{"id":33963,"date":"2021-02-05T09:35:15","date_gmt":"2021-02-05T09:35:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/?p=33963"},"modified":"2021-07-08T01:54:56","modified_gmt":"2021-07-08T07:24:56","slug":"samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/samacheer-kalvi-11th-bio-botany-guide-chapter-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Chapter 1 Living World"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide<\/a> Pdf Chapter 1 Living World Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes.<\/p>\n

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 1 Living World<\/h2>\n

11th Bio Botany Guide Living World Text Book Back Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Part-I<\/span><\/p>\n

Choose the Right Answer:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Question 1.
\nWhich one of the following statements about viruses is correct?
\na. Possess their own metabolic system
\nb. They are the facultative parasites
\nc. They contain DNA or RNA
\nd. Enzymes are present
\nAnswer:
\nb. They are the facultative parasites<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nIdentify the Archaebacterium
\na. Acetobacteria
\nb. Erwinia
\nc. Treponema
\nd. Methanobacterium
\nAnswer:
\nd. Methanobacterium
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nIdentify the correctly matched pair
\na. Actinomycete – a) Late blight
\nb. Mycoplasma\u00a0 – b) lumpy jaw
\nc. Bacteria – c) crown gall
\nd. Fungi – d) sandal spike
\nAnswer:
\na. Actinomycete – Lumpy jaw
\nb. Mycoplasma – sandal spike
\nc. Bacteria – crown gall
\nd. Fungi – late blight<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nIdentify the incorrect statement about the gram-positive bacteria.
\na. Teichoic acid absent
\nb. A high percentage of peptidoglycan is found in the cell wall.
\nc. Cell wall is single-layered
\nd. Lipopolysaccharide is present in the cell wall.
\nAnswer:
\na. Teichoic acid absent
\n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nThe correct statement regarding Blue Green Algae is
\na. Lack of motile structures
\nb. Presence of cellulose in cell wall
\nc. Absence of mucilage around the thallus
\nd. Presence of Floridian starch
\nAnswer:
\na. lack of motile structure<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nDifferentiate Homoiomerous and Heteromerous lichens.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Homoiomerous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Heteromerous<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Here algae cells evenly distributed in the thallus<\/td>\nHeteromerous-a distinct layer of alga and fungi present.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Question 7.
\nWrite the distinguishing features of Monera.
\nAnswer:
\nDistinguishing Features of Monera:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. This kingdom includes all prokaryotic organisms. Example: Mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria.<\/li>\n
  2. These are microscopic. They do not have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    \n<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Many other bacteria like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Clostridium can fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
    \n<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Some bacteria are parasites and others live as symbionts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 8.
    \nWhy do farmers plant leguminous crops in crop rotations\/mixed cropping?
    \nAnswer:
    \nRhizobium- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
    \nLiving in the root modules of leguminous plants has a symbiotic association with it, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and convert it into nitrates, thereby increases the fertility of the soil. Growing legumes alternatively with paddy can help paddy to give high yield- This method of growing paddy, alternatively with leguminous plants is known as crop rotation.<\/p>\n

    Mixed cropping:
    \nAmidst, other crops. The leguminous crop is also raised as a mixed crop – so that it enriches the soil and increases the yield by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.<\/p>\n

    Question 9.
    \nBriefly discuss the 5 kingdom system of classification. Add a note on their merits and demerits.
    \nAnswer:
    \na. Proposed by R.H. Whittaker (American taxonomist)
    \nb. Criteria considered – cell structure, Thallus Organization, Mode of Nutrition, Reproduction, and Phytogenitic Relations.
    \n5 kingdom classifications include: –
    \na. Monera b. Protista c. Fungi d. Plantae e. Animalia<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    S. No<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		Merits:<\/td>\n\n

    Demerits:<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1.<\/td>\nBased on the complexity of cell structure & organization of thallus<\/td>\nMonera & Protista – Include both autotrophic & heterotrophic organisms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2.<\/td>\nBased on mode of nutrition.<\/td>\nInclude cell wall lacking & cell wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3.<\/td>\nFungi-kept in a separate category from plants<\/td>\nBearing organisms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4.<\/td>\nIt shows the phylogeny of the organisms<\/td>\nSo the group is more heterogeneous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Question 10.
    \nGive a general account of lichens
    \nAnswer:
    \na. Definition: A symbolic association of algae and Fungi helping each other & living together known as lichens.
    \nb. Partners: Algal partner known as Phycobiont & Fungal partner known as Mycobiont
    \nc. Role of Algal partner – Autotrophic prepare food – give nutrition to fungal partner also
    \nd. Role of fungal partner – gives protection- helps in fixing to the substratum by rhizines.
    \nClassification:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n\n

    Character<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		Phycobiont<\/td>\n\n

    Mycobiont<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1<\/td>\nAsexual reproduction<\/td>\nAkinetes, hormogonia, Aplanospore, etc.<\/td>\nfragmentation soredia, and isidia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/td>\nSexual reproduction<\/td>\nabsent<\/td>\nsexual reproduction by ascocarp & ascospores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n\n

    Character<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Classification of lichens<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1.<\/td>\nHabitat<\/td>\nCorticolous – growing on the bark
    \nLichnicolous – growing on wood
    \nSaxicolous – growing on rock
    \nTerricolous – growing on the ground
    \nMarine – siliceous rock sea
    \nFreshwater – siliceous rocks (freshwater habitat).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2.<\/td>\nMorphology of thallus<\/td>\nLeprose – distinct fungal layer absent Crustose – crust like Foliose – Leaf-like Fruticose-branched pendulous shrub-like<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3.<\/td>\nOn the basis of the distribution of algae cells<\/td>\nHomoiomerous – Algae cells evenly distributed Heteromerous – A distinct layer of Algae and Fungi present<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4.<\/td>\nOn the basis of the fungal partner<\/td>\nIf it is Ascomycetes – Ascolichen If it is basidiomycetes-Basidiolichen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Economic importance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n\n

    Secretion of acids of lichens<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		\n

    Uses<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1<\/td>\nOxalic acid<\/td>\nWeathering of rocks Pioneers in xerosere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/td>\nUsnic acid<\/td>\nAntibacterial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    II. a. Pollution Indicators – Lichens sensitive to air pollutants- (pollution indicators)
    \nb. Rocella Montagne – Produces a dye used in litmus paper (acid-base indicator)
    \nc. Cladonia rangiferina – Food for animals in tundra regions<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Part – II.<\/span><\/p>\n

