Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

12th Bio Botany Guide Plant Tissue Culture Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

I. Choose the correct answer from the given option:

Question 1.
Totipotency refers to.
a) capacity to generate genetically identical plants.
b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell/explant.
c) capacity to generate hybrid protoplasts.
d) recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants.
Answer:
b) capacity to generate a whole plant from any plant cell / explant

Question 2.
Micro propagation involves
a) vegetative multiplication of plants by using micro – organisms.
b) vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants.
c) vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores.
d) Non – vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores and megaspores.
Ans:
b) vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 3.
Match the following

Column A Column B
1. Totipotency A. Reversion of mature cells into meristerm
2. Dedifferentiation B. Biochemical and structural changes of cells
3. Explant C. Properties of living cells develops into entire plant
4. Differentiation D. Selected plant tissue transferred to culture medium

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 01
Answer:
c) 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C

Question 4.
The time duration for sterilization process by using autoclave is _____ minutes and the temperature is
a) 10 to 30 minutes and 1250 C
b) 15 to 30 minutes and 1210 C
c) 15 to 20 minutes and 1250 C
d) 10 to 20 minutes and 1210 C
Answer:
b) 15 to 30 minutes and 1210 C

Question 5.
Which of the following statement is correct.
a) Agar is not extracted from marine algae such as seaweeds.
b) Callus undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryoids.
c) Surface sterilization of explants is done by using mercuric bromide
d) PH of the culture medium is 5.0 to 6.0
Answer:
b) Callus undergoes differentiation and produces somatic embryoids.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 6.
Select the incorrect statement from given statement
a) A tonic used for cardiac arrest is obtained from Digitalis purpuria
b) Medicine used to treat Rheumatic pain is extracted from Capsicum annum
c) An anti malarial drug is isolated from Cinchona officinalis.
d) Anti – carcinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus.
Answer:
d) Anti – carcinogenic property is not seen in Catharanthus roseus

Question 7.
Virus free plants are developed from
a) Organ culture
b) Meristem culture
c) Protoplast culture
d) Cell suspension culture
Answer:
b) Meristem culture

Question 8.
The prevention of large scale loss of biological interity.
a) Biopatent
b) Bioethics
c) Biosafety
d) Biofuel
Answer:
c) Biosafety

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 9.
Cryopreservation means it is a process to preserve plant cells, tissues or organs
a) at very low temperature by using ether.
b) at very high temperature by using liquid nitrogen
c) at very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen
d) at very low temperature by using liquid nitrogen
Answer:
c) at very low temperature of -196 by using liquid nitrogen

Question 10.
Solidifying agent used in plant tissue culture is
a) Nicotinic acid
b) Cobaltous chloride
c) EDTA
d) Agar
Answer:
d) Agar

Question 11.
What is the name of the process given below? Write its 4 types.
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 1
These are the basic steps in plat Tissue culture technology
The process is plant tissue culture. Based on the explants, plant tissue culture is classified as:

  1. Organ culture
  2. Meristem culture
  3. Protoplast culture
  4. Cell culture

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 12.
How will you avoid the growth of microbes in the nutrient medium during the culture process? What are the techniques used to remove the microbes?
Answer:
The microbial growth in the culture medium can be overcome by autoclaving the medium at Plant Tissue Culture II 121°C (15 psi) for 15 to 30 minutes.

Chemical sterilization using chemicals, sterilizing using UV radiation. Alcoholic sterilization using ethanol, autoclaving and filtration, etc., are the various techniques used to remove microbes.

Question 13.
Write the various steps involved in cell suspension culture
Answer:
Definition: The culture of single cells or small aggregate of cells invitro in liquid medium is called cells suspension culture.

