Long Term) like Bonds and Stocks.
• It is undertaken by participants such as Individuals and Institutions.

Question 2.
Write a note on OTCEI.
Answer:

• The OTCEI was set up by financial institutions [IDBI, IFCI, SBI, (can Bank), etc.,] to allow the trading of securities across the electronic counters throughout the country.
• Its greatest strengths are transparency of transactions, Quick deals, faster settlements, and better liquidity.

Question 3.
What is Mutual Fund?
Answer:
Financial institutions that provide facilities for channeling savings of Small investors into avenues of productive investments are called ‘Mutual Funds’. A mutual fund company invests the funds pooled from shareholders and gives them the benefit of a diversified investment portfolio and a reasonable return.

Question 4.
Who are the participants in a Capital Market?
Answer:
The participants of the Capital Market are Individuals and Institutions such as the corporate sector, Government, and other financial institutions [Banks]

Question 5.
How is price determined in a Capital Market?
Answer :
The price of the securities is determined based on the demand and supply prevailing in the capital market for securities.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the various kinds of Capital Market? Explain.
Answer:
Primary Market:

• Primary Market is a market for new issues or new financial claims.
• Hence it is also called New Issues Market (NIM)
• It deals with those securities which are issued to the public for the first time.

Secondary Market:

• It may be defined as the market for old (second hand) securities, in the sense that securities which are previously issued in the primary market are traded here.
• It covers both the stock Exchange and the counter market.

Question 2.
Explain any two functions of the Capital Market.
Answer :
Ready and Continuous Market: The stock Exchange provides a central and convenient place where Buyers and Sellers can easily Buy and Sell securities.

A reliable guide to performance: The capital market serves as a reliable guide to the performance and financial position of corporate and thereby promotes efficiency.

Question 3.
Write a note on National Clearance and Depository System (NCDS).
Answer:
Under the scriptless trading system, settlement of transactions relating to securities takes place through a book entry. The entire scripless trading system comprises the following three segments:

1. National Trade Comparison and Reporting System which prescribes the terms and conditions of contract for the securities market.
2. National Clearing System which aims at determining the net cash and stock liability of each broker on settlement date.
3. National Depository System which arranges to provide for the transfer of ownership of securities in exchange on payment by book-entry on electronic ledgers without any physical movement of the transfer deed.

Question 4.
Discuss evolution and growth of Indian Capital Market.
Answer :

• The period between 1947 and 1973 marked the development of infrastructure for the capital market.
• During this period Financial institutions such as IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, and UTI, SFCs, and SIDCs were established.
• These institutions strengthened the capital market.
• During the period between 1980 and 1992, debenture emerged as a powerful instrument of resource mobilisation in the primary market.
• A number of Stock Exchanges came into existence.
•  There was tremendous growth in the secondary market.
• SEBI emerged as an effective regulatory body for the primary and secondary markets and give a measure of protection to small investors.
•  New financial services such as credit rating were introduced.

Question 5.
Explain about Factoring and Venture Capital Institutions.
Answer:
“Factoring” is an arrangement whereby a financial institution provides financial accommodation on the basis of assignment/sale of account receivables. The factoring institutions collect the book debts for and on behalf of its clients. Some of the factoring institutions operating in India are SBI Factors and Commercial Services Private Limited, a subsidiary of State Bank of India and Canbank Factors Limited, a subsidiary of Canara Bank.

Venture capital financing is a form of equity financing designed especially for funding new and innovative project ideas. Venture capital funds bring into force the hi-technology projects which are converted into commercial production.

IV. Long Answer Questions:

Question 1.
Discuss the characters of a Capital Market. (PM) (SPL)
Answer :
Price : The price of the securities is determined based on the demand and supply prevailing in the capital market for securities.

Market for Financial Assets : Capital Market provides a transaction platform for long term financial assets.

Securities Market : The dealings in a capital market done through shares, Debentures etc. [Securities]
The capital market is thus called securities market.

Participants : The participants of capital market include individuals, corporate sectors, government, banks and other financial institutions.

Location : Capital Market is not confined to certain specific locations, although it is true that parts of the market are concentrated in certain well-known centres known as Stock Exchange.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the functions of capital market. FIRES
Answer:

1. Savings and Capital Formation: In capital market, various types of securities help to mobilize savings from various sectors of the population (Individuals, Corporate, Govt., etc.). The twin features of reasonable return and liquidity in stock exchange are definite incentives to the people to invest in securities. This accelerates the capital formation in the country.
2. Permanent Capital: The existence of a capital market/stock exchange enables companies to raise permanent capital. The investors cannot commit their funds for a permanent period but companies require funds permanently.
3. Industrial Growth: The stock exchange is a central market through which resources are transferred to the industrial sector of the economy.
4. Beady and Continuous Market: The stock exchange provides a central convenient place where buyers and sellers can easily purchase and sell securities.
5. Reliable Guide to Performance: The capital market serves as a reliable guide to the
   performance and financial position of corporate, and thereby promotes efficiency.
6. Proper Channelization of Funds: The prevailing market price of a security and relative yield are the guiding factors for the people to channelize their funds in a particular company.
7. Provision of Variety of Services: The financial institutions functioning in the capital market provide a variety of services such as grant of long term and medium-term loans to entrepreneurs.
8. Development of Backward Areas: Capital Markets provide funds for projects in backward areas. This facilitates economic development of backward areas.
9. Foreign Capital: Capital markets make it possible to generate foreign capital. Indian firms are able to generate capital funds from overseas markets by way of bonds and other securities.
10. Easy Liquidity: With the help of the secondary market investors can sell off their holdings and convert them into liquid cash.

Question 3.
Explain the various types of New Financial Institutions. (SON) (VN)
Answer :
Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited [SHCIL]

• SHCI, aims at serving as a central securities depository in of transactions on Stock exchange.
• It also takes up the administration clearing functions at a national level.

Over The Counter Exchange of India [OTCEI]

• The OTCEI was set up by financial institutions [IDBI, IFCI, SBI (can Bank) etc.,] to allow the trading of securities across the electronic counters throughout the country

National Securities Depositories Limited |NSDL]

• The NSDI. was set up in the year 19% tor achieving a time-bound dematerlization as well as rematerialization of shares.
• The NSDI is expected to alleviate the problems of post-trade transactions in the secondary market.

Venture Capital Institution [VCI]

• Venture Capital financing is a form of equity financing designed especially for funding new and innovative project ideas.
• Venture capital Funds bring into force the Mi-Technology projects which are converted into commercial production.

National Stock Exchange of India [NSEI]

• NSEI was established in 1942 to functions as a model stock exchange.
• The Aim of NSEI providing the advantage of a nationwide electronic screen-based “Scripless” and “floorless” trading system in securities.