    11th Bio Botany Guide Living World Additional Important Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

    Choose The Right Answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nEarth has formed around billion years ago ……………
    \n(a) 3.3
    \n(b) 5.6
    \n(c) 4.6
    \n(d) 5.9
    \nAnswer:
    \n(c) 4.6<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nThe organism that is reproductively sterile is
    \na. Wasp
    \nb. Worker bees
    \nc. Housefly
    \nd. Drosophila
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Worker bees<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhich of the following is NOT a prokaryote?
    \n(a) Bacteria
    \n(b) Blue-green algae
    \n(c) Oedogonium
    \n(d) Nostoc
    \nAnswer:
    \n(c) Oedogonium<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nRecombination is the result of
    \na. Binary fission
    \nb. Asexual reproduction
    \nc. Sexual reproduction.
    \nd. Vegetative propagation
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. sexual reproduction<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 5.
    \nVaccination for smallpox was discovered by …………….
    \n(a) W.M. Stanley
    \n(b) Adolf Mayer
    \n(c) Robert Koch
    \n(d) Edward Jenner
    \nAnswer:
    \n(d) Edward Jenner<\/p>\n

    Question 6.
    \nBlister-like pustules occur due to
    \na. Chickenpox
    \nb. Rust
    \nc. Smut
    \nd. Mumps
    \nAnswer:
    \na. Chickenpox<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 7.
    \nExpand Bt-toxin
    \na. Biotechnology
    \nb. Biotoxin
    \nc. Beta-toxin
    \nd. Bacillus thuringiensis
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. Bacillus thuringiensis<\/p>\n

    Question 8.
    \nOne nanometer equals to metres …………….
    \n(a) 10-9<\/sup>
    \n(b) 10-6<\/sup>
    \n(c) 10-5<\/sup>
    \n(d) 10-12<\/sup>
    \nAnswer:
    \n(a) 10-9<\/sup><\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 9.
    \nSaprophytic angiosperm with mycorrhiza
    \na. Clostridium
    \nb. Azolla
    \nc. Monotropa
    \nd. Viscum
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Monotropa<\/p>\n

    Question 10.
    \nThe famous roqueforti cheese is produced by employing
    \na. Aspergillus roquefortic
    \nb. Penicillium camemberti
    \nc. Penicillium notatum
    \nd. Aspergillus terreus
    \nAnswer:
    \nb.Penicillium cam\u00e9mberti<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 11.
    \nIdentify the criteria not used in classifying viruses by Baltimore …………….
    \n(a) ss (or) ds
    \n(b) use of RT
    \n(c) capsid
    \n(d) sense or antisense
    \nAnswer:
    \n(c) capsid<\/p>\n

    Question 12.
    \nBoth viruses and bacteria contain
    \na. Plasma membrane
    \nb. Protein wat
    \nc. Peptidoglycan
    \nd. Nucleic acids
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. Nucleic acids<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 13.
    \nLactobacillus bulgaricus is responsible for the formation of
    \na. Lactic acid
    \nb. Cheese
    \nc. Yogurt
    \nd. Curd
    \nAnswer:
    \nC. Yoghurt<\/p>\n

    Question 14.
    \nParvo viruses have …………….
    \n(a) ssDNA
    \n(b) dsDNA
    \n(c) ssRNA
    \n(d) dsRNA
    \nAnswer:
    \n(a) ssDNA<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 15.
    \nBacterial chlorophyll is also known as
    \na. Chlorophyll
    \nb. Bilirubin
    \nc. Chromatium
    \nd. Chioridin .
    \nAnswer:
    \nChromatium<\/p>\n

    Question 16.
    \nThis drug is also known as wonder drug.
    \na. Streptomycin
    \nb. Aureomycin
    \nc. Bacitracin
    \nd. Pencillin
    \nAnswer:
    \nPencillin<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 17.
    \nThe empty protein coat left outside after penetration is …………….
    \n(a) host
    \n(b) ghost
    \n(c) capsid
    \n(d) capsomeres
    \nAnswer:
    \n(b) ghost<\/p>\n

    Question 18.
    \nAmong the given 4 – one is not viral diseases- find it out.
    \na. Cucumber mosaic
    \nb. Citrus canker
    \nc. Ricetungro
    \nd. Potato leaf roll
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. citrus canker<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 19.
    \nBacillus thuringiensis is an
    \na. Biofertilizer
    \nb. Bio-fuel
    \nc. Bio-pesticide
    \nd. Bio-medicine
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Bio-pesticide<\/p>\n

    Question 20.
    \nMad cow disease is caused by …………….
    \n(a) viroids
    \n(b) virusoids
    \n(c) prions
    \n(d) viruses
    \nAnswer:
    \n(c) prions<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 21.
    \nBacteria that grow in high salinity condition is known as
    \na. Methane bacterium
    \nb. Halobacterium
    \nc. Thermos aquaticus
    \nd. Agrobacterium
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. Halobacterium<\/p>\n

    Question 22.
    \nBudding is an unique feature of
    \na. Schizo saccharomyces
    \nb. Aspergillus
    \nc. Penicillium
    \nd. Neurospora
    \nAnswer:
    \nSchizo saccharomyces<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 23.
    \nMycophages infect …………….
    \n(a) blue-green algae
    \n(b) bacteria
    \n(c) fungi
    \n(d) cyanobacteria
    \nAnswer:
    \n(c) fungi<\/p>\n

    Question 24.
    \nThe colourless cell in Nostoc in the intercalary position is responsible for nitrogen fixation is
    \na. Holoblast
    \nb. Heterozygote
    \nc. Homocyst
    \nd. Heterocyst
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. Heterocyst<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 25.
    \nGenetic trait carried in the bacterial
    \na. Cell wall
    \nb. Chromosome
    \nc. Plasmid
    \nd. Cell membrane
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Plasmid<\/p>\n

    Question 26.
    \nThree kingdom classification was proposed by …………….
    \n(a) Copeland
    \n(b) Theophrastus
    \n(c) Linnaeus
    \n(d) Haeckel
    \nAnswer:
    \n(d) Haeckel<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 27.
    \nDeveloping a vaccine for SARS is difficult because
    \na. It spreads through nucleic acid
    \nb. It is an enveloped virus
    \nc. It has RNA
    \nd. It constantly changes its form
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. It constantly changes its form<\/p>\n