Preparation steps:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 2

Production of Secondary Metabolites:

  • Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and recombinant proteins.
  • secondary metabolites are chemical compounds that are not required by the plant for normal growth and development.
  • The process of production of secondary metabolites can be scaled up and automated using bio-reactors for commercial production.
  • Many strategies such as biotransformation, elicitation, and immobilization have been used to make cell suspension cultures more efficient in the production of secondary metabolites.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 14.
What do you mean Embryoids? Write its application.
Answer:
Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from the callus tissue directly and these embryos are called Embryoids or from the in vitro cells directly form pre-embryonic cells which differentiate into embryoids.
Applications:

  1. Somatic embryogenesis provides potential plantlets which after the hardening period can establish into plants.
  2. Somatic embryoids can be used for the production of synthetic seeds.
  3. Somatic embryogenesis is now reported in many plants such as Allium sativum, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and this is possible in any plant.

Question 15.
Give examples of micropropagation performed in plants.
Answer:
Micropropagations are performed in many plants.
Examples:

  1. Pineapple
  2. banana
  3. strawberry
  4. Potato, etc

Question 16.
Explain the basic concepts involved in plant tissue culture.
Answer:
Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, differentiation, and redifferentiation.

1. Totipotency: The property of live plant cells that they have the genetic potential when cultured in a nutrient medium to give rise to a complete individual plant.

2. Differentiation: The process of biochemical and structural changes by which cells become specialized in form and function.

3. Redifferentiation: The further differentiation of already differentiated cell into another type of cell. For example, when the component cells of callus have the ability to form a whole plant in a nutrient medium, the phenomenon is called redifferentiation.

4. Dedifferentiation: The phenomenon of the reversion of mature cells to the meristematic state leading to the formation of callus is called dedifferentiation. These two phenomena of redifferentiation and dedifferentiation are the inherent capacities of living plant cells or tissue. This is described as totipotency.
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 3

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 17.
Based on the material used, how will you classify culture technology? Explain it.
Answer:
Based on the explants some other plant tissue culture types are:
1. The culture of embryos

  • anthers
  • ovaries
  • roots
  • shoots etc
    Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 4

2. Meristem culture
The culture of any plant meristematic tissue on culture media.

3. Protoplast culture

  • Protoplasts (cells without a cell wall, but plasma membrane) are used to regenerate whole plants from single-cell protoplasts of 2 different plants fused into hybrids – later by PTC – develop into many plantlets.
  • This process of formation of somatic hybrids into somatic hybridization.

4. Cell culture

  • The formation of cell suspension from the callus
  • The cells are separated from the callus tissue and used for cell suspension culture

Question 18.
Give an account on Cryopreservation. The parts such as,
Answer:
Cryopreservation, also known as Cryo-conservation, is a process by which protoplasts, cells, tissues, organelles, organs, extracellular matrix, enzymes or any other biological materials are subjected to preservation by cooling to a very low-temperature of-196°C using liquid nitrogen. At this extremely low temperature, any enzymatic or chemical activity of the biological material will be totally stopped and this leads to the preservation of material in dormant status.

Later these materials can be activated by bringing to room temperature slowly for any experimental work. Protective agents like dimethyl sulphoxide, glycerol, or sucrose are added before the cryopreservation process. These protective agents are called cryoprotectants since they protect the cells, or tissues from the stress of freezing temperature.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 19.
What do you know about Germplasm conservation? Describe it. Definition
Answer:
Living genetic resources such as pollen, seeds, or plant tissue materials are preserved in living conditions for future use for many hybridization crop improvement research works. Eg. Pollen banks, Seedbanks

Purpose

  • To maintain viability and Fertility for future use
  • Gene bank, DNA bank of elite plants are maintained to keep
    • biological diversity
    • food security

Question 20.
Write the protocol for artificial seed preparation
Answer:
Later these seeds are grown in vitro medium and converted into plantlets. These plantlets require a hardening period (either greenhouse or hardening chamber) and then shifted to normal environmental conditions.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 5

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

12th Bio Botany Guide Plant Tissue Culture Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Invitro means.
a) In a test tube.
b) inside the body
c) inside the cell
d) in a laboratory
Answer:
a) In a test tube

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 2.
The concept of Totipotency was proposed by.
a) Hildbrandt
b) Haberlandt
c) Chilton
d) Takebe et-al
Answer:
b) Haberlandt

Question 3.
The scientist developed root cultures, used Knop’s solution along with 3 vitamins is.
a) Murashige & Skoog
b) P.R. White
c) Kanta et-al
d) E.C. Steward
Answer:
b) P.R. White