12th Commerce Guide Capital Market Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The term _________ market refers to the facilities and institutional arrangement through long-term funds.
(a) Capital
(b) Asset
(c) Buyers
(d) Sellers
Answer:
(a) Capital

Question 2.
Channeling savings of small investors into productive investment is called
a) Mutual Fund
b) Bond
c) Equity
d) Stocks
Answer :
a) Mutual Fund

Question 3.
How to determine the price of the securities in the capital market
a) Investment
b) Savings
c) Deposits
d) Demand and Supply
Answer :
d) Demand and Supply

Question 4.
NSEI was established in
(a) 1992
(b) 1991
(c) 1994
(d) 1995
Answer:
(a) 1992

Question 5.
Primary Market facilitates…………………….
a) Capital formation
b) Trade
c ) Funds
d) Securities
Answer :
a) Capital formation

Question 6.
The primary market is also called as
(a) Secondary market
(b) Commodity market
(c) Mutual funds
(d) New issues market
Answer:
(d) New issues market

Question 7.
The capital market is also known as …………………….
a) Factoring
b) Commodity market
c) Securities Market
d)Foreign Market
Answer:
c) Securities Market

Question 8.
Pick the odd one out:
a) Mutual Funds
b) Venture Funds
c) OTCEI
d) Reserve Funds
Answer:
d) Reserve Funds

Question 9.
Which one is correctly matched?
a) Foreign Exchange Market – All currencies
b) Deviation Market – Indian Currency
c) Hard Commodities Market -Iron and ore
d) Soft Commodities Market – Coffee and Sugar
Answer:
b)Deviation Market Indian Currency

Question 10.
Which one is correctly matched?
a) Venture Fund – Hi -technology projects
b) Mutual Fund – Sale of account receivables.
c) Factoring – Scripless and floorless
d) NSEI – Savings of Small investors
Answer:
a) Venture Fund – Hi -technology projects

Question 11.
How many times security can be sold in a secondary market?
a) Only One Time
b)Two Time
c) Three Times
d) Multiple Times
Answer :
d) Multiple Times

II. Match the following

1. Match List I with List II

a) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2
b) i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3
c) i-4, ii-2, iii-3, iv-1
d) i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4
Answer:
a) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Government has liberalised FDI in the country.
Reason (R): It brings foreign capital and technologies.
a) (A) is true (R) is False.
b) (A) is False (R) is True.
c) Both (A) and (R) are true
d) Both (A) and (R) are False
Answer :
c) Both (A) and (R) are True

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Many specialized financial institutions promoted their own venture capital Funds.
Reason (R): These include IFCI, IDBI, SIDBI Venture Funds.
a) (A) is true (R) is also True.
b) (A) is False (R) is True.
c) (A) is true (R) is False
d) Both (A) and (R) are False
Answer :
a) (A) is true (R) is also True

IV. Very Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
What is the Derivatives market?
Answer:
The derivatives market facilitates the trading in financial instruments such as futures contracts and options used to help control financial risk.

Question 2.
What are the ways by which a company can raise capital in a primary market?
Answer :

1. Public Issue
2. Rights Issue
3. Private placement

Question 3.
What are the methods of raising capital in a primary market by a company?
Answer:
There are three ways by which a company may raise capital in a primary market. They are:

1. Public Issue
2. Rights Issue
3. Private Placement

Question 4.
What is a Rights Issue?
Answer :
When a company wants to raise additional capital, the securities are first offered to the existing shareholders on proportions of the shares held by them.

Question 5.
What is a private placement?
Answer :
It is a way of securities privately to [Their Clients] to a small group of investors.

Question 6.
Write a note on Foreign Exchange Market.
Answer:
The foreign exchange market abets foreign exchange trading. It is the largest, most liquid market in the world with an average traded value of more than $5 trillion per day. It includes all of the currencies in the world and any individual, company or country can participate in it.

Question 7.
What is Deviative Market?
Answer:
It facilitates the trading in financial instruments such as Future contracts and options used to help control financial risk.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 4 Introduction to Financial Markets Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 4 Introduction to Financial Markets

12th Commerce Guide Introduction to Financial Markets Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Financial market facilitates business firms
a) To rise funds
b) To recruit workers
c) To make more sales
d) To minimize fund requirement
Answer:
a) To rise funds

Question 2.
Capital market is a market for
a) Short Term Finance
c) Long Term Finance
b) Medium Term Finance
d) Both Short Term and Medium Term Finance
Answer:
c) Long Term Finance

Question 3.
Primary market is also called as
a) Secondary market
b) Money market
c) New Issue Market
d) Indirect Market
Answer:
c) New Issue Market

Question 4.
Spot Market is a market where the delivery of the financial instrument and payment of cash occurs
a) Immediately
b) In the future
c) Uncertain
d) After one month
Answer:
a) Immediately

Question 5.
How many times a security can be sold in a secondary market?
a) Only one time
b) Two time
c) Three times
d) Multiple times
Answer:
d) Multiple times

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the components of organized sectors?
Answer:

1. Regulators
2. Financial Institutions
3. Financial Markets
4. Financial Services

Question 2.
Write a note on the financial market.
Answer:
A market where Financial Instrument such as Financial Claims, Assets, Securities and Traded is known as “Financial Market”

Question 3.
What is a spot Market?
Answer:

• Spot Market is a market where the delivery of the financial instrument and payment of cash occurs immediately.
• (ie) Settlement is completed immediately.

Question 4.
What is debt market?
Answer:
Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt instruments (i.e. Government Bonds or Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds).

Question 5.
How is the price decided in a secondary market?
Answer:
Financial markets allow for the determination of the price of the traded financial asset through the interaction of buyers and sellers. They provide a signal for. the allocation of funds in the economy, based on the demand and supply, through the mechanism called price discovery processes.

III. Short answer questions.

Question 1.
Give the meaning and definition of the financial market.
Answer:
Meaning: A market wherein financial instruments such as financial claims, assets and securities are traded is known as a financial market’.

Definition: According to Brigham, Eugene F, “The place where people and organizations wanting to borrow money are-brought together with those having surplus funds is called a . financial market.”

Question 2.
Differentiate spot market from future market. DSP K
Answer:

Question 3.
Write a note on Secondary Market.
Answer:
A Secondary Market is a market for securities that are already issued. Stock Exchange is an important institution in the secondary market.

Question 4.
Bring out the scope of financial market in india. 3-1 BAGS
Answer:
The Financial Market provides short-term and long-term financial assistance to

• Individuals
• Industrial sectors
• Insurance sectors
• Banks [Financial Institutions]
• Agricultural sectors
• Government
• Service sectors

The above-stated individuals, institutions and Government can get the required funds in time.
It leads to overall economic development.

IV. Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Distinguish between new issue market and secondary market.
Answer:

Question 2.
Enumerate the different kinds of financial markets.
Answer:
Financial Markets can be classified in different ways.
(A) On the Basis of Type of Financial Claim

1. Debt Market is the financial market for trading in Debt instruments (i.e. Government Bonds or Securities, Corporate Debentures or Bonds).
2. Equity Market is the financial market for trading in Equity Shares of Companies.

(B) On the Basis of Maturity of Financial Claim

1. Money Market is the market for short-term financial claim (usually one year or less) E.g. Treasury Bills, Commercial Paper, Certificates of Deposit.
2. Capital Market is the market for long-term financial claim more than a year E.g. Shares, Debentures.