    Question 28.
    \nArrange correctly the following viruses according to the given shape and symmetry, Cuboidal, spherical, helical and complex respectively
    \nI. a. Vaccinovirus b. Influenza, c. HIV, d. Herpes
    \nII. a. Influenza b. HIV c, Herpes d. Vaccinovirus
    \nIII. a. Herpes b. HIV, c. Influenza d. Vaccinovirus
    \nIV. a. HIV b. Herpes c. Vaccinio Virus d. Influenza
    \nAnswer:
    \nIII. a. Herpes, b, HIV, c, Influenza, d, Vaccinovirus<\/p>\n

    II.Match the following and find the correct answer.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nI. Five kingdom system of classification
    \nII. Three kingdom system of classification
    \nIII. Four kingdom system of classification
    \nIV. Two kingdom system of classification
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \na. C-D-B-A<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nI. TMV Discovered by world
    \nII. Bacterium word coined by
    \nIII. Father of Mycology
    \nIV. Classification virus given by
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. B-D-A-C<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nI. Genophore
    \nII. Bacteria
    \nIII. Extra Chromosomal DNA
    \nIV. Fimbrial
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. D-A-B-C<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nI. Plasmid
    \nII. Heterocyst
    \nIII. Glycocalyx
    \nIV. Mesosome
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. B-A-D-C<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    III.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nWhich one of the following is a false statement regarding Prions
    \na. Prions were discovered by B. Prusiner in 1982
    \nb. They are infectious particles of lipo protein
    \nc. They cause about a dozen fatal degenerative disorders of CNS
    \nd. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(cjD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are some commonly known diseases
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. They are infectious particles of lipoprotein<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nWhich one of the following is a false statement regarding Ribosomes
    \na. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis
    \nb. The number of ribosomes per cell varies from 1000 to 1500.
    \nc. The ribosomes are 70s type and consists of a 2 subunits (50s and 30s)
    \nd. The nbosomes are held together by mRNA and form polyribosomes or polysomes.
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. The number of ribosomes per cell varies from 1000 to 1500.<\/p>\n

    IV. Find out the True and False statements from the following and on that basis find the correct answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \n(i) Poly-B hydroxybutysate is a microbial plastic which is biodegradable
    \n(ii) Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is known as transduction
    \n(iii) Micrococcus must have oxygen to survive-known as an obligate aerobe
    \n(iv) Spirulina is rich in carbohydrates so treated as an alternative food.
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. True False True False<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \n(i) Toad stools are known as an edible mushroom
    \n(ii) Volvariella volvaceae and Agaricus bisporous are known for their high poisonous nature
    \n(iii) Claviceps purpurea produces ergot-used as vasoconstrictor
    \n(iv) Aspergillus flavus infest dried foods and produce carcinogenic toxin called -aflatoxin
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \nB. False False True True<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhich one of the following is a correct statement regarding TMV
    \na. David Baltimore in 1971 discovered TMV
    \nb.First visible symptom of TMV is visible discoloration of leaves along the veins-but with typical yellow and green symptom molting-(mosaic symptom)
    \nc. The plant grow abnormally at the nodal point
    \nd. Infection spread by house flies and mosquitoes
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. First visible symptom of TMV is discoloration of leaves along with the veins-but visible with typical yellow and green symptom molting-(mosaic symptom)<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    V.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nWhich one of the following is a correct statement regarding bacterial antibiotic
    \na. Chloromycetin got from Streptomyces venezuelae cure T.B
    \nb. Bactracin is got from bacillus mycoides- used to treat UTI
    \nc. Aurecomycin got from Streptomyces aureofaciens is used to treat whooping cough and eye infections
    \nd. Streptomycin got from Streptmyces griseus cure typhoid fever
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Aurecomycin got from streptomyces aureofaciens is used to treat whooping cough and eye infections<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nWhich one of the following is a correct statement regarding mycoplasma
    \na.\u00a0 Mycoplasm are very small (0.1-0.5mm) pleomorphic gram negative micro organisms
    \nb.\u00a0 The have whole body appear like boiled egg-like structure in culture
    \nc.\u00a0 Little leaf of tomato Witches broom of solanum.
    \nd.\u00a0 Mycoplasma is also known as mollicutes
    \nAnswer:
    \nMycoplasm arevery small (0.1- 0.5mm) pleomorphic gram negative micro organisms<\/p>\n

    VI.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nSac fungi & club fungi are common names of
    \na.\u00a0 Ascomycetes
    \nb.\u00a0 Basidiomycetes
    \nc.\u00a0 Deuteromycetes
    \nd.\u00a0 Phycomycetes
    \n(i) a & b
    \n(ii) b & c
    \n(iii) a & c
    \n(iv) c & d
    \nAnswer:
    \n(i) a & b<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nRecurrence of fungal skin disease is due to
    \na. Resistance to antibiotics
    \nb. Dormant spores become active at the onset of favourable condition
    \nc. Non-availability of specific drugs.
    \nd. Moisture favor fungal mycelium to spread,
    \n(i) a & C
    \n(ii) b & c
    \n(iii) b & d
    \n(iv) c & d
    \nAnswer:
    \n(i) b & d<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nFind out the symbiotic associations from the given options.
    \na. Nitrogen fixing bacteria on the leguminous plants.
    \nb. Rhizoids of Neprolepis
    \nc. Lichens on rocks
    \nd. Mycorrhizal roots.
    \n(I) ac & d
    \n(II) ab & c
    \n(III) ab & d
    \n(IV) a & b
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    VII. Find out the wrong statement<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nWhich one of the following is a wrong statement regarding ehemo lithotrophs
    \na. Sulphur bacteria
    \nb. Iron bacteria
    \nc. Methane bacteria
    \nd. Hydrogen bacteria
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. Methane bacteria<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nAmong the following, which one is not viral?
    \na. Cucumber mosaic
    \nb. Citrus canker
    \nc. Rice tungro
    \nd. Potato leaf roll
    \nAnswer:
    \nb. Citrus canker<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhich one of the following is not a Ribovirus?
    \na. Tobacco mosaic virus
    \nb. Cauliflower mosaic virus
    \nc. Human immune deficiency virus.
    \nd. Wound tumour virus d. Pilobolus
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. Wound tumour virus<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nFind out from the given, which one is not a Zygomycetes fungi.
    \na. Mucor
    \nb. Rhizopus
    \nc. Yeast
    \nd. Pilobolus
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. yeast<\/p>\n