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 4.
Virus-free Dahlia and Potato plants are produced by.
a) Morel
b) Martin
c) Morel & Martin
d) E.C steward
Answer:
c) Morel & Martin

Question 5.
The Indian scientists developed in vitro production of haploid embryos from
a) ovule of Nicotiana
b) anthers of Datura
c) gametes of Dahlia
d) Zygote of Carrot
Answer:
b) anthers of Datura

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 6.
Melchers & Co workers produced
a) Somatic hybrid of Nicotiana species
b) Intergeneric hybrid between potato & tomato
c) Interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana glauca and Nicotiana longs dorffii
d) test tube fertilization in flowering plants
Answer:
b) Intergeneric hybrid between potato & tomato

Question 7.
The growth hormones added in MS – medium are
a) Auxin & Gibberellins
b) IAA & Kinetin
c) Gaibberelline & cytokinin
d) Auxin & ABA
Answer:
b) IAA & Kinetin

Question 8.
Somatic embryogenes is not applied in
a) Oryza sativa
b) Hordeum vulgare
c) Ficus bengaliensis
d) Avena sativa
Answer:
c) Ficus bengaliensis

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 9.
Which one of the following is a correct set?
a) Vincristine Cinchona officinalis Anti carcinogen
b) Capsacin catharanthus roseus – Antimalarial
c) Digoxin Digitalis purpuria Cardiac tonic
d) Codeine Capsicum annum Analgesic
Answer:
c) Digoxin Digitalis purpuria Cardiac tonic

Question 10.
Germ plasm conservation does not include
a) DNA bank
b) Seed bank
c) SWISS bank
d) pollen bank
Answer:
c) SWISS bank

Question 11.
This is not of the strategies used to make cell suspension
a) biotrans formation
b) elicitation
c) immobilization
d) filtration
Answer:
d) filtration

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 12.
Choose the odd man out with regard to protoplasmic fusion
a) somatic hybridization
b) Protoplasmic fusion
c) Embryoids
d) Polyethylene Glycol
Answer:
c) Embryoids

Question 13.
This is not a technique in PTC?
a) organ culture
b) Meristem culture
c) Cell culture
d) M.S. culture
Ans:Answer:d) M.S. culture

Question 14.
Which one of the following is the correct steps in the direct embryogenesis?
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 6
Answer:
b

Question 15.
Protoplasts are transferred to sucrose solution to
a) retain osmotic pressure
b)retain viability
c) restore solubility
d) sterilize the protoplast
Answer:
b) retain viability

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 16.
Plants those can’not be subjected to hybridization technique can be raised by?
a) somatic embryogenesis
b) PTC
c) somatic hybridization
d) meristem culture
Answer:
c) somatic hybridization

Question 17.
Indole alkaloids used as bio medicine is got from
a) phyllanthus amaras
b) Acalypha indica
c) Catharanthus roseue
d) Avena sativa
Answer:
c) Catharanthus roseus

Question 18.
Virus is free in
a) cell culture
d) cambial culture
b) protoplasm culture
c) Apical meristem culture
Answer:
c) Apical meristem culture

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 19.
From the following secondary metabolites which one is used as cardioc tonic
a) capsaicin
b) Quinine
c) Codeine
d) Digoxin
Answer:
d) Digoxin

II. Match the following

Question 20.

Column A Column B
a Artificial seeds 1 Protoplasmic Fusion
b Cybrid 2 Plant tissue culture
c Virus free Potato 3 Sec. metabolite
d Cosmetics / Pharmaceuticals 4 Artificial / synseeds
e encapsulated embryoids 5 Meristmculture

A) a-2, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-4
B) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4, e-5
C) a-5, b-4, c-3, d-2, e-1
D) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1, e-5
Answer:
a) a-2, b-1, c-5, d-3, e-4

Question 21.