(C) On the Basis of Time of Issue of Financial Claim

1. Primary Market is a term used to include all the institutions that are involved in the sale of securities for the first time by the issuers (companies). Here the money from investors goes directly to the issuers.
2. A secondary market is a market for securities that are already issued. Stock Exchange is an important institution in the secondary market.

(D) On the Basis of Timing of Delivery of Financial Claim

1. Cash/Spot Market is a market where the delivery of the financial instrument and payment of cash occurs immediately, i.e. settlement is completed immediately.
2. Forward or Futures Market is a market where the delivery of assets and payment of cash takes place at a pre-determined time frame in the future.

(E) On the Basis of the Organizational Structure of the Financial Market

1. Exchange-Traded Market is a centralized organization (stock exchange) with standardized procedures.
2. Over-the-Counter Market is a decentralized market (outside the stock exchange), with customized procedures.

Question 3.
Discuss the role of the financial market.
Answer:
Savings mobilisation: Obtaining funds from the savers or surplus units such as

• Individuals
• Industrial sectors
• Insurance sectors
• Banks
• Agricultural sector
• Government
• Service sector

is an important role played by the financial market.

Investment:

• Financial markets play a Key Role
• In arranging investment of funds collected in those units which are in need of the same.

National Growth:

• Flow of Funds for productive purposes and
• Flow of surplus Funds to deficit units.
• It leads to over all economic growth.

Growth of Entrepreneurship:
Financial Market provides financial assistance for the development of Entrepreneurs.

Industrial Development:

• It helps an accelerated growth of Industries, Economic Development of a country.
• It helps to raise the standard of living and society’s well being.

Question 4.
What are the functions of Financial Markets? (IF – STEP – BEL)
Answer:
(I) Intermediary Functions:

1. Transfer of Resources: Financial markets facilitate the transfer of real economic resources from lenders to ultimate borrowers.
2. Enhancing Income: Financial markets allow lenders to earn interest/dividends on their surplus investible funds and thus contributing to the enhancement of the individual and the national income.
3. Productive Usage: Financial markets allow for the productive use of the funds borrowed and thus enhancing the income and the gross national production.
4. Capital Formation: Financial markets provide a channel through which new savings flow to aid the capital formation of a country.
5. Price Determination: Financial markets allow for the determination of the price of, the traded financial asset through the interaction of buyers and sellers.
6. Sale. Mechanism: Financial market provides a mechanism for selling a financial asset by an investor so as to offer the benefits of marketability and liquidity of such assets.
7. Information: The activities of the participants in the financial market result in the generation and the consequent dissemination of information to the various segments of the markets, so as to reduce the cost of the transaction of financial assets.

(II) Financial Functions:

1. Providing the borrowers with funds so as to enable them to carry out their investment plans.
2. Providing the lenders with earning assets so as to enable them to earn wealth by deploying the assets in productive ventures.
3. Providing liquidity in the market so as to facilitate the trading of funds.

12th Commerce Guide Introduction to Financial Markets Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The Indian financial system can be broadly classified into the ______ sector.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) One
(d) Four
Answer:
(a) Two

Question 2.
…………………. Assets are those which can be easily transferred from one person to another.
a) Marketable
b) Non-Marketable
c) Tangible
d) Fixed
Answer:
a) Marketable

Question 3.
…………….. Market is for a long-term financial claim.
a) Money Market
b) Capital Market
c) Future Market
d) Spot Market
Answer:
b) Capital Market

Question 4.
Find the odd one out.
(a) Debt market
(b) Capital market
(c) Secondary market
(d) National Growth
Answer:
(d) National Growth

Question 5.
The building is bought for residence purpose, it becomes……………… Asset.
a) Financial
b) Fixed
c) Physical
d) NOTA
Answer:
c) Physical

Question 6.
The building is bought for hiring purpose, it becomes …………….. Asset.
a) Financial
b) Tangible
c) Physical
d) All of these
Answer:
a) Financial

Question 7.
The stock exchange is an important institution in the ______ market.
(a) secondary
(b) primary
(c) capital
(d) money
Answer:
(a) secondary

Question 8.
Pick the odd one out:
a) Debt Market
b) NIM
c) Equity Market
d) Niche Market
Answer:
d) Niche Market

Question 9.
Stock Exchange Market is also called …………….
a) Spot Market
b) Local market
c) Securities Market
d) National Market
Answer:
c) Securities Market

II. Match the following

Question 1.
Match List-I with List-II.

a) i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3
b) i-2, ii-3i iii-4, iv-1
c) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
d) i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4
Answer:
a) i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3

2. Match List I with List II

a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
b) i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3
c) i-3, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1
b) i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3
d) i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4
Answer:
b) i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Government needs funds to provide goods and services to the people.
Reason (R): Government to raise the needed fund by selling different instruments.
a) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) (A) and (R) are False. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is True (R) is False.
d) (A) is False (R) is True.
Answer:
a) (A) and (R) are true. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

IV. Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
What is the money market?
Answer:
Money Market is the market for short-term financial claims (usually one year or less) e.g. Treasury Bills, Commercial Paper, Certificates of Deposit.

Question 2.
Explain the classification of Financial Assets.
Answer:
(a) Marketable Assets:

• Marketable Assets are those which can be easily transferred from one person to another without much hindrance.
• (e.g) shares of – Listed Companies – Government Bonds.

(b) Non- Marketable Assets:

• Non-marketable Assets are those which can not be easily transferred from one person to another person.
• (e.g) Bank Deposits – PF – LIC Policies.

V. Long Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Discuss the various types of Financial markets.
Answer:
On the basis of Type of Financial claim:

• Debt Market – A market Trading in Debt Instruments. [Debentures]
• Equity Market – A market Trading in Equity Shares. [Equity Shares]

On the basis of Maturity of Financial claim:

• Money Market – A market for short – term Financial Claim [Treasury Bills]
• Capital Market – A market for Long – term Financial claims. [Shares]

On the basis of Time of issue Financial claim:

• Primary Market – A market for New Issues of Securities. [First Time]
• Secondary Market – A market for already issued Securities [Resale]

On the basis of Time of delivery of Financial claim:

• Cash/Spot Market – A market where delivery of instruments and payment of cash occurs
  immediately.
• Future/Forward Market – A market where delivery of instruments and payment of cash not
  occur immediately, but take place in the future.

On the basis of Organisational Structure:

• Exchange-Traded Market – It is a centralized organization with standardized procedures.
• Over counter Market – It is a decentralized organization with customized procedures.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.3 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 10 Ordinary Differential Equations Ex 10.3

Question 1.
Find the differential equation of the family of (i) all non-vertical lines in a plane
(ii) all non horizontal lines in a plane.
Solution:
(i) The equation of the family of non vertical lines in a plane ax + by = 1, b ≠ 0, a ∈ R
Given equation is ax + by = 1 …….. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’ we get
a + b \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 0
∵ 2 arbitrary constant,
∴ Differentiating twice continuously
Again differentiating above equation with respect to ‘x’, we get
0 + b \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = 0
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = 0 [∵ b ≠ 0]
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = 0 is a required differential equation.