    VIII. Read the following Assertion A and Reason R. Find the correct Answer<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nAssertion ‘A’: Viruses have genetic material but cannot divided on its own. They also don\u2019t have in built metabolic machinery Reason ‘R’: Virus kept between living and non living
    \n(a) A & R correct. R is explaining A
    \n(b) A & R correct R is not explaining A
    \n(c) A is true but R is wrong
    \n(d) A is true but R is not explaining A
    \nAnswer:
    \na. A & R correct R is explaining A.<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nAssertion ‘A : Some bacteria have the capacity to retain gramstain after treatment with acid alcohol.
    \nReason ‘R’: Known as gram +ve as attracted towards positive pole under the influence of electric current.
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. A is true but R is wrong.<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nAssertion’A’: Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus.
    \nReason \u2019R’: These toxin are useful to mankind to cure few disease
    \nAnswer:
    \nc. A is true but R is wrong<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nAssertion \u2019A’: In septal mycelium the septa complete the partition walls between cells Reason
    \n‘R’: There is no cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells.
    \nAnswer:
    \nd. A is true but R is not explaining A.<\/p>\n

    I. Additional 2 Marks<\/span><\/p>\n

    Question 1.
    \nDefine Growth.
    \nAnswer:
    \nGrowth is an intrinsic property of all living organisms through which they can increase cells both in number and mass.<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nTabulate Milestones in Virology
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \n

    Year<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

    		Name of the Scientist<\/td>\n\n

    Achievement<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1796<\/td>\nEdward Jenner<\/td>\nVaccination for smallpox<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1886<\/td>\nAdolf Mayer<\/td>\nProved infectious nature of- TMV- from mosaic leaves sap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1892<\/td>\nDimitry Ivanowsky<\/td>\nViruses are smaller than bacteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Question 3.
    \nDraw the structure of TMV and label the parts and explain in a word or two
    \nAnswer:
    \n\"Samacheer
    \nAnswer:
    \na. Nucleic acid – It is ss RNA(Single Standed)
    \nb. Capsomere – Protein Units
    \nc. Capsid – Protein Coat.<\/p>\n

    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nDefine reproduction and Mention its types.
    \nAnswer:
    \nReproduction is the tendency of a living organism to perpetuate its own species. There are two types of reproduction namely asexual and sexual.<\/p>\n

    Question 5.
    \nBacteria is a indeed friend- discuss
    \nAnswer:
    \nEven though Bacteria cause many diseases to plants animals and human beings they are beneficial to day-to-day life also. Ex: Milk (lactobacillus acidophobus)\/(lactobaci llus lacti)
    \na. Curd b. Butter c. Cheese d. Yogurt These are a few of the beneficial activities.<\/p>\n

    Question 6.
    \nDraw the ultra structure of bacterial cell.
    \nAnswer:
    \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

    Question 7.
    \nName the four types of ascocarps produced by ascomycetes.
    \nAnswer:
    \nFour Types Of Ascocarps Produced By Ascomycetes:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Cleistothecium<\/li>\n
    2. Perithecium<\/li>\n
    3. Apothecium and<\/li>\n
    4. Pseudothecium.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 8.
      \nWhy is it essential to do classification?
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • To relate on the basis of common features<\/li>\n
      • To define, on the basis of salient features<\/li>\n
      • To know the relationship among different groups.<\/li>\n
      • To understand evolutionary relationship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

        Question 9.
        \nRuggerio etal\u2019s recent classification-Explain.
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Ruggerio etal in 2015-published-7-kingdom system of classification<\/li>\n
        • It is an extension of Cavalier\u2019s 6 – Kingdom Scheme’Include 2 superkingdom
          \n\"Samacheer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Question 10.
          \nWhat is Prophage?
          \nAnswer:
          \na. In the lysogenic cycle, the injected phage DNA become circular and integrates into bacterial chromosome by recombination.
          \nb. The integrated DNA of phage and bacteria is known as Prophase.<\/p>\n

          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

          Question 11.
          \nDistinguish between Cyanophage and Mycophage
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          <\/td>\nCyanophage<\/td>\nMycophage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          1<\/td>\nVims infecting blue green Algae are known as
          \nCyanophage<\/td>\n          		Vims allacking fungi are called Mycovimses or
          \nMycophage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          2<\/td>\n1st reported by Safferman and Mores(1963)<\/td>\n1st reported by Holling(1962)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          3<\/td>\nEg. Lyngbuya, Plectonema<\/td>\nEg. Myc ovims attacking Mushrooms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Question 12.
          \nDifferentiate between flagella of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          1<\/td>\nSize<\/td>\n20-30mm in diameter 15 pm in length<\/td>\nBigger in size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          2<\/td>\nStructure<\/td>\nSimple made up of single fibril<\/td>\nIn C.S flagella contain 9+2 microtubules<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          3<\/td>\nNo of position<\/td>\nMany types<\/td>\nfew types<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          4<\/td>\nFunction<\/td>\nLocomotion<\/td>\nLocomotion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Question 13.
          \nDifferentiate between Photolithotrophs and Photo organotrophs
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
          \n

          Photolithotrophs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

          		\n

          Photo organotrophs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          1 .Hydrogen donor is an in organic substance 2 types – Green sulphur bacteria Hydrogen donor H2<\/sub>S Posses bacterioviridin.
          \nE.g chlorobium Purple sulphur bacteria
          \nHere hydrogen donor is thiosulphate
          \npigment bacterial chlorophyll in chlorosomes
          \nE.g chromatium<\/td>\n          		2. The hydrogen donor is an organic acid or alcohol
          \ne.g purple non sulphur bacteria Rhodospirillum
          \nE.g<\/span><\/p>\n
            \n
          • Purple non sulphur bacteria<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Rhodospirillum<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            Question 14.
            \nIf you think endospore formation not a reproduction method then justify you answer
            \nAnswer:
            \nYes Endospores are formed not during reproduction, but during unfavorable season the thick walled endospores are resting spores when favorable condition comes, they germinate and form bacteria.<\/p>\n

            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

            Question 15.
            \nWhat are the 3 different methods by which gene recombination occur in bacteria ? Or write about Sexual reproduction in bacteria?
            \nAnswer:
            \nSexual reproduction is so simple formation and fusion of gametes is absent. However by\u00a0 Three different methods gene recombination can occur<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Conjugation<\/li>\n
            2. Transduction<\/li>\n
            3. Transformation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              2 Marks<\/span><\/p>\n