Column A Column B
a. Codeine 1. Cardiac tonic
b. Quinine 2. Treatment of Rheumatic pain
c. Vincristine 3. Antimalaria drug
d. Digoxin 4. Analgesic
e. Capsaicin 5. Anti carcinogenic

A) a -1, b – 2, c-3, d-4, e-5
B) a – 4, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-2
C) a – 5, b – 4, c-3, d-2, e-1
D) a – 3, b-1 c-2, d-5, e-4 .
Answer:
b) a – 4, b-3, c-5, d-1, e-2

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 22.

Column A Column B
a High standard of homogeneity 1. encapsulated seeds
b. Conservation of plant biodiversity 2. cryopreservation
c. Conservation resources of germplasm 3. micro-propagation
d. Liquid nitrogen 4. Pollen banks/seed banks

A) a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1
B) a-2, b-4, c-1, d-3
C) a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2
D) a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4
Answer:
C) a-3, b-1, c-4, d-2

III. Choose the incorrect Statement

Question 23.
a) The plant material used in tissue culture should be surface sterilized
b) Callus is a mass of unorganized growth of plant cells or tissues in invivo culture
c) The fusion product of protoplasts without a nucleus of different cells is called cybrid
d) Bioreactors are used for the production of secondary metabolites in a commercial way
Answer:
b) Callus is a mass of unorganized growth of plant cells or tissues in invivo culture

Question 24.
Which one of the following statements is true regarding IPR?
a) The discoverer has the full rights on his / her property
b) IPR – includes only the process of the product, not trade secrets.
c) IPR is not protected by laws formed by the country.
d) The discoverer can use his discovery for his own company but can not sell it to others.
Answer:
a) The discoverer has the full rights on his/her property.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

IV. Choose the correct Statement

Question 25.
a) The HGP was founded in 2010 as an integral part of ELSI
b) GEAC is an apex body under the UNO
c) GMOs-GEMs & Trans genie plants approval are not coming under the scanning of GEAC
d) The release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment need at least three levels of field trials such as BRL -1, BRLII & BRL III
Answer:
d) The release of genetically engineered organisms and products into the environment need at least three levels of field trials such as BRL -1, BRL II & BRL III

Question 26.
a) ‘Takepe’ regenerated tobacco plants from isolated mesophyll protoplasts.
b) Morel & Martin formulated Bioethics.
c) The photoperiod needs for Tissue culture is 12-18 hours of light.
d) The PH medium for Tissue culture should be below 5
Answer:
a) Takepe’ regenerated tobacco plants from isolated mesophyll protoplasts

V. In each of the following questions, two statements are given – one as Assertion (A) and the other one is Reason (R) Mark the correct answer as

Question 27.
Assertion: High yielding plants can be raised in large number by Micropropagation.
Reason: Micropropagation maintain high standards of homogeneity
a) If both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of A
b) It both A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation of A
c) It A is true but ‘R’ is false d) If both A & R are false
Answer:
a) If both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of A

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 28.
Assertion: A major advantage of tissue culture is protoplast fusion.
Reason: It produces a genetically uniform population.
a) If both ‘A’ and ‘R1 are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation of A
b) It both A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation of A
c) It A is true but ‘R’ is false
d) If both A & R are false
Answer:
c) It A is true but ‘R’ is false

Question 29.
Assertion(A): The explants are sterilized by mercuric chloride
Reason(R): Sterilization prevents the growth of other microorganisms in the Culture medium
a) (A) correct; (R) wrong
b) (A) wrong: (R) correct
c) Both (A) and (R) are correct; but (R) is not the explanation to (A)
d) Both (A) and (R) are correct; (R) is the explanation of (A)
Answer:
b) (A) wrong: (R) correct

VI. Two Marks

Question 1.
What are the contributions of Haberlandt to PTC?
Answer:

  • He did the in-vitro culture of plant cells
  • He used Knop’s salt solution as a culture medium
  • He only proposed the concept – Totipotency

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 2.
What is the special contribution of Murashige and Skoog?
Answer:

  • They formulated a tissue culture medium
  • A landmark in PTC, because it is the most frequently medium for all kinds of tissue culture work.