(ii) The equation of the family of non horizontal
lines in a,plane ax + by = 1, a ≠ 0 & b ∈ R
Given equation is ax + by = 1 ……… (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘y’, we get
a \(\frac { dx }{ dy }\) + b = 0
∵ 2 arbitrary constant,
∴ Differentiating twice continuously
Again differentiating we get
a \(\frac { d^2x }{ dy^2 }\) = 0 [∵ a ≠ 0]
\(\frac { d^2x }{ dy^2 }\) = 0 is a required differential equation.

Question 2.
Form the differential equation of all straight lines touching the circle x² + y² = r²
Solution:
Given circle equation be x² + y² = r²
Let y = mx + c be all straight lines which towards the given circle x² + y² = r²
The condition for y = mx + c ……. (1)
be a tangent to the circle x² + y² = r²
be c² = r² (1 + m²) ⇒ c = r \(\sqrt { 1+m^2 }\)
Substituting c value in equation (1), we get
y = mx + r \(\sqrt { 1+m^2 }\)
y – mx = r\(\sqrt { 1+m^2 }\) ……. (2)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r.t x, we get
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) – m = 0
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = m …….. (3)
substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get;

Which is a required differential equation.

Question 3.
Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the x-axis.
Solution:
Given the circles centre on x-axis & the circle is passing through the origin.
Let it be (r, 0) & its radius r.

Equation of the circle is
(x – a)² + (y – b)² = r²
(x – r)² + (y – 0)² = r²
x² – 2xr + r² + y² = r²
x² – 2xr + y² = r² – r²
x² – 2xr + y² = 0 ……. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, we get
2x – 2r + 2y \(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 0 dx
2x + 2y\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 2r
x + y\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = r
Substituting r value in equation (1), we get

Which is a required differential equation.

Question 4.
Find the differential equation of the family of all the parabolas with latus rectum 4a and whose axes are parallel to the x-axis.
Solution:
Given the equation of family of parabolas with latus rectum 4a and axes are parallel to x-axis then
(y – b)² = 4a (x – a), where (a, b) is the vertex of parabola.
y² – 2yb + b² = 4ax – 4a² ……. (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get

Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’, we get
yy”+ y’y’ = by”
yy” + y’2 = by” ……. (3)
Substituting the b value in (3), we get

Which is a required differential equation.

Question 5.
Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, -1) and having axis along the y axis.
Solution:
Equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, -1) and having axis along the y-axis is
(x – 0)² = 4a(y + 1)
x² = 4a (y + 1) ……. (1)
x² = 4 ay + 4a
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, we get
2x = 4a y’
\(\frac { 2x }{ y’ }\) = 4a
Substituting 4a value in equation (1), we get
x² = \(\frac { 2x }{ y’ }\)(y + 1)
\(\frac { x^2 }{ x }\) = \(\frac { 2 }{ y’ }\)(y + 1)
x = \(\frac { 2 }{ y’ }\) (y + 1)
xy’ = 2 (y + 1)
xy’ = 2y + 2
xy’ – 2y – 2 = 0 is a required differential equation.

Question 6.
Find the differential equations of the family of all the ellipses having foci on the y-axis and centre at the origin.
Solution:
The equation of the family of ellipses having centre at the origin & foci on the y-axis, is given by \(\frac { x^2 }{ a^2 }\) + \(\frac { y^2 }{ b^2 }\) = 1 ……… (1)
where b > a & a, b are the parameters or a,b are arbitrary constant.
Differentiating equation (1) twice successively, (because we have two arbitrary constant) we get

Equ (3) – (2) we get

is the required differential equation.

Question 7.
Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by the equation y = Ae^8x + Be ^-8x, where A and B are arbitrary constants.
Solution:
Given y = Ae^8x + Be^-8x …….. (1)
where A & B are aribitrary constants differentiating equation (1) twice successively (because we have two arbitrary constant), we get
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = Ae^8x + Be^-8x (-8)
\(\frac { dy }{ dx }\) = 8Ae^8x – 8Be^-8x ……… (2)
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = 8Ae^8x (8) – Be^-8x (-8)
= 64Ae^8x + 64Be^-8x
= 64[Ae^8x + Be^-8x] ……….. (3)
Substituting eqn (1) in eqn (3), we get
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) = 64 y
\(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) – 64 y = 0 is the required differential equation.

Question 8.
Find the differential equation of the curve represented by xy = ae^x + be^-x + x²
Solution:
Given xy = ae^x + be^-x + x² ……… (1)
where a & b are aribitrary constant,
differentiate equation (1) twice successively,
because we have two arbitray constant.

From (1), we get xy – x² = ae^x + be^-x …….. (4)
Substituting equation (4) in (3), we get
∴ x \(\frac { d^2y }{ dx^2 }\) + \(\frac { 2dy }{ dx }\) – xy + x² – 2 = 0 is the required differential equation.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 3 Management By Objectives (MBO) and Management By Exception (MBE) Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 3 Management By Objectives (MBO) and Management By Exception (MBE)

12th Commerce Guide Management By Objectives (MBO) and Management By Exception (MBE) Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
…………………… System gives full Scope to the Individual Strength and Responsibility.
a) MBO
b) MBE
c) MBM
d) MBA
Answer:
a) MBO

Question 2.
Which is the First step in Process of MBO?.
a) Fixing Key Result Area
b) Appraisal of Activities
c) Matching Resources with Activities
d) Defining Organisational Objectives
Answer:
d) Defining Organisational Objectives

Question 3.
…………………. keeps Management Alert to Opportunities and Threats by Identifying Critical Problems.
a) MBA
b) MBE
c) MBM
d) MBO
Answer:
b) MBE

Question 4.
Delegation of Authority is Easily Done with the Help of
a) MBM
b) MBE
c) MBO
d) MBA
Answer:
c) MBO

II. Very short answer questions.

Question 1.
Define-MBO
Answer:
MBO is popularised in the USA by George Odiome. According to him, “MBO is a system wherein the superior and the subordinate managers of an organisation jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major area of responsibility in terms of the result expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members”.

Question 2.
What are the objectives of MBO?
Answer:

• To measure and judge performance.
• To relate individual goals to organisation goals.
• To stimulate the subordinate’s motivation.
• To serve as a device for organisational control and integration.

Question 3.
Bring out the meaning of MBE.
Answer:
Management By Exception is an important principle of managerial control suggested by the classical writers on management. It is based on the belief that an attempt to control everything results in controlling nothing. Management by exception is a style of business management that focuses on identifying and handling cases that deviate from the norm.

Question 4.
Mention any two advantages of MBO?
Answer:

• MBO process helps the managers to understand their role in the total organization.
• Delegation of Authority is easily done with the help of MBO.

Question 5.
What is known as KRA?
Answer:

• Key Result Areas [KRA] are fixed on the basis of organisational objective premises.
• KRA arranged on a priority basis.
• It indicates the strength of an organisation. (Profitability – Market standing – innovation)
• MBE is helpful for the better utilisation of managerial talents.
• MBE facilitates delegation of authority. TOP level Management concentrates on strategic decisions and operational decisions are left to lower-level management.
• MBE keeps management alert to opportunities and threats by identifying critical problems.
• MBE avoids uniform and impulsive action.
• MBE provides better yardsticks for judging results.
• MBE is helpful in objective performance appraisal.
• MBE is a technique of separating important information from unimportant one.
• MBE forces managers to review past history and study-related business data for identifying deviations.