              Question 16.
              \nDefine chemolithotrophs – give examples
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • The type of bacteria oxidise in organic compound to release energy<\/li>\n
              • Eg Sulphur bacteria – Thiobacillus thio oxidants<\/li>\n
              • Iron bacteria – Ferrobacillus ferro oxidants<\/li>\n
              • Hydrogen bacteria – Hydrogenomonas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Question 17.
                \nLabel the given diagram properly
                \nAnswer:
                \n\"Samacheer
                \nAnswer:
                \n1. F- plasmid
                \n2. Conjugation pilus
                \n3. Chromosome
                \n4. F+ cell<\/p>\n

                Question 18.
                \nWrite any 2 vitamin yielding bacteria
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                Escherichia coli<\/td>\nLive in human intestine produce large quantities of vitamin K&B – complex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Clostrdiumacctobutylieum<\/td>\nVitamin B2 is prepared by the fermentation of sugar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Question 19.
                \nName any 2 bacteria diseases affecting Potato
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                Name of disease<\/td>\nCausative organism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                1. Ringrot_____________<\/td>\nClavi bacter michiganensis sub sp sepedonicus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                2. Scab_____________<\/td>\nStreptomyees scabies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Question 20.
                \nWhat is meant by Probiotics
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Microorganism such as lactobacillus bifidobacterium when consume as a dietary supplement help to maintain or restores beneficial bacteria to the digestive tract. They are called friendly or good bacteria. They keep our gut healthy<\/li>\n
                • They help to increase the immunity of the body<\/li>\n
                • Eg: Probiotic Yoghurt<\/li>\n
                • Probiotie tooth paste.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Question 21.
                  \nWhat is the meant by Ray fungi? Give example
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Actinomycetes are called as ray fungi due to their mycelia like growth<\/li>\n
                  • They are anaerobic or facultative anaerobic<\/li>\n
                  • They are gram + ve<\/li>\n
                  • Don\u2019t produce aerial mycelium<\/li>\n
                  • DNA contain high guanine and cytosine content Eg strepotmyces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                    Question 22.
                    \nWhat is this structure?
                    \nAnswer:
                    \nThe figure is the structure of mycoplasma
                    \n\"Samacheer
                    \nAnswer:
                    \n1. Cell membrane
                    \n2. Ribosome
                    \n3. DNA strain
                    \n4. Cytoplasm<\/p>\n

                    Question 23.
                    \nName few Renowed mycologists?
                    \nAnswer:
                    \nA. Arthur H.R. Buller, John Webster D.L. Hawksworth, G.C Ainsworth
                    \nB. B mundkur, K.C. Meta, C.V. Subramanian and T.S. Sadasivam & Father of Indian Mycology -E.J. Butler-<\/p>\n

                    Question 24.
                    \nIdentify the diagram and label any three parts.
                    \nAnswer:
                    \n\"Samacheer
                    \nConidia formation-Penicillium<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Conidiophores<\/li>\n
                    2. Ramus<\/li>\n
                    3. Metula<\/li>\n
                    4. Sterigma<\/li>\n
                    5. Conidium or Conidiospore<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                      Question 25.
                      \nDefine Homeostasis. Why it is essential?
                      \nAnswer:
                      \nProperty of self-regulation and tendency to maintain a steady-state within an external environment which is liable to change is called homeostasis. It is essential for the living organism to maintain internal conditions to survive in the environment.<\/p>\n

                      Question 26.
                      \nName 4 fungi, from which we derive organic acids.
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Citric acid& Gluconic acid – Aspergillus niger<\/li>\n
                      2. Itaconicacid – Aspergillus terreus<\/li>\n
                      3. Kojicacid – Aspergillus oryzae<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                        Question 27.
                        \nName 4 common basidiomycetes
                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Puffballs,<\/li>\n
                        2. Toadstools,<\/li>\n
                        3. Birds nest\u2019s fungi,<\/li>\n
                        4. Bracket fungi,<\/li>\n
                        5. Smuts<\/li>\n
                        6. Rusts,<\/li>\n
                        7. Smuts.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Question 28.
                          \nDefine aflatoxin.
                          \nAnswer:
                          \nAspergillus, Polyporus, Mucor and Penicillium are involved in spoilage of food material Aspergillus flavus infest dried food & produce caranogenic toxin known as aflatoxin.<\/p>\n

                          Question 29.
                          \nName 3 Dermatophytes
                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Trichophyton<\/li>\n
                          2. Tinea<\/li>\n
                          3. Microsporum<\/li>\n
                          4. Epidermophyton are some fungi causing skin problems<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            3 Marks Additional Questions<\/span><\/p>\n

                            Question 1.
                            \nState the living and Non-living character of the Virus.
                            \nAnswer:
                            \n(i) Living characters:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Presence of nucleic acid & protein<\/li>\n
                            • Capable of mutation<\/li>\n
                            • Ability to multiply with living cells<\/li>\n
                            • Able to infect and cause diseases<\/li>\n
                            • Show irritability and host-specific.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              (ii) Non-living characters:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Can be crystallized<\/li>\n
                              • Don\u2019t have metabolic machinery or functional autonomy<\/li>\n
                              • In active outside the host<\/li>\n
                              • Energy producing enzyme system is absent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                Question 2.
                                \nDraw the ultra structure of bacterial cell. Image Parts:
                                \nAnswer:
                                \n\"Samacheer
                                \nQuestion 3.
                                \nWhat are the economic importance of Cyanophyceae
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                \n

                                SNO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                		NAME OF THE ORGANISM<\/td>\n\n