Question 3.
Who developed first interspecific somatic hybrid?
Answer:
Carlson & co-worker obtained protoplast fusion between Nicotiana glauca & Nicotiana longdorffii, and developed the first interspecific somatic hybrid in 1971

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 4.
Define Totipotency?
Answer:

  • The inherent genetic potential of any living plant cell, when cultured in the nutrient medium can develop into a complete individual plant.
  • One of the basic concepts exploited in tissue culture.

Question 5.
What are the components of Knop’s solution?
Answer:
I. It contains various salts dissolved in Sucrose solution

  • Calcium Chloride: 3.0 gm
  • Potassium Nitrate: 1.0 gm
  • Magnesium Sulphate: 1.0 gm
  • Dibasic Potassium Phosphate: 1.0 gm

II. Sucrose: 50 gm(optimal)
III. Deionized Water: 1000ml

Question 6.
Distinguish between Redifferentiation and Dedifferentiation.
Answer:
Redifferentiation :
The ability of callus tissue to develop into shoot & root (embryoid)

Dedifferentiation :
Reversion of mature tissue into meristematic state leading to the formation of callus.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 7.
Notes on PEG.
Answer:

  • PEG is Poly Ethylene Glycol.
  • It is the fusogenic agent that facilitates the fusion of 2 different protoplasts coming together in somatic hybridization to produce cybrid.

Question 8.
What is Agar?
Answer:

  • Agar is a mucilaginous polysaccharide obtained from marine algae (seaweeds)
  • Gelladium, Gracilaria, Gellidiella.
  • The Agar is a solidifying agent used in culture media preparation.

Question 9.
Notes on Autoclave.
Answer:

  • An autoclave is a device used to do wet steam sterilization.
  • Autoclaving at 15 psi (121°C) for 15-30 minutes.
  • Glassware, forceps, scalpels, and all accessories are subjected to autoclaving for

Question 10.
What are the minor nutrients added in MS medium?
Answer:

  • Sodium molybdate
  • Cupric sulphate
  • Cobaltous chloride.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 11.
Why do we subject plantlets to hardening?
Answer:
Hardening slowly steadily helps the plantlets from the conditions of readymade medium, light & temperature of the laboratory, to which they were used, to the conditions of light, temperature & soil in the natural environment.

Question 12.
What is cybrid?
Answer:
The fusion product of a protoplast without a nucleus of different cells is called a cybrid.

Question 13.
What are the various components of MS- Medium?
Answer:

  • Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Minor nutrients
  • Iron stock
  • Vitamins.
  • Growth Hormone all in specific measurement & along with these solidifying agent- Agar is also added.

Question 14.
How to remove the cell wall of a plant cell.
Answer:
The chosen leaf tissue is immersed in the following solutions.

  • 0.5% macrozyme. 2% onozuka cellulose enzyme dissolved in 13% sorbitol or mannitol kept at pH 5.4 at 25°c incubated during the night.
  • After a gentle teasing of the cells, the protoplasts are obtained.
  • Then they are transferred to 20% sucrose solution to retain viability.
  • Finally by centrifuging the protoplasts are isolated.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 15.
What is organogenesis?
Answer:

  • The morphological changes in the callus leading to the formation of the shoot, root, and then plantlets. The plantlets formation has 2 steps
  • Root formation is known as Rhizogenesis
  • Shoot formation is known as Caulogenesis.

Question 16.
Distinguish between callus & clone
Answer:
Callus :
It is the mass of unorganized growth of plant cells or tissues in in-vitro -culture medium.

Clone :
The clone develops from callus – which gets differentiated into many plantlets known as clones (i.e) genetically uniform population.

Question 17.
What is meant by hardening?
Answer:

  • Hardening is the gradual exposure of invitro developed plantlets in humid chambers in diffused light – or transferred to – greenhouse setup.
  • This enables them to get acclimatized to grow under normal field conditions.