Question 3.
Explain the various disadvantages of MBO.
Answer:

• MBO fails to explain the philosophy; most of the executives do not know how MBO
  works? what is MBO? and why is MBO necessary? and how participants can benefit from MBO.
• MBO is a time-consuming process. Much time is needed by senior people for framing the MBO. Next, it leads to heavy expenditure and also requires heavy paperwork.
• MBO emphasizes only short-term objectives and does not consider long-term objectives.
• The status of subordinates is necessary for proper objectives setting. But, this is not possible in the process of MBO.
• MBO is a rigid one. Objectives should be changed according to the changed circumstances, external or internal. If it is not done, the planned results cannot be obtained.

Question 4.
Discuss the disadvantages of MBE.
Answer:

1. The main disadvantage of MBE is, only managers have the power over really important decisions, which can be demotivating for employees at a lower level.
2. Furthermore, it takes time to pass the issues to managers. Managing employees who deviate from the normal procedures. Because of compliance failures are considered difficult to manage and typically find themselves with limited job duties and ultimately dismissed/ terminated.

12th Commerce Guide Management By Objectives (MBO) and Management By Exception (MBE) Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
MBO refers to ……………………………
a) Management By Objective
b) Management By Officers
c) Management By Orders
d) Management By Organisation
Answer:
a) Management By Objective

Question 2.
_______ harmonises the goal of an individual with the organisation’s goal.
(a) MBO
(b) MBE
(c) MBA
(d) MBM
Answer:
(a) MBO

Question 3.
It is based on the belief that any attempt to control everything results in controlling nothing.
a) MBA
b) MBM
c) MBO
d) MBE
Answer:
d) MBE

Question 4.
KRA refers to …………………….
a) Key Result Areas
c) Known Result Areas
b) Key Reference Action
d) Knowledge Resource Aim.
Answer:
a) Key Result Areas

Question 5.
“Exception has occured”
(a) MBO
(b) MBE
(c) MBM
(c) Appraisal
Answer:
(b) MBE

Question 6.
The examples of KRA are _______
(a) profitability
(b) loss
(c) market standing
(d) innovation
Answer:
(b) loss

II. Match the following

1. Match List I with List II

a) i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1
b) i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1
b) i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1
d) i-1, ii-3, iii-4, iv-2
Answer:
a) i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): KRA indicates the strength of an organisation.
Reason (R): Objectives are expressed in a meaningful manner.
a) (A) is true (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
b) (A) is true (R) is false but (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) and (R) are False.
d) (A) and (R) are true.
Answer:
a) (A) is true (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

IV. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Appraisal of Activities?
Answer:
At the end of the fixed period for achieving the objectives, there should be a discussion between the superior and subordinates. The discussion is related to subordinates’ performance against I the specified standards. The superior should take corrective action.

Question 2.
What are the processes involved in MBO?

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 28 Company Secretary Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 28 Company Secretary

12th Commerce Guide Company Secretary Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
Mention the status of a Company Secretary in a company.
a) A member
b) A director
c) An independent contractor
d) An employee contractor
Answer:
d) An employee contractor

Question 2.
Who can become a secretary for a company?
a) Individual person
b) Partnership firm
c) Co-operative societies
d) Trade unions
Answer:
a) Individual person

Question 3.
Which meeting will be held only once in the life time of the company?
a) Statutory
b) Annual General .
c) Extra – ordinary
d) Class General
Answer:
a) Statutory

Question 4.
Board Meetings to be conducted minimum ________ times in a year.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
Answer:
c) 4

Question 5.
Who is not entitled to speak at the annual general meeting of the company.
a) Auditor
b) Shareholder
c) Proxy
d) Directors
Answer:
c) Proxy

Question 6.
Mention the company which need not convene the Statutory Meeting.
a) Widely held public
b) Private Limited
c) Public Limited
d) Guarantee having a share capital
Answer:
b) Private Limited

Question 7.
From the date of its incorporation the First Annual General Meeting is to be conducted
with in …………….. months.
a) Twelve
b) Fifteen
c) Eighteen
d) Twenty one
Answer:
c) Eighteen

Question 8.
What percentage of shareholders is needed to pass special resolution?
a) It must be unanimous
b) Not less than 90%
c) Not less than 75%
d) More than 50%
Answer:
c) Not less than 75%

Question 9.
A special resolution must be filed with the Registrar within
a) 7 days
b) 14 days
c) 30 days
d) 60 days
Answer:
c) 30 days

Question 10.
A special resolution is required to .
a) redeem the debentures
b) declare dividend
c) appoint directors
d) appoint auditor
Answer:
d) appoint auditor

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Who is a Secretary?
Answer
The person who is responsible for the general performance of an organization is called the company secretary.

Question 2.
What is meant by Meeting?
Answer:
A meeting is a gathering of two or more person that has been convened for the purpose of achieving a common goal through verbal interaction such as sharing information or reaching agreement.

Question 3.
What is Resolution?
Answer:
As per the Companies Act 2013, for taking any decision or executing any transaction, the consent of the shareholders, the Board of Directors and other specified is required. The decisions taken at a meeting are called resolutions

Question 4.
Write a Short note on ‘Proxy’.
Answer:

• “Proxy” means a person is the representative of a shareholder at the meeting of the
• He may be described as the agent of a shareholder to carry out which he has himself decide upon.
• He can be present at the meeting and vote but cannot talk.

Question 5.
What is Vote?
Answer:
The word ‘Vote’ originated from Latin word ‘Votum’ indicating one’s wishes or desire. By casting his vote one formally declares his opinion or wish in favour of or against a proposal or a candidate to be elected for an office.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Special Resolution?
Answer:

• “Special Resolution” is one which is passed by not less than 75% of majority. [3/4^th majority]
• The number of votes cast in favour of the resolution should be three times the number of votes cast against it.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Statutory Meeting?
Answer:

• The First Meeting of the Company.
• This is convened only once in the life time of the company.
• It should hold the meeting of shareholders with in 6 months but not earlier than one month from the date of commencement of business of the company.

Question 3.
Give any three cases in which an ordinary resolution need to be passed.
Answer:

• To change the name of a company.
• To alter the share capital.
• To redeem debentures.
• To declare dividends.
• To approve annual accounts and Balance Sheet.
• To appoint the Directors.

Question 4.
What resolution requires special notice?

• There are certain matters specified in the Companies Act 2013, which may be discussed at General Meeting only if a special notice is given at least 14 days before the meeting.
• The following matters require special notice.
• To remove the director before the expiry of his period.
• To appoint a director in the place of a director so removed.
• To reappoint the retiring Auditor.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Elaborate the Functions of the company secretary.
Answer:
The functions of the Company Secretary may be divided into two types. They are:

1. Statutory functions
2. Non-Statutory functions

Statutory Functions: As the principal officer of the company, the secretary must observe all the legal formalities in respect of the provisions of the Companies Act and other laws, for the activities of the company.
According to Companies Act 2013:

1. To sign document and proceedings requiring authentication by the company
2. To maintain share registers and register of directors and of contracts.
3. TO give notice to register for increase in the share capital
4. To send notice of general meeting to every member of the company
5. To prepare minutes of every general meeting and board meeting within 30 days

Non-Statutory Functions: The secretary has to discharge non-statutory functions in relation to directors, shareholders and office and staff.
Functions in Relation to Directors: A company secretary acts under the full control of the board of directors and carry out the instructions of the directors.