                                ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                1<\/td>\nMicrocystis aeruginosa anabaeria Anabaena Flos aquae<\/td>\nWaterbloom-release toxins-affect aqualic organisms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                2<\/td>\nNostoc, Anabaena<\/td>\nFix atmospheric nitrogen(bio fertilizer)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                3<\/td>\nSpirulina<\/td>\nUsed to prepare SCP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                Question 4.
                                \nExplain any 3 asexual method of reproduction in fungi
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                1.<\/td>\nZoospores<\/td>\nFlagellate structures-produced zoosporangia e.g. chytrids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                2.<\/td>\nConidia<\/td>\nSpores produced on conidiosphores e.g. penicillillium, Aspergillus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                3.<\/td>\nBudding<\/td>\nA small out growth of parental cell, gets detached E.g. Saccharomyces.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                Question 5.
                                \nTabulate animal diseases caused by bacteria
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                S.NO<\/td>\nName of the animal<\/td>\nName of the diseases<\/td>\nName of the pathogen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                1.<\/td>\nSheep<\/td>\nAnthrax<\/td>\nBacillus anthracis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                2.<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nBrucellosis<\/td>\nBacillus abortus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                3.<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nBovine Tuberculosis<\/td>\nMycobacterium bovis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                4.<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nBlack leg<\/td>\nClostridium chanvei<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                Question 6.
                                \nDistinguish between Ammonification & Nitrification.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Ammonification<\/td>\nNitrification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                1. Convert protein of dead plant animal bodies
                                \n\u2193
                                \nAmmonia
                                \n\u2193
                                \nAmmonium salt<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n                                		After Ammonification the ammonium salts converted into Nitrites & nitrates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                2. The bacteria bringing forth this conversion is known as\u00a0 Ammonifying Bacteria.<\/td>\n\u00a0This conversion of Ammonia into nitrites & nitrates is known as Nitrification.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                Question 7.
                                \nBy drawing diagrams, classify bacteria on the basis of flagellatin
                                \nAnswer:
                                \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                Question 8.
                                \nWhat are the prominent symptoms of TMV-affected tobacco plants?
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nThe first visible symptom of TMV is discoloration of leaf colour along the veins and show typical yellow and green mottling which is the mosaic symptom. The downward curling and distortion of young apical leaves occurs, plant becomes stunted and yield is affected.<\/p>\n

                                \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                Question 9.
                                \nDefine Transduction and explain
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nThe three types of Transduction<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Phage mediated DNAtransfer is Transduction<\/li>\n
                                2. Zinder and Lederberg (1952) discovered it in Salmonella typhimurum<\/li>\n
                                3. 2 types – Generalised and Specalised<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  I. Generalised Transduction:
                                  \na. Ability of bacteriophage to carry the genetic material of any region of bacteria DNA is called generalized transduction.<\/p>\n

                                  II. Specialised Transduction:
                                  \na. Ability of bacteriophage to carry only a specific region of the bacterial DNA is called Specialized or Restricted Transduction.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 10.
                                  \nIdentify from the diagram – & table correctly
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nThe given diagram is Basidiocarp of Agaricus
                                  \n\"Samacheer
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \n1. Rhizoids
                                  \n2. Stipe
                                  \n3. Pileus
                                  \n4. Gills<\/p>\n

                                  Question 11.
                                  \nIdentify from the diagram & label correctly.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \n\"Samacheer
                                  \nThe given diagrams sporangium of mucor
                                  \n1. Rhizoids
                                  \n2. Sporangiophore
                                  \n3. Zygosporangium
                                  \n4. Zygospores<\/p>\n

                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                  Question 12.
                                  \nDefine biopesticides and give 2 examples from fungi.
                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  1. The substances derived from microbes and plants can be used to kill or eradicate pests weeds and diseases causing germs of crops.<\/li>\n
                                  2. This is known Bio-pesticide. They are ecofriendly, non hazardous, non phytotoxic, e.g. Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    Question 13.
                                    \nWrite down any 4 uses of Mycorrhiza.
                                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Nutrition – Saprophytic Angiosperm cant prepare food-due to absence of green leaves & it get nutrition via mycorrhiza e.g. Monotropa<\/li>\n
                                    • Availability of water and minerals: improve availability of water & minerals<\/li>\n
                                    • Protection-help plant to resist drought & attack of plant pathogen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Question 14.
                                      \nProgametangium is formed at the tip.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nThe fusion occurs & Zygosporangium is formed then undergo meiosis & zygospores These zygospores germinate are formed, during favourable condition into fungal hyphae.
                                      \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 15.
                                      \nExplain briefly the characteristics of Oomycetes
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      Mycelium
                                      \nCell wall
                                      \nAsexual reproduction
                                      \nSexual reproduction<\/td>\n                                      		Branched & Coenocytic
                                      \n(multinucleate made up of Glucan & Cellulose)
                                      \nHeterokont with one whiplash & one tinsel flagellum Oogamous-in nature E.g. Albugo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                      Question 16.
                                      \nExplain briefly the characteristics of zygomycetes
                                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                      \n
                                        \n
                                      • Nutrition cell wall<\/li>\n
                                      • Cellwall<\/li>\n
                                      • \u00a0Mycelium<\/li>\n
                                      • Asexual reproduction<\/li>\n
                                      • Sexual reproduction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n
                                      		Mostly saprophytic
                                      \nChitin & Cellulose
                                      \nBranched & Coenocylic
                                      \nZygospore produced in Zygosporangia
                                      \nfusion of gametangia result in zygospores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      Question 17.
                                      \nPlanogametic copulation in fungi has 3 types Explain.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nPlanogametic copulation means fusion of motile gametes it has 3 types<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      1. Isogamy<\/li>\n
                                      2. Anisogamy<\/li>\n
                                      3. Oogamy
                                        \nIsogamy \u2014 Morphologically smilar gametes Anisogamy Morphologically dissimilar gametes
                                        \nOogamy – But in Oogamy it is highly advanced anisogamy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        Question 18.
                                        \nExplain gametangial copulation in Rhizopus with the help of diagrams.
                                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • In rhizopus & in Mucor there occur heterothallism- there are 2 strains of the hyphae.<\/li>\n
                                        • In a sexual copulation only the 2 opposite strains +ve and -ve strains come together.
                                          \n\"Samacheer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Question 19.
                                          \nThe tea or tobacco is not a result of mere drying process. Explain the value addition in these things?
                                          \nAnswer:
                                          \nYes tea & tobacco they are not mere dried leaves of Camellia sinensis (tea) & Nicotiana tobaccum so tea and tobacco to reach the utility stage, they have to be subjected to biological process known as curing, where specific bacteria are added & curing occur by a process of fermentation specific flavor and aroma of tea and tobacco are due to this fermentation process.<\/p>\n

                                          Tea – Mycococcus candisans
                                          \nTobacco – Bacillus megatherium<\/p>\n