Question 18.
How are the syn seeds produced?
Answer:

  • Somatic embryoids – can be used in the production of syn seeds.
  • They are nothing but somatic embryoids encapsulated in Agarose gel or calcium alginate/sodium
    alginate.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 19.
Give the tabulation of a few secondary metabolites their plant sources.
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 7

Question 20.
Give the IPR – aspects in India
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 8

Question 21.
Expand the following.
PTC, HEPA, RCGM -, GE AC, ELSI, GMO
Answer:
PTA – Plant Tissue Culture
HEPA – High-Efficiency Particulate Air
RCGM – Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation
GEAC – Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
ELSI – Ethical Legal and Social Implications
GMO – Genetically Modified Organism
GEM – Genetically Engineered Micro Organism

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 22.
Name the cryoprotectants used in Cryopreservation
Answer:

  • Dimethyl sulphoxide, glycerol, or sucrose are added before cryopreservation process.
  • They protect the cells and tissues from the stress of freezing temperature, So known as Cryo protectants.

Question 23.
How is ELSI research funded?
Answer:
A percentage of the HGP – budget at the National Institute of Health & the V S Department of Energy was devoted to ELSI – research.

Question 24.
What is Biosafety?
Answer:
Biosafety is the prevention of large – scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.

Question 25.
Differentiate of Organ culture and meristem culture
Answer:
Organ culture :
The culture of embryos anthers, ovaries, roots, shoots

Meristem culture :
The culture of plant meristematic tissue on culture media
Give the tabulation of few secondary metaboltes a their plant sources.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 26.
What is somatic Embryogenesis?
Answer:
Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from the callus tissue directly and these embryos are called Embryoids or from the pre-embryonic cells which differentiate into embryoids.

VII. Three Marks

Question 1.
Give the name of few culture media used in PTC & their nature.
Answer:

  • M.S. Nutrient Medium (Muroshige & Skoog -1992)
    It has carbon sources, suitable vitamins & hormones
  • B5 – Medium (Gamborg.et.al 1968)
  • White Medium (White 1943)
  • Nitsch’s Medium (Nitsch & Nitsch 1969)
    The medium may be solid or semisolid or liquid – For solidification, a gelling agent such as agar is added.

Question 2.
Explain the Induction of Callus.
Answer:
Steps
I) Inoculation: Sterile segment of leaf, stem, tuber or root or (explant) is transferred to the sterile nutrient medium (MS – medium – + Auxins)

II) Incubation: The inoculated medium + auxins are incubated at 25 °C ± 2°C in an alternate light & dark period of 12 hours.

III) Induction of Callus:
The cell division occurs & the upper surface of the explant develop into a callus.
Callus – is a mass of unorganized growth of plant cells/tissue in-vitro – culture medium

Question 3.
Write the flow chart of plant Regeneration pathway.
Answer:
Plant Regeneration Pathway
From the explants, plants can be regenerated by somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis.
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 9

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 4.
What are the application of somatic embrogenesis
Answer:

  • It provides potential → after hardening becomes plantlets
  • Used for production of synthetic seeds
  • Eg. Allium sativum, Hordeum Vulgare, Oryza – sativa, Zee mays etc.,

Question 5.
Distinguish between Somaclonal Variations & Gametoclonal variations (Invitro Condition)
Answer:
Somaclonal Variations :
Variation found in somatic parts such as

  • Leaf, stem
  • root, tuber
  • propagule etc

Gametoclonal variations:
Variations found in plants regenerated in vitro by gametes & gametophytes

Question 6.
Why there is a need to produce Virus-free plants?
Answer:

  • Chemicals can be used to control fungal and bacterial mycoplasma pathogens but not viruses generally.
  • Viral pathogens also cause great economic loss to the crops.
  • Shoot meristem culture – help to produce virus-free plants because shoot meristem is free of viruses.

Question 7.
What are the Advantages of Artificial seeds?
Answer:

  • Number/ time / cost – Millions of seeds produced / at any time / cheaper cost.
  • Method – Easy method to produce genetically engineered plants.
  • Quality – Seeds with desirable traits are produced.
  • Storage – can be stored for long time use by Cryopreservation method.
  • Nature of plants – Plants – Produced are identical
  • Period of dormancy – greatly reduced
  • Growth & Lifespan – grow faster, plants have a shorter life span

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 8.
What are the applications of plant tissue culture?
Answer:

  • Somatic hybridization → Improve hybrids produced
  • Somatic embryoids → develop into syn – seeds help to conserve biodiversity
  • Meristem & Shoot tip culture → production of Disease Resistant Varieties
  • Production of plants → Stress resistant → herbicide tolerant → Drought tolerant
  • Micropropagation → Large number of plantlets produced in a short time & throughout the year of both
  • crop plants & true species – Used in Forestry

Question 9.
Write down the protocol for the micropropagation of banana.
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 10 Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 11

Question 10.
Write down the protocol for virus-free meristem tip culture.
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 12

Question 11.
Which is the best conventional method to introduce disease resistance capacity into a plant? Explain.
Answer:

  • Plant tissue culture is the conventional method which is also known as micropropagation.
  • In this method, we take the meristematic tissue of the plant, referred to as explant is cultured over the given conditions of temperature and humidity, which makes the plant disease resistant.

Question 12.
What are the 3 parts of a patent? Explain them.
Answer:
It has 3 parts

  1. The grant
  2. The specifications
  3. The claim

The grant

  • It is a signed document (actually agreement) that grants patent rights to the inventor.
  • It is filled at the patent office, (not published)

The Specifications

    • It is a narrative describing the invention & how it was carried out.
  • Specifications & their claims are published from the patent office.

The Claim
The scope of the invention to be protected by the patent, preventing others from practicing it.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 13.
Write down the – general steps in patenting
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 13

Question 14.
What is IPR? Explain the various aspects of if.
Answer:

  • It is a category of properly include products created through one’s knowledge, research & creativity.
  • It includes v Copyrights v Patents & v Trademarks
  • It also includes v trade secrets v publicity rights v moral rights v rights against unfair competitions
  • It also includes – designs & geographical indications

Other Various aspects :
The above-mentioned property of the discovery should not be exploited by others without legal permission or by getting proper authorization.
Rights – must be protected by the enforcement of laws framed by a country.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 15.
What are the future prospects of Biotechnology?
Answer:

  • It will bring in a great revolution like the computer revolution.
  • It will lead to new scientific – revolutions that would change the lives & future of people.
  • Major challenges will be met and major changes incomprehensible in many aspects of modern life.

Question 16.
What is the function of GEAC?
Answer:

  • It regulates -manufacturing, use, import, export, and storage of hazardous microbes or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and cells in the country.
  • It approves – activities involving large-scale use of hazardous microbes and recombinants in research & Industrial production.
  • It is responsible – for approval of proposals relating to the release of GEO and products into the environment including experimental field trials (Biosafety Research Level – trial – I and II are known as BRL – I and BRL – II)

Question 17.
Write short notes on Ethical issues in Genomic Research?
Answer:

  • Privacy and fairness in the use of genetic information, including the potential for genetic discrimination in employment and insurance.
  • The integration of new genetic technologies such as genetic testing, into the practice of clinical medicine.
  • Ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with people, including the process of informed consent.

Question 18.
Which is Laboratory Facilities for PTC?
Answer:
Washing facility for glassware and ovens for drying glassware.
Medium preparation room with autoclave, electronic balance, and PH meter.

Culture facility:
Growing the plant inoculated into culture tubes at 22-280C with the illumination of light 2400 lux, with a photoperiod of 8 -16 hours and relative humidity of about 60%

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

VIII. Five Marks.

Question 1.
Give the milestones in PTC – (Any 5 only)
Answer:

  • Haberlandt (1902) – In-vitro culture of plant cells – (using knop’s salt solution + glucose & peptone)
  • He proposed the Totipotency concept.
  • P.R.White (1934) – In Knop’s solution + 3 vitamins (Pyridine, thiamine & nicotinic acid → developed root culture)
  • F.C.Steward (1948) – used coconut water → produced cell proliferates from carrot explants.
  • Morel & Martin (1952, 55) – Produced virus-free plants by shoot meristem culture →  Eg. Dahlia, Potato.
  • Murashige & Skoog (1962) – Most frequently used culture medium for all kinds of tissue culture work.
  • Guha & Maheswari (1964) – developed in-vitro production of haploid embryos from another of Datura.
  • Vasil & Hildbrandt (1965) – developed a tobacco plant by micropropagation.