The secretary will arrange board meetings issuing notice, and preparing agenda of meetings, recording the attendance and minutes of meetings.

Functions in Relation to Shareholders: The company secretary must serve in the best interests of the shareholders.
He has to arrange the issue of allotment letters, call letters, letters of regret, share certificates, and share warrants to Shareholders.

Functions in Relation to Office and Staff: The secretary is responsible for the smooth functioning of the office work. He exercises overall supervision, control and co-ordination of all clerical activities in the office.

Question 2.
Briefly state different types of Company Meetings.
Answer:
I. Meeting of Shareholders :
a. Statuary Meeting.
b. Annual General Meeting.
c. Extra Ordinary [Special] General Meeting.

II. Meetings of Directors :
a. Board Meeting.
b. Committee Meeting.

III. Special Meetings:
a. Class Meeting.
b. Creditors Meeting.

I) Meetings of Shareholders :
a) Statutory Meeting:

• The First Meeting of the Company.
• This is convened only once in the life time of the company.
• It should hold the meeting of shareholder within 6 months but not earlier than 1 month from the date of commencement of business of the company.

b) Annual General Meeting:

• Usually it is convened once in a year.
• The first AGM convened within 18 months from the date of Registration.
• The time gap between two consecutive AGM should not exceed 15 months.
• It should be convened where the Registered office situated or in any other place.
• Every AGM shall be held during business hours, on a day which is not a public holiday.

c) Extra-Ordinary [Special] General Meeting:

• All other General Meetings other than Statutory Meeting and AGM are called “Extra – Ordinary [Special] General Meeting”.
• If any meeting convened in between two AGM to deal with some urgent or special nature it is called Extra Ordinary General Meeting.

II) Meetings of Directors :
a) Board Meeting:

• Meetings of the Directors are called “Board Meeting”.
• The First Board Meeting should be convened with in 30 days from the date of incorporation of the company.
• It should be conducted at least 4 times in a year. [Once in 3 months]

b) Committee Meeting:

• The Committee [Audit] meet at least four times in a year. [Listed Companies or public limited company having share capital of ₹ 10 crores or more]
• If the share capital less than ₹ 10 crores, a Director should be appointed by the Board to the “Audit Committee”.

III) Special Meeting:
a) Class Meeting:

•  Meetings, which are held by a particular class of (preference shareholder or Debenture holder) is known as class meeting.

b) Meeting of the Creditor:

• These are not the meetings of the company.
• A situation in which a company may with to arrive at a consensues with the creditor to avoid any crisis or to evolve compromise or to introduce any new proposals.

Question 3.
Explain different Types of Open and Secret Types of Voting.
Answer:
I) Open Procedure:
a) By Voice:

• Voice voting in which the chairman allows the members to raise their voice in favour or against an issue.
  “Yes” for Approval
  “No” for Rejection.
• The chairman announces the results of voice voting on the basis of strength of words shouted.

b) By Show of Hands :

• Under this method, the chairman requests the members to raise their hands of those who are in favour of the proposal or candidate and then requests those are against.
• He announces the result on the basis of hands counted.

II) Secret Procedure:
a) By Ballot:

• Under this method, Ballot Paper Bearing Serial Number a (Symbol) is given to the members to record their opinion by marking with a symbol [S], they have to cast their vote in a secret chamber and put the ballot paper into the ballot box.
• The votes are counted and the results are announced.

b) By Post [Postal Ballot]:

• Big Companies or Big Associations having members scattered all over the country follow this method of voting.
• The members or voters fill in the ballot papers and return them by post in sealed covers which are opened when the ballot box is opened for counting the votes.

c) By Electronic Voting Machine [EVM]:

• It is a new technique of voting.
• Instead of using Ballot paper this machine is used.
• Names and symbols are fixed in the machine.
• The voter has to press the button.
• If green light signal comes it is in favour.
• If red light signal comes it is unfavour.

12th Commerce Guide Company Secretary Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answers

Question 1.
A statutory meeting can be held within _________ months.
(a) 10
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) 3
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 2.
The Latin word ‘Secretariats’ means …………….
a) Secret
b) Open
c) Delegate
d) complete
Answer:
a) Secret

Question 3.
An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a _________ majority.
(a) simple
(b) special
(c) high
(d) low
Answer:
(a) simple

Question 4.
A notice must be sent to every member to attend meeting …………………. days before the meeting is to be held. .
a) 7
b) 14
c) 21
d) 28
Answer:
c) 21

Question 5.
……………. means a person being the representative of a shareholder to attend a meeting on behalf of him.
a) Proxy
b) Substitute
c) Alternate
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) Proxy

Question 6.
Requisite number of persons at the meeting is called ……………….
a) Quorum
b) Proxy
c) Vote
d) Poll
Answer:
a) Quorum

Question 7.
Quorum for private limited company is ………………….
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer:
b) 2

Question 8.
Quorum for public limited company is …………………
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer:
c) 5

Question 9.
Which meeting will be held only once in the lifetime of the company?
a) AGM
b) Class
c) Board
d) Statutory
Answer:
d) Statutory

Question 10.
A Company Secretary is appointed by …………….
a) Government
b) Institute of Company Secretary
c) Board of Directors
d) Shareholders
Answer:
c) Board of Directors

Question 11.
Statutory meeting hold within …………….. months but not earlier than …………….. month.
a) 6 and 1
b) 6 and 2
c) 1 and 6
d) 6 and 3
Answer:
a) 6 and 1

Question 12.
The AGM convened within …………….. months.
a) 15
b) 18
c) 21
d) 25
Answer:
b) 18

Question 13.
The time gap between two consecutive AGM is ……………… months.
a) 3
b) 6
c) 12
d) 15
Answer:
d) 15

Question 14.
Director is Acting as ………………….
a) Agent
b) Trustee
c) Officer
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 15.
Who can call Extraordinary General Meeting?
a) CLT
b) Board
c) Requisition, Requisitioriists
d) All of these
Answer:
d) All of these

Question 16.
The decisions taken at a meeting are called ………………
a) Resolution
b) Poll
c) Vote
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) Resolution

Question 17.
……………….. resolution is one can be passed by a simple majority.
a) Ordinary
b) Special
c) Requiring Special Notice
d) All of these
Answer:
a) Ordinary

Question 18.
……………….. resolution is one can be passed by three fourth majority.
a) Ordinary
b) Special
c) Requiring Special Notice
d) All of these
Answer:
b) Special

Question 19.
The word vote is derived from the Latin word ………….
a) Votum
b) Voter
c) Voted
d) NOTA
Answer:
a) Votum