                                          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                          Question 20.
                                          \nWrite about the harmful activities of fungi.
                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          Amanita phalloides
                                          \nAmanita yema
                                          \nBoletus satanus
                                          \nknown as toad stools<\/td>\n                                          		Poisonous – toxins are produced<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Aspergillus
                                          \nRhizopus
                                          \nMucor
                                          \nPenicillum<\/td>\n                                          		Cause food spoilage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Aspergillus flavus<\/td>\ninfest dried foods produce carcinogenic toxin called aflatoxin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          <\/td>\nPatutin ochratoxin A arc other toxins produced by fungi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Diseases<\/td>\nVarious diseases are caused to plants animals & human beings.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          Question 21.
                                          \nMycorrhiza is known as bio fertilizer. Explain
                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Symbolic association between fungal mycelium and roots of higher plants is known as mycorrhiza.<\/li>\n
                                          • Fungi absorbs nutrition from root of higher plant, and intum fungal hyphae helps the paint to absorb water and minerals nutrients from soil.<\/li>\n
                                          • Any nutrient of biological orgin is biofertilizer & This is Bio fertilizer it is non hazardous, Non phytotoxic and ecofriendly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            Question 22.
                                            \nName the Antibiotics derived from fungi.
                                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            Organism<\/td>\nAntibiotics<\/td>\nUses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Penicillium notatum<\/td>\nPenicillin<\/td>\nTo treat Pneumonia and throat infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Penicillium griseofulvum<\/td>\nGrisofulvin<\/td>\nTo treat ring worm athletes foot & fungal infections of scalp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Acremorium chrysogenum<\/td>\nCephatosporin<\/td>\nTo treat respiratory tract infections skin infections & UTI (urinary tract infections)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Claviceps purpurea<\/td>\nErgotamine<\/td>\nTo treat migraine head aches induce uterus contraction at the time of child birth.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            5 Marks<\/span><\/p>\n

                                            Question 1.
                                            \nCompare the five-kingdom system of classification
                                            \nAnswer:
                                            \nKingdom
                                            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            Question 2.
                                            \nUltrastructure of a typical bacterial cell.
                                            \nAnswer:
                                            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            Question 3.
                                            \nExplain industrial uses of bacteria.
                                            \nAnswer:
                                            \nIndustrial Uses
                                            \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            Question 4.
                                            \nList out bacterial diseases caused to plants, animals & human brings.
                                            \nAnswer:
                                            \nPlant diseases caused by bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            \n

                                            SNo<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                            		Name of the host<\/td>\nName of the disease<\/td>\n\n

                                            Name of the pathogen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                            1<\/td>\nRice<\/td>\nBacterial blight<\/td>\nXanthomonas oryzae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            2<\/td>\nApple<\/td>\nFire blight<\/td>\nErwinia amylovora<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            3<\/td>\nCarrot<\/td>\nSoft rot<\/td>\nErwinia caratovora<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            4<\/td>\nCitrus<\/td>\nCitrus canker<\/td>\nXanthomonas citri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            5<\/td>\nCotton<\/td>\nAngular leaf spot<\/td>\nXanthomonas malvacearum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            6<\/td>\nPotato<\/td>\nRing rot<\/td>\nClavibacter michiganesis subsp sepdonicus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            7<\/td>\nPotato<\/td>\nscab<\/td>\nSterptomyces scabies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            Animal diseases caused by bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            \n

                                            S.No<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                            		Name of the animal<\/td>\nName of the diseases<\/td>\n\n

                                            Name of the pathogen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                            1<\/td>\nSheep<\/td>\nanthrax<\/td>\nBacillus anthracis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            2<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nbrucellosis<\/td>\nBrucella abortus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            3<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nBovine tuberculosis<\/td>\nMycobacterium bovis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            4<\/td>\nCattle<\/td>\nBlack leg<\/td>\nClostridium chanvei<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            Human diseases caused by bacteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            \n

                                            S.NO<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                            		Name of the disease<\/td>\n\n

                                            Name of the pathogen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                            1.<\/td>\nCholera<\/td>\nVibrio cholerae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            2.<\/td>\nTyphoid<\/td>\nSalmonella typhi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            3.<\/td>\nTuberculosis<\/td>\nMycobacterium tuberculosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            4.<\/td>\nLeprosy<\/td>\nMycobacterium leprae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            5.<\/td>\nPneumonia<\/td>\nDiplococcus pneumonie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            6.<\/td>\nPlague<\/td>\nYersinia pestis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            7.<\/td>\nDiphtheria<\/td>\nCorynebacterium diptheriae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            8.<\/td>\nTetanus<\/td>\nClostridium tetani<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            9.<\/td>\nFood poisoning<\/td>\nClostridium botulinum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            10.<\/td>\nSyphilis<\/td>\nTreponema pallidum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            Question 5.
                                            \nTabulate the salient features of Cyanophyceae?
                                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            Thallus<\/td>\nUnicellular- Eg. Chroococcus
                                            \nColonial- Eg. Gleocapsa
                                            \nFilamentous trichome- Eg. Nostoc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Movement<\/td>\nGliding movement – Eg. Oscillatoria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Protoplasm<\/td>\nCentral – centroplasm
                                            \nPeripheral – chromoplast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            Photosynthetic pigments<\/td>\nc. phyco cyanin &
                                            \nc. phyco erythrin
                                            \nMyxo xanthum
                                            \nMyxo xanthophyll<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                            Question 6.
                                            \nGive an account of Mycoplasma as Mollicutes.
                                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • Small-(0.1-0.5gm)<\/li>\n
                                            • Pieomorphic- gram-negative<\/li>\n
                                            • 1 st isolation by Nocard & co in 1898-from pleural fluid of cattle affected with bovine pleuropneumonia.<\/li>\n
                                            • Cell wall-absent<\/li>\n
                                            • In culture appear as fried egg.<\/li>\n
                                            • DNA contains low guanine and cytosine than true bacteria<\/li>\n
                                            • Cause disease in Animals \/ Plants<\/li>\n
                                            • Little leaf of brinjal – Witches broom of legumes Phyllody of cloves Sandal spike, -plant diseases<\/li>\n
                                            • Pleuropneumonia – animal disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                              Question 7.
                                              \nDifferentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-Negative bacteria.
                                              \nAnswer:
                                              \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                              Question 8.
                                              \nExplain transformation in bacteria.
                                              \nAnswer:
                                              \nDefinition: Transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another is called transformation.<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • 1928 Frederick Griffth demonstrated it in mice using Diplococcus pneumonia.<\/li>\n
                                              • 2 strains\n
                                                  \n
                                                • Smooth colonies – virulent type (S)<\/li>\n
                                                • Rough colonies – Avirulent type (R)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                                                • S type injected – mouse died because it is virulent<\/li>\n
                                                • R type injected – mouse lived because R type is Avirulent<\/li>\n
                                                • Heat killed S type injected-mouse lived<\/li>\n
                                                • Heat killed S type + R type called when injected mixedly} mouse died<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \"Samacheer
                                                  \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                   <\/p>\n