Question 2.
List down the culture conditions PTC.
Answer:
PH :

  • PH of medium – should lie between 5.6 to 6 – Temperature
  • Incubation of culture normally at temperature 25°C ± 2°C for optimal growth.

Humidity & Light Intensity

  • 50-60% relative humidity
  • 16-hours of photo period by the illumination of cool white fluorescent tubes of approximately 1000 lux

Aeration :

  • Provided by shaking of flasks or tubes of liquid culture of Automatic shaker
  • Aeration of the medium bypassing with filter-sterilized air.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 3.
What are the needed Lab – facilities for PTC?
Answer:
Washing & drying facility (oven) for the glassware
Medium preparation room with

  • autoclave
  • electronic balance
  • PH meter etc., Maintain aseptic condition in,

a) Laminar air flow bench a positive pressure ventilation, unit

  • (High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter to maintain the aseptic condition.
  • Culture facility
  • growing the ex-plant – inoculate into culture tube at 22 – 28°C with the illumination of light 2000 lux with 8-6 hours photoperiod, the relative humidity of about 60%

Question 4.
Explain various steps in Protoplast culture.
Answer:
Protoplasts are cells without a cell wall but with a cell membrane or plasma membrane.
1. Isolation of protoplast
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 14 Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 15

2. Fusion of protoplast (Agglutination & Fusion)
Protoplast (A) + Protoplast (B) – fused in to one in the presence of Fusogenic agent PEG in 25 – 30% concentration (Poly Ethylene Glycol) with Ca++ ions.

3. Culture of protoplast:
Protoplast viability is tested with Fluorescein diacetate – before culture.
MS – Medium – used – (with some modifications) droplet, plating or Micro drop array technique.

a. Incubation: done in continuous light (1000 – 2000 lux) at 25°C.
The cell wall formation occurs within (24-48 hrs).
The first division of new cells occurs between 2-7 days of culture.

4. Selection of somatic hybrid cells:
The fusion product of protoplasts without a nucleus of different cells – (cybrid)
Cybrid is also known as Somatic hybrid the process is known as somatic hybridization
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture 16

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 5.
What is meant by biosafety? Explain.
Answer:

  • It deals with the application of knowledge, techniques & equipment with strict guidelines in biological laboratories & related industries,
  • to prevent large scale loss of
    • biological integrity
    • ecology
    • human health aspects
  • to minimize human error and technical flaws & failures which contribute to unnecessary.
  • exposures & disposal of – pathogenic microbes & hazardous chemicals, to regularise, risk management assessment and to set in best safeguard measures as per need.

Question 6.
Expand ELSI & What is meant by Bioethics.
Answer:

  • ELSI – represents Ethical legal and social Implications.
  • Advancements in biotechnology such as,
    • In Agriculture – Transgenic plants
    • In the pharmaceutical Industry – genotherapy
    • Advancements of medicine etc.,
  • The biotechnological applications have raised controversies, hurting social beliefs, raising legal
    issues certain ecological principles & moral values.
  • So it is high time to regularise legally the modern biotechnological applications & manipulation as Bioethics, for the welfare of humanity & other plant & animal communities of our world.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 7.
Write about Potential risks and consideration for safety aspects.
Answer:

  • Pathogenicity – of living organisms & viruses natural or genetically modified to infect i) humans, ii) animals, iii) plants causing diseases
  • Toxicity of allergy – associated with microbial production.
  • Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes – increasing in number day by day.
  • Disposal problem – regard to spent microbial biomass & purification of effluents.
  • Safety aspects – regard to – i) contamination, ii) infection, iii) mutant strains
  • regard to industrial use of microorganisms containing invitro recombinants.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture

Question 8.
List down organizations implementing Bio-safety guidelines.
Answer:
IBSCs – Institutional Bio-Safety Committees monitor the research activity at the institutional level.
RCGM – The Review Committee on Genetic manipulation, functioning in the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) monitors the risky research activities in the laboratories.
GEAC – Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
– (Ministry of Environment and Forest)
– has the power to use GMO at a commercial level and open field trials of transgenic

  • crops
  • industrial product
  • health care products