Question 20.
An authenticated record of a meeting is known as ………………
a) Agenda
b) Minutes
c) Ledger
d) NOTA
Answer:
b) Minutes

Question 21.
Pick the odd one out:
a) By Ballot
b) By Postal Ballot
c) By EVM
d) By Voice
Answer:
b) By Voice

Question 22.
Pick the odd one out:
a) Statutory Meeting
b) ACM
c) Extra-Ordinary General Meeting
d) Class Meeting
Answer:
d) Class Meeting

Question 23.
Which one of the following not correctly matched?
a) Statutory Meeting – Statutory Report
b) AGM – To appoint directors
c) Class Meeting – Preference shareholders meeting
d) Committee Meeting – Shareholders meeting
Answer:
d) Committee Meeting – Shareholders meeting

Question 24.
Choose the correct statement.
i) Proxy is a person who participates in the meeting on behalf of a shareholder.
ii) He can attend and vote in the meeting.
iii) He cannot speak in the meeting.
a) (i) is correct
b) (ii) is correct
c) (iii) is correct
d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer:
d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

II Match the following.

Question 1.

Answer:
a) (i) 4, (11) 1, (iii) 2, (iv) 3

Question 2.

Answer:
b) (i) 3, (n) 4, (iii) 1, (iv) 2

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Special Resolution is passed by three fourth majority.
Reason (R): The number of votes cast in favour of the resolution should be three times, the number of votes cast against it.
a) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is True (R) is False
d) (A) is False (R) is True
Answer:
a) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Voice Voting in which the Chairman allows the members to raise their voice in favour or against an issue.
Reason (R): The chairman announces the results of voice voting on the basis of the strength of words shouted.
a) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
b) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
c) (A) and (R) are False.
d) (A) is False (R) is True
Answer:
b) (A) and (R) are True. (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

IV. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define Company Secretary.
Answer:
“Secretary means any individual possessing the prescribed qualifications, appointed to perform the duties which may be performed by a secretary under this Act and any other ministry or administrative duties”.
– Companies Act, 2013, Section 2 (24)

Question 2.
What do you understand by “Poll”?
Answer:

•  Poll means tendering or offering a vote by ballot to a specially appointed officer, called the polling officer.
• Under the Companies Act, poll means exercising the voting right in the proportion to shareholders contributions the paid-up capital of a limited company having a share capital.

V. Long Answer Questions 

Question 1.
What are the Qualifications of a Company Secretary?
Answer:
Statutory Qualifications:

• ACS – [Having Share Capital 5 crore or more] [Associates of the company secretary ship]
• B.L – Degree
• C.A. – [Member of Institute of Chartered Accountant]
• M.Com – Degree
• I.C.W.A – [Member of Institute of Cost and Works Accountant]

Other Qualifications:

• Thorough in Companies Act.
• Expertise in Business Laws.
• Know the Economic Laws.
• Having more knowledge of Accounting.
• Expertise in Labour Laws.
• Knowledge in Company Management and HRM.

Question 2.
How the company secretary is appointed?
Answer:
As per section 2 (247, 203, 204) of the companies Act 2013, the provisions are given for the appointment of the company secretary. Only an individual who is a member of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India can be „ appointed as a company secretary. There are two methods of appointment of the company secretary. They are given below:

1. By the Promoters: The first secretary of a company is appointed by the promoters at the pre-incorporation stage.
2. By the First board of Directors: After the company has been registered, the first board of directors appoints the secretary at the first board meeting.

Question 3.
What are the powers and Rights of the Company Secretary?
Answer:

• Excercising Power : He has the right to exercise powers as granted by Board.
• Claiming Salary : As per contract, he has the right to claim his salary and other allowances.
• Preferential Creditor : During winding up of a company, he can claim his legal dues on a preferential basis.
• Attending Meeting : He has the right to be physically present in the meeting of shareholders and Directors.
• Supervision and Control : As a head, he has a right to supervise, direct and control all office activities of the subordinates.
• Signing authority : Being a principal officer he can sign contracts

Question 4.
Discuss the Liabilities of Company Secretary.
Answer:
I. Statutory Liabilities:

• Register all files and documents of the company.
• Arrange AGM in due time.
• Sending notice of meeting to all the participants.
• Maintaining Minute Books.
• Issuing share certificate, share warrant to the shareholders.

II. Contractual Liabilities:

• Abide by all terms and conditions of service contract.
• Act as per the directions of Board.
• Maintain secretary of the company affairs.
• Perform duties with due care and skills.
• Never act beyond his authority.
• Not to earn secret profit through illegal activity.

Question 5.
Describe the different types of Resolutions which company may pass with suitable matters required for each type of resolution.
Answer:
Ordinary Resolution:

• An ordinary resolution is one which can be passed by a simple majority. [Not less than 51 %]
• The votes cast in favour of resolution is more than the votes cast against the resolution.

Ordinary Resolution is required for the following matters :

• To change the name of a company.
• To alter the share capital.
• To redeem debentures.
• To declare dividends.
• To approve annual accounts and Balance Sheet.
• To appoint the directors.

Special Resolution:

• “Special Resolution” is one which is passed by not less than 75% of majority. [3/4th majority]
• The number of votes cast in favour of the resolution should be three times the number of votes cast against it.

Special Resolution is required for the following matters:

• To change the Registered office from one state to another.
• To change the objectives of the company.
• To alter the AOA.
• To commence any new business.
• To appoint auditor.

Resolution requiring special notice :

•  There are certain matters specified in the Companies Act 2013, which may be discussed at meeting only if a special notice is given at least 14 days before the meeting.
• The following matters require special notice.
• To remove the director before the expiry of his period.
• To appoint a director in the place of a director so removed.
• To re-appoint the retiring Auditor.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Guide Pdf Chapter 2 Functions of Management Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solutions Chapter 2 Functions of Management

12th Commerce Guide Functions of Management Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Which is the primary function of management?
a) Innovating
b) Controlling
c) Planning
d) Decision-making
Answer:
c) Planning

Question 2.
Which of the following is not a main function?
a) Decision-making
b) Planning
c) Organising
d) Staffing
Answer:
a) Decision making

Question 3.
………………. is included in every managerial function.
a) Co-ordinating
b) Controlling
c) Staffing
d) Organising
Answer:
a) Co-ordinating

Question 4.
Which of the following is verification function?
a) Planning
b) Organising
c) Staffing
d) Controlling
Answer:
d) Controlling

II. Very short answer

Question 1.
Write a short note about planning.
Answer:
Planning is the primary function of management. Nothing can be performed without planning. Planning is a constructive review of future needs so that present actions can be adjusted in view of the established goal.

Question 2.
What is meant by Motivation?
Answer:

• The goals are achieved with the help of motivation.
• It includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of workers.
• It may be monetary (cash) or non-monetary (kind).

Question 3.
What is meant by Controlling?
Answer:
Controlling is performed to evaluate the performance of employees and deciding increments and promotion decisions. The control function helps in identifying underperformers and arranging remedial training for them. It is the control function that facilitates synchronization of actual performance with predetermined standards.