                                                   <\/p>\n

                                                  Question 9.
                                                  \nClassify the nitrogen-fixing biological systems.
                                                  \nAnswer:
                                                  \n\"Samacheer
                                                  \nI. Symbiolic Angiosperm:
                                                  \nLeguminous Rhizobium root nodules of Ground nut Peas etc. (soil bacterium) Non-Leguminous (Alnus casuarinas) Frankia actinomycetes (root nodules)
                                                  \nII. Symbiolic gymnosperm Cycas unidentified spices of Blule green algae (corolloid roots)
                                                  \nIII. Symbiotic ferns Azolla- Anbaena azollae – leaf pockets
                                                  \nIV. Symbiotic (fungi & Algae) Lichen (phycobiont mycobiont mutually benefited).<\/p>\n

                                                  \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                  Question 10.
                                                  \nTabulate the human disease caused by bacteria.
                                                  \nAnswer:
                                                  \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                  Question 11.
                                                  \nExplain General characteristics of fungi
                                                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Plant body- the plant body is filamentous & branched hyphae No of hyphae interwoven to form – my celium<\/li>\n
                                                  • Cell wall – made up of chitin (polymer of N acetyl glucose)<\/li>\n
                                                  • Mycelium 2 types septate cross wall between cells Aseptate hyphae (multi nucleus coenocytic mycelium) E.g Albugo<\/li>\n
                                                  • Mycelium of higher fungi. Septum present between cells if the hyphae Eg. Fusarium.
                                                    \n\"Samacheer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    Types of mycelium
                                                    \nMycelium organized to compactly interwoven tissue Pletenchyma – 2 Types<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Prosenchyma-hyphae loosely arranged<\/li>\n
                                                    • Pseudoparenchyma hyphae compactly arranged Holocarpic form- Entire thallus- become reproductive structure.<\/li>\n
                                                    • In Eucarpic form Some region of thallus reproductive & some other region vegetative Reproduction there are 3 types\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Anamorph-Asexual<\/li>\n
                                                      • Teleomorph -Sexual<\/li>\n
                                                      • Holomorph-both sexual & Asexual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        Question 12.
                                                        \nTabulate various types of Mycorrhizae
                                                        \nAnswer:
                                                        \nMycorrhizae – 3 Types<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
                                                        \n

                                                        Ectotropic mycorrhizae<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                                        		Endotropicmycorrhizae<\/td>\n\n

                                                        Ectrndotrophicmycorrhizae<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                                        The fungal mycelium forms a dense sheath around the root called mantle. The hypha network penetrate the intercellular spaces of the epidermis, and cortex to form Hartignet. Example pisolithus tinctorius.<\/td>\nThe hyphae grows mainly inside the roots, penetrate the outer cortical cells of the plant root. A small portion of the mycelium is found outside the root. This form is also called Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (VAM fungi) due to the presence of vesicle or arbuscle like haustoria.<\/p>\n

                                                        1. Arbuscular mycorrhizae(VAM)- Example Gigaspora
                                                        \n2. Ericoid mycorrhizae- Example liriodendron
                                                        \n3. Orchid mycorrhizae- Example Rhizoctonia<\/td>\n

                                                        		The fungi form both mantle and also penetrates the cortical cells.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                        \"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                        Question 13.
                                                        \nList out diseases caused by fungi
                                                        \nAnswer:
                                                        \nDiseases caused by fungi<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                        \n

                                                        S no<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

                                                        		Name of the disease<\/td>\n\n

                                                        Causative organism<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

                                                        \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Plant diseases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        1<\/td>\nBlast of paddy<\/td>\nMagnoporthegriesea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        2<\/td>\nRed rot of sugarcane<\/td>\nColletotrichum falcatum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        3<\/td>\nAnthracnose of beans<\/td>\nColletotrichum lindemuthianum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        4<\/td>\nWhite rust of crucifers<\/td>\nAlbugo Candida<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        5<\/td>\nPeach leaf curl<\/td>\nTaphrina deformans<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        6<\/td>\nRust of wheat<\/td>\nPuccinia graminis tritici<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                        Human diseases<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                        1<\/td>\nAthlete\u2019s foot<\/td>\nEpidermophyton floccosum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        2<\/td>\nCandidiasis<\/td>\nCandida albicans<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        3<\/td>\nCoccidioidomycosis<\/td>\nCoccidiosis immitis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        4<\/td>\nAspergillosis<\/td>\nAspergillus fumigatus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                        Question 14.
                                                        \nFruit bodies or Ascocarps 4types
                                                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Cleistothecium<\/li>\n
                                                        • Ascothecium(flask shape)<\/li>\n
                                                        • Apothecium(cup shape)<\/li>\n
                                                        • Psedothecium
                                                          \n1. Image structure of cleistothecium
                                                          \n2. Structure of PeritheciumV.S
                                                          \n3. Structure of Apothecium<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          \"Samacheer
                                                          \n\"Samacheer<\/p>\n

                                                          Question 15.
                                                          \nGive an account of Basidiomycetes (club fungi).
                                                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                          Fungi included<\/td>\nPuffballs, toadstools, bird nest\u2019s fungi. Bracket fungi- stinkhorns, rusts smuts etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                          Habitat<\/td>\nMostly terrestrial Saprophytic Parasitic mode of life<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                          Mycelium<\/td>\nWell-developed, septate with a bracket like 3 types Monokaryotic mycelium Dikaryotic mycelium (Primary & Secondary) Tertiary mycelium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                          Sexual reproduction steps Plasmogamy Karyogamy &Meiosis<\/td>\nOccur – but sex organs absent Somatogamy or – Spermatisation result in Plasmogamy Karyogamy delayed & dikaryotic phase is prolonged followed by meiosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                          image<\/td>\n4 nuclei become basidiospores bom on sterigmata -(exogenous) Club-shaped basidium bear basidiospores so-known as club fungi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                          \"Samacheer<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                          Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Guide Pdf Chapter 1 Living World Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Notes. Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 1 Living World 11th Bio Botany Guide Living World Text Book Back Questions and Answers Part-I Choose the Right Answer:\u00a0 Question 1. Which one …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33963"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33963"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33963\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tnboardsolutions.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}