Question 4.
List the subsidiary functions of management.
Answer:

• Innovation
• Representation
• Decision – making
• Communication

Question 5.
What is the Traditional Proverb used in planning?
Answer:
“Thinking before doing” or “Look Before you Leap” are some of the usual traditional proverbs.

III. Short answer questions.

Question 1.
List out the main functions of management?

• Planning
• Organising
• Staffing
• Directing
• Motivation
• Controlling
• Co-ordination

Question 2.
State the importance of staffing.
Answer:
Staffing refers to the placement of the right persons in the right jobs. Staffing includes a selection of right persons, training to those needy persons, promotion of best persons, the retirement of old persons, performance appraisal of all the personnel, and adequate remuneration of personnel. The success of any enterprise depends upon the successful performance of the staffing function.

Question 3.
What is meant by Innovation?
Answer:

• Innovation refers to the preparation of personal and organization to face the changes made in the business world.
• Continuous changes are being made in the business.
• It includes developing new products, new materials, new’ techniques in production, new package, the new design of a product, and cost and reduction.

Question 4.
What is meant by co-ordination?
Answer:
Coordination is the synchronization of the actions of all individuals, working in the enterprise in different capacities. So as Lo leads the most successful attainment of the common objectives.
Co-ordination is included in every managerial function.

Eg:

• Planning and co-ordination
• Organisation and Co-ordination
• Staffing and co-ordination
• Directing and Co-ordination
• Motivation and co-ordination and
• controlling and co-ordination.

Question 5.
How the employees are informed about important matters in a company?
Answer:
Employees are kept informed of all necessary matters by circulars, instructions manuals, newsletters, notice – boards, meetings, participative mechanisms, etc.

IV. Long answer questions.

Explain the various functions of management.
Answer:
Main Functions:

1. Planning:- Planning is the primary function of management. Planning is a constructive review of future needs so that present actions can be adjusted in view of the established goal.
2. Organising:- Organising is the process of establishing harmonious relationships among the members of an organization and the creation of a network of relationships among them.
3. Staffing:- Staffing function comprises the activities of selection and placement of competent personnel.
4. Directing:- Directing denotes motivating, leading, guiding, and communicating with subordinates on an ongoing basis in order to accomplish pre-set goals.
5. Controlling:- Controlling is performed to evaluate the performance of employees and deciding increments and promotion decisions.
6. Co-ordination:- Co-ordination is the synchronization of the actions of all individuals, working in the enterprise in different capacities.
7. Motivating: The goals are achieved with the help of motivation. Motivation includes increasing the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of workers.

Subsidiary Functions:

1. Innovation:- Innovation includes developing new material, new products, new techniques in production, new package, the new design of a product, and cost reduction.
2. Representation:- A manager has to act as a representative of a company. It is the duty of every manager to have good relations with others.
3. Decision-making:- Every employee of an organization has to take a number of decisions every day. Decision-making helps in the smooth functioning of an organization.
4. Communication:- Communication is the transmission of human thoughts, views or opinions from one person to another person. Communication helps the regulation of the job and co-ordinates the activities.

12th Commerce Guide Functions of Management Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which is the Secondary Function of Management?
a) Innovation
b) Planning
c) Motivation
d) Controlling
Answer:
a) Innovation

Question 2.
“Look Before you Leap” is a usual traditional proverb which provides a basis or logic for
a) Organising
b) Planning
c) Controlling
d) Decision Making
Answer:
b) Planning

Question 3.
Choose the odd one out.
(a) Directing
(b) Motivating
(c) Staffing
(d) Decision-making
Answer:
(d) Decision-making

Question 4.
Selection and placement of competent personnel is known as …………..
a) Communicating
b) Innovating
c) Motivating
d) Staffing
Answer:
d) Staffing

Question 5.
……………….. is performed to evaluate the performance of employees.
a) Staffing
b) Controlling
c) Selecting
d) Training
Answer:
b) Controlling

Question 6.
There are ______ subsidiary functions of management.
(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Seven
(d) Six
Answer:
(a) Four

Question 7.
Nothing can be performed without………….
a) Planning
b) Motivating
c) Controlling
d) Co-ordination
Answer:
a) Planning

Question 8.
Which one of the following is correctly matched?
a) Planning – Work assigned
b) Representation – Right man for the right job
c) Motivation – Fair treatment
d) Co-ordination – Communication
Answer:
c) Motivation – Fair treatment

Question 9.
Which one of the following is correctly matched?
a) Controlling – Remedial Training
b) Innovation – New Techniques
c) Communication – Representative
d) Staffing – Selection
Answer:
c) Communication – Representative

Question 10.
Distribution of work in GroupWise or sections is called as …………………..
a) Co-ordinating
b) Controlling
c) Staffing
d) Organising
Answer:
d) Organising

Question 11.
Find the odd one out:
a) Primary Function
b) Harmonious Relationship
c) Evaluate the performance
d) Developing new materials
Answer:
d) Developing new materials

Question 12.
Find the odd one out:
a) Representative of a company
b) Opinion from one person to another
c) Synchronization of the actions of all individuals
d) Decision makings
Answer:
c) Synchronization of the actions of all individuals

II. Match the following

1. Match List I with List II

a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
b) i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2
c) i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3
d) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
Answer:
a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1

2. Match List I with List II

a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
b) i-1, ii-2, iii-4, iv-2
c) i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1
d) i-3, ii-4, iii-1, iv-2
Answer:
a) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1

3. Match List I with List II

a) i-1, ii-4, iii-2, iv-4
b) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1
a) i-1, ii-3, iii-2, iv-4
c) i-4, ii-2, iii-1, iv-3
Answer:
b) i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1

III. Assertion and Reason

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Placement of the right person in the right jobs.
Reason (R): The success of any enterprise
depends on the performance of staffing,
a) (A) is true (R) is False
b) (A) is False (R) is True
c) Both (A) and (R) are True
d) Both (A) and (R) are False
Answer:
c) Both (A) and (R) are True

Question 2.
Assertion (A) : Planning is a function of management.
Reason (R) : Anything can be performed
without planning.
a) (A) is true (R) is False
b) (A) is False (R) is True
c) Both (A) and (R) are True
d) Both (A) and (R) are False
Answer:
a) (A) is true (R) is False

IV. Very Short Answer

Question 1.
How the functions of management can be classified?
Answer:
The functions of management can be classified into two categories. They are as follows:

• Main functions of Management
• Subsidiary functions of Management

V. Short Answer

Question 1.
State the importance of Motivation.
Answer:

• The goals are achieved with the help of motivation.
• It includes the speed of performance of a work and developing a willingness on the part of workers.
• It may be monetary [cash] or non-monetary [kind]
• This is done by a resourceful leader.
• The workers expect favorable climate conditions to work, fair treatment, incentive, effective communication, and a gentlemanly approach.

Question 2.
Bring out the subsidiary functions of management.
Answer:

Question 1.
What do you mean by communication?
Answer:
Communication is the transmission of human thoughts, views, or opinions from one person to another person. Workers are informed about what should be done, where it is to be done, how it is to be done, and when it is to be done. Communication helps the regulation of the job and co-ordinates the activities.

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